首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
相似文献
 共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 140 毫秒
1.
污泥与施污土壤重金属生物活性及生态风险评价   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
将城市污泥以不同质量比施于土壤中构成污泥混合土壤,研究各污泥配比土壤中重金属的生物活性,并采用三种重金属评价方法(地累积指数法、潜在生态风险指数法、综合毒性指数模型)和黑麦草对重金属的吸收富集效果来对施污土壤中重金属具有的生态风险性进行评价。结果表明:污泥的添加使土壤中生物活性态Cd、Cu和Zn含量显著增加,对三种重金属具有活化作用,但对Pb却起到钝化作用。生态风险评价结果表明:污泥的添加使土壤中Pb呈现无污染和低生态风险;Cu和Zn呈现中度污染和低生态风险;Cd达到强度污染和重度生态风险,重金属潜在生态风险(RI)总体处于强度生态风险水平。当污泥添加比例大于6:10(污泥S3处理)时,施污土壤中重金属的综合毒性指数高于土壤对照。黑麦草对Cd、Pb、Cu和Zn的富集浓度与施污土壤中对应重金属的生物活性态含量存在显著正幂指数关系,同时黑麦草对施污土壤中Cd、Cu和Pb的富集能力大小与地累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法对三种重金属具有的生态风险性的评价结果具有一致性。  相似文献   

2.
污泥施田后土壤和玉米植株中重金属分布特征   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
对施污泥剂量分别为10、30和60thm-2的土壤,采用修正的BCR三步连续提取法分步提取并分析Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn的不同形态。利用高压密封消解技术和电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)分析Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn在玉米器官中的分布及其转移富集特征。施污泥土壤中重金属主要以残渣态存在。施污泥量为常规用量的6倍时,即相当于连续6年施污泥的土壤中重金属Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn的含量基本未超过我国土壤环境质量标准。4种重金属在弱酸性土壤中残渣态含量比例的高低依次为CuZnCdPb。施污泥土壤上Pb、Cd在玉米各器官中的平均含量顺序为:茎叶根籽粒;Cu为:根茎叶籽粒;Zn为:根籽粒茎叶。玉米对于各元素的EC值按高低顺序依次为CuZnCdPb。  相似文献   

3.
施污土壤与污泥中Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn的形态分布   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
污泥中的重金属元素是限制其大规模农田利用的重要因素。施污土壤和污泥中重金属的形态研究可以用来评价土壤中重金属的生物有效性以及它们在土壤中的移动性。用修正BCR三步连续提取法进行分步提取研究了污水污泥和施污后的西红柿地土壤中Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn的形态分布状况。施用污泥堆肥10t hm-2后的土壤中Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn的全量与各种形态含量无明显增加,Cu、Pb、Zn含量远低于国家土壤环境质量标准。土壤中Cu的各种形态分布关系是:残渣态>可还原态=可氧化态>可交换态和弱酸溶解态,Cu在土壤中的存在是以最稳定的残渣态为主。堆肥污泥与干化污泥相比,残渣态Cu的比例明显增加。土壤中Pb的各种形态分布关系是以残渣态和可还原态为主,但可氧化态的分布比例最小。土壤中Cd的可交换态、可还原态和残渣态各占据相等的含量,但可氧化态Cd的含量几乎为零。Zn在土壤中的各种形态分布关系是:可交换态和弱酸溶解态>可氧化态>可还原态>残渣态,Zn在土壤中的存在是以最易迁移的可交换态和弱酸溶解态为主。这些金属元素在土壤中的相对稳定性顺序为:Cu>Pb>Cd>Zn。Zn在土壤中的移动性要远高于Cu。  相似文献   

4.
采用BCR提取法对以污泥和花生壳为原料制备的活性炭进行重金属形态分析,利用原子吸收法测定污泥热解前后Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni、Pb的不同形态含量。结果表明,污泥中Zn的含量最高,Zn和Cu的含量超过了污泥农用标准。热解可使污泥中的可溶解态和可还原态重金属转化为性质稳定的残渣态重金属,在此基础上,利用重金属潜在生态风险指数法(IR)对污泥活性炭的重金属潜在生态风险进行评价,结果得出花生壳添加量为20%,热解温度为600℃条件下,制备出来的活性炭风险最小。同时证实Cd的潜在生态风险系数较大,在利用时应引起足够的重视。  相似文献   

