Schwermetallgehalte in Waldböden Nordrhein-Westfalens -Klassifizierung und kartographische Auswertung

Heavy metal contents in forest soils of North Rhine-Westphalia - classification and cartographic evaluation Many forest areas in North Rhine-Westphalia (Germany) are contaminated with heavy metals. To evaluate this pollution of forest soils and its geographical distribution all available literature data on total heavy metal contents in forest soils of North Rhine-Westphalia were included in this study. The results show that an accumulation of heavy metals, especially of Pb, occurred in the litter layer and in the litter layer and in the topsoil. The highest values were measured in the vicinity of industrial areas and at elevated locations such as Egge Mountains and Teutoburger Forest. About 50 % of the samples from the litter layer and the topsoil have pH values below 3. 4. Since the translocation of heavy metals in the soil profile at this low pH increases, potential risk from the mobilization of high stores in the litter layer was estimated for several locations of North Rhine-Westphalia.     

Changes in the pattern of land use and its impact on the soils and soil cover of the Tushinskii and Pokrovskoe-Streshnevo forest parks of Moscow

The history of transformation of soils and soil cover in the Tushinskii and Pokrovskoe-Streshnevo forest parks of Moscow is investigated. The peculiarities of the influence of anthropogenic activities on the soil cover and soils are examined with the use of maps and textual materials for a period of more than four centuries. The historical stages of anthropogenic disturbance are established, and different ways of anthropogenic transformation of the soil profiles are described.     

4种不同植被群落类型表土的抗蚀力学特性

[目的]研究黄土高原农林业生产表层土壤水土流失,为该区域及其相似地区生态修复中树种选择及配置提供科学依据。[方法]以杨树+柠条乔灌混交林、杨树纯林、油松常绿针叶林和柠条灌木纯林下4种不同植被群落类型下表土为对象,进行抗剪力学特性研究,并分析土壤含水率对其力学特性的影响力。[结果]在测试表土含水率2.5%～12.5%范围内,4种不同植被类型及裸地对照样地土壤结皮抗剪强度和黏聚力均随着土壤含水率的增加呈增大的趋势,表明在一定范围内表土湿润程度的增加对提高土壤表层抗蚀能力起到积极作用;4种不同植被群落类型表土抗剪强度和黏聚力的值均显著大于裸地的值,说明水土保持的林草措施对表层土壤结构的改善起到了促进作用,从而提高了表层土壤的抗侵蚀能力;在测试含水率2.5%～12.5%范围内随着含水率的增加各样地表土内摩擦角无明显的变化规律。[结论] 4种不同植被群落类型中柠条+杨树混交林下表土抗剪强度、黏聚力总体表现最大,这也从另外一方面说明了水土保持的林草措施中营造混交林的优越性。     

金华城区表层土壤剖面磁化率变化规律

以金华城区表层土壤剖面为研究对象,分析土壤剖面磁化率的分布特点。结果表明:19个土壤剖面的磁化率分布在11.22×10^-8～94.29×10^-8 m³/kg之间;19个剖面土壤磁化率在0—10 cm的垂向剖面上的变化有三种不同形式:一是先增大后减小且在3 cm左右出现极值,二是单调变化,又可细分为单增和单减,三是波动变化,也可细分为波动增加和波动减小;通过对比不同采样间隔下磁化率的变化情况,结合土壤磁化率垂向分布特征和统计结果,建议以1—3 cm作为采样深度可以更好地揭示人类活动对土壤磁化率的影响。     

Evidence of plaggen soils in European North Russia (Arkhangelsk region)

To clarify whether a particular group of soils of Archangelsk region (European N Russia) with humus‐rich topsoils exceeding the plowing zone supports an anthropogenic formation, four exemplary profiles were investigated. The investigation sites are characterized by distinct elevated surfaces, and the soils show thick toplayers of up to 60 cm with enrichment of soil organic matter and artifacts like brick, charcoal, and peat fragments, all indicating an anthropogenic origin. Increased phytolith amounts and high P contents of up to 800 mg kg^–1 citric acid–soluble P and up to 1,400 mg kg^–1 total P in the top horizons support an anthropogenic influence. These properties are very similar to the Plagganthrepts of NW Europe. The same is true regarding the main management aims: increasing soil fertility and overcoming the need of bedding materials. Having the required depths of the anthropogenic topsoil, the properties of the soils of the Archangelsk region allow a classification as Agrozems (Russian classification), Plaggenesche (German classification), and Plagganthrepts (US taxonomy). Since the high base saturation of the topsoil excludes a designation as plaggic horizon, the topsoil has to be considered as terric horizon, which leads to a classification as Terric Anthrosol according to WRB.     

