低分子量有机还原性物质与土壤的相互作用 Ⅱ. 低分子量有机还原性物质与土壤作用的化学反应

论述了有机还原性物质与土壤作用的吸附、氧化还原和络合反应。土壤对该类物质的吸附量达加入量的60%～75%,其中强、弱还原性有机物质各约占1/2。负电荷物质的吸附量随土壤铁、锰氧化物及其所带负电荷量而变,并表现为电性吸附。对含—COOH、—C—NOH2功能团物质的吸附佐证了固相表面存在络合作用;在氧化-还原平衡中该类物质作为电子供体还原了铁、锰而自身被氧化;络合态亚铁、亚锰的形成服从络合-离解平衡,有机配位体的数量和H+离子争夺配位体的络合基可对其产生强烈的影响。     

低分子量有机酸类物质对红壤和黑土磷有效性的影响

在20℃恒温培养条件下,研究低分子量有机酸类的钠钙盐(LA)和低分子量有机酸类与混合氨基酸的钠钙盐(LAA)不同用量水平对红壤和黑土磷有效性的影响。研究表明,两种低分子量有机酸类混合物在各不同水平下均能显著提高红壤和黑土磷有效性;随着培养的进行,添加有LA、LAA的各处理对红壤和黑土中磷有效性均有明显提高。无论是LA或LAA,红壤中以半量处理对提高磷有效性作用效果更为明显,而黑土中则以LAA作用效果更好,且以常量LAA处理的效果最好,常量LA和LAA处理间差异显著。在添加磷肥的基础上,与不加有机酸物质处理(CKp)相比,添加常量LA、LAA和半量LA(0.5 LA)、LAA(0.5 LAA)处理,在红壤中磷固定率平均值分别降低10.5%、22.3%和11.3%、19.4%;在黑土中分别降低8.6%、10.6%和14.1%、11.8%。LA和LAA对降低红壤和黑土磷固定率效果显著,红壤以半量处理的效果较好,黑土则以常量LAA处理效果最好。     

土壤中水溶性有机物质的数量、性质及其变化

水溶性有机物质的数量可因绿肥种类、土壤和时间而异。该物质是一类分子量低、带不同电荷(正、负电荷)和等电点的物质,并含有羧基和胺基。其中的某些性质随时间而变。该物质的数量与Eh的相关系数显著。其还原性因绿肥种类而异。工作中应用了凝胶层析、红外、可见光谱分析和等电聚焦技术。     

不同开垦年限水稻土还原性物质含量及其分布

以辽宁省各地棕壤型、草甸土型水稻土为研究对象,探讨了不同开垦年限的棕壤型、草甸土型水稻土中还原性物质总量、活性还原性物质、络合态铁、水溶性亚铁、水溶性亚锰含量及其分布状况。结果表明,不同开垦年限供试水稻土随着开垦年限增加表层还原性物质总量、活性还原性物质、络合态铁、水溶性亚铁和水溶性亚锰含量明显增加,且均随土壤深度增加而减少,其积累主要集中在土壤上层。土壤络合态铁与还原性物质总量和活性还原性物质均呈极显著正相关,表层土壤有机质对铁、锰的络合减少了铁、锰元素向剖面下层的迁移数量。开垦10年以上,水稻土耕层中还原性物质就明显积累,直至60年,其积累量仍不断增加,因此生产上必须采取措施抑制水稻土中还原性物质的累积。     