5.
将市政污泥、餐厨垃圾和果蔬垃圾的共消化污泥进行农业利用,通过分析土壤和蔬菜中营养元素和重金属含量,研究共消化污泥对土壤营养元素变化、蔬菜养分吸收、土壤重金属累积、蔬菜重金属积累的影响。结果表明,共消化污泥施用显著提高了土壤有机质、总氮、总磷含量,且提高幅度与共消化污泥的施用量呈线性关系,同时促进了蔬菜对氮、磷的吸收和利用,但土壤总钾含量和蔬菜对钾的吸收受共消化污泥施用影响较小。共消化污泥施用后,土壤中Zn、Cu和Cd含量增加,尤其是Cd含量增加较明显,并且在蔬菜中累积,但土壤重金属含量均低于土壤环境质量标准二级标准规定的限值,蔬菜可食部分中Cu、Zn、Cr和Cd含量均低于食品中污染物限量规定的限值。因此,在共消化污泥农业利用过程中,仍需重点关注重金属含量的变化和累积。  相似文献   

6.
2013—2014年以苏州市相城区望亭镇某河道污泥为研究对象,以农田施用污泥20 kg?m~(-2)和不施用污泥为主处理,以施氮肥120 kg(N)?hm~(-2)(LN)和240 kg(N)?hm~(-2)(NN)为副处理,连续两季种植粳稻品种‘武运粳24’,研究河道污泥农田施用对水稻和土壤重金属含量及水稻氮素利用的影响。结果表明:1)河道污泥农田施用,显著提高了稻田土壤有机质含量、速效氮含量和重金属Cu、Zn、Pb含量,水稻产量平均增加7.05%,水稻籽粒中重金属Cu、Zn、Pb含量分别增加53.66%、18.71%和802.29%,水稻吸氮量显著增加,氮素利用效率显著降低。2)河道污泥施用后,较高施氮量(NN)增加了稻田土壤有机质含量和速效氮含量,对稻田土壤重金属含量和水稻籽粒中重金属含量影响不大,水稻产量、水稻吸氮量显著增加,但氮素利用效率显著降低。3)污泥处理条件下,与第1季相比较,第2季稻田土壤重金属Cu、Zn、Pb含量平均下降5.0%左右、籽粒中重金属Cu、Zn、Pb含量下降7.27%~12.65%,但均显著大于不施河道污泥的对照处理。4)污泥×氮肥、污泥×年度、氮肥×年度和污泥×氮肥×年度的互作效应对稻田土壤养分含量、重金属含量,水稻产量、籽粒重金属含量和水稻氮素吸收利用的影响均未达显著水平。  相似文献   

7.
重庆市城市污泥中的重金属及其农用环境容量   总被引:7,自引:1,他引:6       下载免费PDF全文
城市污泥农用的环境风险取决于城市污泥中的污染物含量及土壤理化性质。该文分析了重庆市10个城市污水处理厂污泥中的Cu,Zn,Pb和Cd含量及形态,根据土壤环境容量及氮肥施用量计算了重庆主要旱地土壤的最大施用量和年施用量。结果表明,重庆市城市污泥中的Zn、Cu、Pb和Cd含量分别为362.12~725.32mg/kg,69.84~170.22mg/kg,21.25~107.24mg/kg和1.26~4.25mg/kg。污泥中不稳定态Zn、Cu、Pb和Cd的比例分别为42.89%~44.74%,2.69%~9.45%,0.95%~12.06%和61.05%~79.91%。根据土壤重金属的静态容量,计算出重庆主要旱地土壤紫色土和黄壤城市污泥的一次性最高施用量分别为384.62t/hm2和98.90t/hm2。根据土壤重金属动态容量,以15、20、50为年限,计算出的城市污泥的年施用量,紫色土为66.10,60.91和55.71t/(hm2·a),黄壤为30.32,28.99和27.53t/(hm2·a)。根据作物的需氮量计算城市污泥的年施用量为3.04~6.40t/(hm2·a),该施用量低于根据土壤环境的动态容量计算的施用量,按此用量施用城市污泥更安全。  相似文献   