成都平原农地利用方式转变对不同母质土壤剖面磁化率的影响

[目的]分析区域土壤磁化率变化特征有助于掌握土壤环境变化规律和土壤演化特点,为区域土壤资源管理提供依据.[方法]本研究基于174个土壤剖面的675个采样数据,分析成都平原不同农地利用方式和母质条件下土壤剖面磁化率的差异,采用时空替代法探究农地利用方式转变对农田土壤剖面磁化率的影响.[结果]结果表明,研究区土壤磁化率随土...     

Specific surface area and wetting heat of different soil types in European Russia

The surface properties (specific surface area and wetting heat) of the solid phase were estimated for the main soil types of European Russia: soddy-podzolic, alluvial, and gray forest soils; typical, leached, ordinary, and vertic chernozems; and soils of the solonetzic complex. It was found that the values of the specific surface area and wetting heat are indicative of particular features of the genetic horizon of each soil type. Changes in these soil properties under the effect of different anthropogenic impacts were studied. The bonding strength between the adsorbed water and the soil solid phase was characterized. It was shown that the water content at the potential of the first wetting film layer is close to the content of strongly bound water calculated from the wetting heat of the soils.     

Contamination of Forest Soils in the Vicinity of the Sedimentation Pond after Zinc and Lead Ore Flotation (in the Region of Olkusz,Southern Poland)

In the technological processes of ore flotation in the non-ferrous metal industry flotation, tailings constitute up to 98% of the total of the processed material. They are stored in sedimentation ponds as fine-grained drift containing an excess of heavy metals, mainly zinc, cadmium, lead and copper. After the dehydration and drying up of the surface of sedimentation ponds, these metals are carried with dust by the wind and they are accumulated in the vicinity of the ponds in humus horizons of soils causing considerable degradation and even devastation. In this publication, we have presented the results of research on the negative influence of such a structure on the soils of an adjacent fragment of forest and its dependence on the distance from the sedimentation pond. The level of degradation of the soils under research has been assessed on the basis of changes and transformations of the morphological soil profiles, the level of alkalization and accumulation of heavy metals (Zn, Pb, Cd) in the topsoil layers and their translocation in the soil horizons. The following soils have been distinguished in the investigated area: Haplic Podzols distorted and degraded as well as Urbic Anthrosols. The acquired results have served to depict the spatial accumulation of these heavy metals in the topsoil layers. The highest accumulation of heavy metals and the degradation of the forest sites connected with it has occurred in the vicinity of a sedimentation pond drain channel. Soil remediation has been recommended in this area.     

耕地土壤交换性钙镁比值的研究

对沈阳市郊区1994个耕地表土(0～20cm)样点和4个典型剖面中交换性Ca/Mg的比值进行了对比研究。结果表明:不同土属耕层土壤中Ca、Mg交换量有较大差别,交换性Ca/Mg的比值主要受母质等成土因素的影响;棕壤的各个土属的Ca/Mg在4左右,石灰性草甸土和草甸沼泽土的Ca/Mg则在8以上。棕壤和草甸土典型剖面不同层次中的Ca/Mg比值有着随深度加深而降低的趋势;由于Ca的植物返还率较Mg高,同一土壤类型中Ca/Mg比值的最大值出现在表土层,母质层中的Ca/Mg则相对稳定。对土壤Ca/Mg进行研究可以丰富土壤离子交换性能研究和土壤发生学特性研究的内容。     

典型潮土剖面主要性质和微量金属垂直分布特征

对不同利用方式下石灰性潮土剖面主要性质和微量金属元素含量垂直分异规律进行了初步研究。结果表明,长期耕种的菜地和旱地0～15cm表层土壤有机碳含量高于其他土层,pH和CaCO3含量低于下层土壤;表层土壤Cd已明显积累;但Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn含量均未超过国家土壤环境质量二级标准。几种微量金属全量在菜地和旱地表层土壤之间没有显著差异,但菜地表层土壤DTPA可提取态Cd含量显著高于旱地。从微量金属的剖面分布看,石灰性潮土全量Cd和DTPA可提取态Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn均有明显的表聚现象,这种分布与土壤有机碳含量、pH和CaCO3含量显著相关。聚类分析表明,该区域耕作土壤环境分析样品的采集以表层土壤0～15cm多点混合样品为宜。