绿肥压青后水稻生育期间土壤中还原性物质的动态变化

绿肥压青后随郎栽换或未经庸妙就栽秧,常会引起水稻黑根枯苗的“烧秧”现象。一般认为,还原性物质的毒害是引起这一现象的原因之一。然而引起毒害的还原性物质,主要是低铁还是硫化氢或其它还原性物质?则一直不大清楚。近年来不少研究者指出,水和土的氧化还原状况对水稻的生长发育和土壤养分状况有很大影响^[1-4],有的研究者指出,对于水稻土的氧化还原体系,应从其彼此相关而又不同的张度因素与数量因素两方面进行研究^[5-4],并提出了相应的研究方法^[6,7]。按照这些方法,1962年我们在研究绿肥压青后水稻生育期间土壤中还原性物质的动态变化时初步看出^[8]:活性有机还原物质在还原性物质总量的变化中起着主要的作用。在此墓础上又于1963年进行了田间小区试验,以探索绿肥压青后土壤中还原性物质舍量的变化及其对水稻生长的影响。现将所得结果整理如下。     

绿肥分解过程中水溶性有机物质的伏安行为及其影响因素

为了进一步了解绿肥分解产物水溶性有机物质,过去我们曾对其进行了极谱区分和动态测定;用伏安法概略区分了包括水溶性有机物质在内的强还原性物质和弱还原性物质。本试验是应用示差脉冲极谱法,结合凝胶色谱分离,研究该类物质的伏安行为及其与某些因素的关系,以期深入揭示其电化学性质。     

水分优化管理对稻虾共作模式水稻产量及 土壤还原性物质的影响

通过探索水分优化管理对稻虾共作模式水稻产量及土壤还原性物质的影响,为该模式下水稻水分管理和土壤改良提供科学依据。在水稻直播和机插两种种植方式下,分别设置以水稻分蘖后期和成熟期两次重晒田等措施为主的水分优化管理处理、以水稻分蘖后期和成熟期两次轻晒田等措施为主的水分常规管理处理,于湖北省潜江市采用田间定位试验开展研究。结果表明,在水稻直播和机插条件下,水分优化管理相对于常规管理平均增产率分别为8.5% 和9.4%,增产效果均达到显著水平。相对于常规管理,水分优化管理对水稻有效穗数和每穗粒数的正效应大于结实率和千粒质量。水稻分蘖后期,水分优化管理相对于常规管理0 ～ 10 cm 土层亚铁含量下降40.8% ～ 41.8%,0 ～ 20 cm 土层还原性物质总量下降45.1% ～ 46.4%;与分蘖后期相比,水稻收获后0 ～ 20 cm土层亚铁和还原性物质总量总体呈下降趋势。由此表明,稻虾共作模式下分蘖后期和成熟期两次重晒田等水分优化管理措施能够显著增加水稻产量,缓解土壤潜育化程度。     

微生物腐熟菌剂对牛粪堆肥产品中低分子量有机物的影响

利用固相微萃取—气相色谱—质谱(SPME-GC-MS)技术对奶牛粪堆肥产品中的低分子量有机物质进行了定性分类和定量分析,结果表明奶牛粪堆肥产品中含有大量的低分子量有机物质,其中低分子量有机酸多达16种,并且还含有醛、醇、酮、呋喃和吡嗪等低分子量有机物质。研究证实添加微生物腐熟菌剂的奶牛粪堆肥产品中醛类、醇类、酯类、羧酸类、呋喃类、吡啶类和含硫类等低分子有机化合物的相对含量比未添加NMF微生物腐熟菌剂分别增加6.5%、9.2%、5.7%、15.6%、9.8%、11.3%和28.6%,而酮类、脂肪族碳氢化合物的相对含量则分别减少11.4%和15.5%。添加NMF菌剂比未添加NMF菌剂的奶牛粪便堆肥产品中低分子有机化合物总量增加42.8%。为考察有机肥品质的客观指标和应用微生物调控有机肥对植物有正、负面影响的低分子有机物种类和含量提供基础资料。     