8.
利用批处理振荡解吸平衡法研究了0.05 mol/L的乙二胺四乙酸钠(EDTA)和柠檬酸对污染土壤中Cd,Pb,Cu,Zn的解吸动力学特征,并采用优化的BIER(European Community Bureau of Reference)连续提取法分析了EDTA和柠檬酸处理前后土壤中重金属形态和生物有效性的变化.结果表明,污染土壤中重金属Cd,Pb,Cu,Zn的解吸率随着解吸时间的延长而不断增加,但解吸速率随解吸时间的延长而不断降低.EDTA对Pb,Cu的解吸能力显著大于柠檬酸,柠檬酸对Zn的解吸能力显著大于EDTA,柠檬酸和EDTA对Cd的解吸能力相差不大.EDTA和柠檬酸对4种重金属解吸能力的顺序分别为:Pb>Cd>Zn>Cu和CA>Zn>Pb>Cu.双常数方程是描述污染土壤中Cd,Pb,Cu,Zn解吸动力学过程的最佳方程.EDTA去除的重金属主要以酸提取态和可还原态存在,柠檬酸去除的重金属主要以酸提取态存在.EDTA和柠檬酸处理后.污染土壤中Cd,Pb,Cu,Zn的生物有效性降低.  相似文献   

9.
土壤有效态重金属提取剂选择的研究   总被引:16,自引:0,他引:16  
李亮亮  张大庚  李天来  依艳丽  臧健  胡睿 《土壤》2008,40(5):819-823
利用5种不同的土壤重金属浸提剂,研究了土壤有效态重金属含量与玉米重金属含量的关系,并提出了一种新的土壤有效态重金属的浸提剂。结果表明:0.1mol/L HCl,0.05mol/L EDTA-2Na,0.1mol/L CaCl2,0.1mol/L HAc-NaAc,0.05mol/L DTPA提取的化学有效态重金属与玉米根、茎、叶中重金属Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb大部分呈显著或极显著相关,但各化学提取剂提取的有效态Zn、Cu与玉米籽粒Zn、Cu的相关性较差。利用柠檬酸-酒石酸为提取剂提取的重金属含量与玉米籽粒中重金属的含量有着相对较好的相关性,是一种预估玉米籽粒中重金属含量的较好办法。  相似文献   

10.
不同有机肥中Cu、 Zn在农田土壤中的有效性与形态归趋   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
【目的】畜禽粪便有机肥的施用是造成我国农田土壤重金属污染的重要原因之一。本文选用两种典型规模化养殖场畜禽粪便有机肥,研究其在石灰性土壤和酸性土壤上施用1年后Cu、 Zn的有效性和形态归趋,为客观评价畜禽粪便有机肥中重金属进入土壤后的环境行为和生态风险提供理论依据。【方法】采用温室土壤培养试验,在石灰性土壤和酸性土壤上分别设对照(CK)、 施2%鸡粪(CM2%)、 施5%鸡粪(CM5%)、 施与CM2%、 CM5%含等量Cu、 Zn的重金属无机盐溶液(CS2%、 CS5%)、 施2%猪粪(PM2%)、 施5%猪粪(PM5%)、 施与PM2%、 PM5%含等量Cu、 Zn的重金属无机盐溶液(PS2%、 PS5%)9个处理,每个处理设3次重复,在温室条件下培养1年。测定土壤pH值, EDTA提取有效态Cu、 Zn以及采用改进Tessier连续提取法提取的各形态Cu、 Zn的含量,分析鸡粪、 猪粪及等量无机盐溶液中Cu、 Zn进入土壤后的有效性和形态归趋。【结果】施用鸡粪和猪粪1年后,石灰性土壤的pH值降低,酸性土壤的pH值升高,施用5%猪粪时石灰性土壤pH值降低了0.23个单位,酸性土壤pH值升高了0.87个单位。施入鸡粪、 猪粪1年后,石灰性土壤中有效态Zn和酸性土壤中有效态Cu、 Zn含量显著增加,施用5%猪粪时酸性土壤中有效态Cu含量增加了1.95倍,施用5%鸡粪时2种土壤中有效态Cu的含量均显著低于等量无机盐。施用鸡粪和等量无机盐后,2种土壤中交换态和有机结合态Cu的含量显著增加,交换态、 碳酸盐结合态、 有机结合态和铁锰氧化物结合态Zn的含量显著增加; 施用猪粪和等量无机盐后,2种土壤中交换态、 铁锰氧化物结合态和有机结合态Cu的含量显著增加,碳酸盐结合态和铁锰氧化物结合态Zn的含量显著增加。【结论】施用鸡粪、 猪粪提高了石灰性土壤中Zn和酸性土壤中Cu、 Zn的有效性,高用量条件下鸡粪中Cu的有效性低于等量无机盐。1年后, 通过畜禽粪便有机肥带入2种土壤中的Cu 主要以交换态和有机结合态的形式存在,Zn则主要以碳酸盐结合态、 铁锰氧化物结合态和有机结合态的形式存在。2种土壤上有机肥带入的Cu、 Zn转化为铁锰氧化物结合态的比例低于等量无机盐,2种有机肥带入2种土壤中的Cu转化为交换态和有机结合态的比例高于等量无机盐。鸡粪带入的Zn转化为交换态的比例在酸性土壤中低于等量无机盐,但在石灰性土壤中则高于等量无机盐。  相似文献   