不同改良剂对冬水田水稻产量、养分吸收和土壤还原性物质总量的影响

针对冬水田影响水稻生长的土壤障碍因子,研究了不同土壤改良剂对冬水田水稻产量、养分吸收和土壤还原性物质总量的影响。两年试验结果表明:所有处理中鸡粪和硅钙肥增产效果较好,2011年较对照分别增产11.3%和10.7%,2012年较对照分别增产9.4%和13.0%;在还原性物质总量上,鸡粪处理较对照增加5.7%,在一定程度上提高了土壤有害物质增加的风险,不宜长期在冬水田中施用,而硅钙肥处理则比对照降低19.6%。石灰的效果不稳定,可能与两年遇到的极端天气(第一年严重干旱,第二年涝灾)有关,其效果还需要继续验证;锌肥的效果较差。因此,对长期淹水、地势较低的冬水田来说,硅钙肥是比较理想的土壤改良剂,施用后能保证水稻健壮生长和获得高产。     

铁锰络合物的稳定常数与有机络合剂的分子量的关系

将各种植物或土壤的水溶性分解产物区分为分子量小于500,500—1000和大于1000的三组,测定了其中有机络合剂的浓度及与亚铁、锰的络合物的稳定常数。三组分别占络合剂总量的30%,36%和33%,其中茎秆较多的植物的分解产物中分子量大的组分所占的比例较大。分子量较大的络合剂的铁锰络合物的logk值可比分子量较小者大1—2个数量级。亚铁络合物的logk值较相应的锰络合物者为大。有机络合剂既带负电荷,也带正电荷。亚铁络合物有相当大的抗氧化作用稳定性。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分，因此，各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中，在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究，而植物中则相对缓慢，但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成，以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Aircraft operations near concentrations of birds in Antarctica: The development of practical guidelines

Aircraft operations have the potential to disturb and to impact negatively on bird life. A gradient of increasing behavioural response is evident in birds when exposed to increasing aircraft stimulus. The most major disturbance is likely to lead to impacts on the health, breeding performance and survival of individual birds, and perhaps bird colonies. A process of revision to policies on aircraft operations contained in management plans for a number of specially protected areas in Antarctica by the United Kingdom, accompanied by consultations made within the scientific community through the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and with operational interests through the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programmes (COMNAP) resulted in new guidelines being adopted by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties in June 2004. The principal recommendations of the guidelines are that bird colonies should not be overflown below 2000 ft (∼610 m) above ground level and landings within 1/2 nautical mile (∼930 m) of bird colonies should be avoided wherever possible. These guidelines are less stringent and less specific than those that were recommended by the SCAR specialist group on birds, and represent a compromise to accommodate operational needs. While the adoption of clear and consistent guidelines for the operation of aircraft in Antarctica is welcome in that this provides practical advice that is likely to reduce incidences of close aircraft/bird encounters, there remains insufficient knowledge of the interactions between aircraft and birds in Antarctica, and the consequent impacts on individual birds and on bird populations. It is important, therefore, that the guidelines adopted are considered interim, and should be kept under scrutiny with revisions made as new and improved research results appear.     

The abundance of heterocystous blue-green algae in rice soils and inocula used for application in rice fields

Summary Algal populations were quantified (as colony-forming units [CFU] per square centimetre) in 102 samples of rice soils from the Philippines, India, Malaysia and Portugal, and in 22 samples of soil-based inocula from four countries. Heterocystous blue-green algae (BGA) were present in all samples. Nostoc was the dominant genus in most samples, followed by Anabaena and Calothrix. In soils, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 1.0 × 10² to 8.0 × 10⁶ CFU/cm² (median 6.4 × 10⁴) and comprised, on average, 9% of the total CFU of algae. Their abundance was positively correlated with the pH and the available P content of the soils. In soil-based inocula, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 4.6 × 10⁴ to 2.8 × 10⁷ CFU/g dw (dry weight), comprising only a moderate fraction (average 13%) of the total algae. In most soils, the density of indigenous N₂-fixing BGA was usually higher than that attained by applying recommended rates of soil-based inoculum. Whereas research on the practical utilization of BGA has been mostly directed towards inoculation with foreign strains, our results suggest that attention should also be given to agricultural practices that enhance the growth of indigenous strains already adapted to local environmental conditions.Maître de Recherches ORSTOM (France), Visiting Scientist at IRRI