11.
In a long‐term study of the effects on soil fertility and microbial activity of heavy metals contained in sewage sludges, metal‐amended liquid sludges each with elevated Zn, Cu or Cd concentrations were applied over a 3‐year period (1995–1997) to three sites in England. The experiments were sited adjacent to experimental plots receiving metal‐rich sludge cakes enabling comparisons to be made between the effects of heavy metal additions in metal‐amended liquid sludges and sludge cakes. The liquid sludge additions were regarded as ‘worst case’ treatments in terms of likely metal availability, akin to a long‐term situation following sewage sludge additions where organic matter levels had declined and stabilised. The aim was to establish individual Zn (50–425 mg kg?1), Cu (15–195 mg kg?1) and Cd (0.3–4.0 mg kg?1) metal dose–response treatments at each site, but with significantly smaller levels of organic matter addition than the corresponding sludge cake experiments. There were no differences (P > 0.05) in soil respiration rates, biomass carbon concentrations or most probable numbers of clover Rhizobium between the treatments at any of the sites at the end of the liquid sludge application programme. Soil heavy metal extractability differed between the metal‐amended liquid sludge and metal‐rich sludge cake treatments; Zn and Cd extractabilities were higher from the liquid sludge additions, whereas Cu extractability was higher from the sludge cake application. These differences in metal extractability in the treated soil samples reflected the contrasting NH4NO3 extractable metal contents of the metal‐amended liquid sludges and sludge cakes that were originally applied.  相似文献   

12.
Ethylendiamintetraacetic acid (EDTA) is persistent in the environment. The presence of EDTA in soil may alter the mobility and transport of Zn, Cd and Ni in soils because of the formation of water soluble chelates, thus increasing the potential for metal pollution of natural waters. Mobility of metals is related to their extractability. To investigate metal extractability affected by EDTA, Zn, Cd and Ni were added to Vertisol and Alluvial soil at rates of 50, 2 and 5 mg kg-1, respectively. Both natural and metal amended soils were treated with Na2EDTA at rates of 0; 0.2 and 0.5 mg kg-1. After five months of incubation soil samples were extracted with 0.1 N HCl, 0.005 M DTPA + 0.01 M CaCl2 + 0.1 M TEA (0.005 M Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid + 0.01 M Calcium cloride + 0.1 M Triethanolamine) and 1 M Mg(NO3)2, the latter of which extracts the exchangeable from of metald (Zn, Cd and Ni).

According to experiment results, Zn, Cd and Ni in all extraction increased with increasing rates of EDTA in the natural and metal amended soils.  相似文献   

13.
In a long‐term study of the effects on soil fertility and microbial activity of heavy metals contained in sewage sludges, metal‐rich sludge cakes each with high Zn, Cu or Cd concentrations were applied annually for 4 years (1994–1997) to nine sites throughout Britain. These sites were selected to represent agricultural soils with a range of physical and chemical properties, typical of those likely to be amended with sewage sludge. The aim was to establish individual total Zn (approx. 60–450 mg kg?1), total Cu (approx. 15–200 mg kg?1) and total Cd (approx. 0.2–4 mg kg?1) metal dose–response treatments at each site. Sludges with low metal concentrations were added to all treatments to achieve as constant an addition of organic matter as possible. Across the nine sites, soil pH was the single most important factor controlling Zn (P < 0.001; r2 = 92%) and Cd extracted with 1 m NH4NO3 (P < 0.001; r2 = 72%), and total iron content the most important factor controlling Cu extracted with 1 m NH4NO3 (P < 0.001; r2 = 64%). There were also positive relationships (P < 0.001) between soil organic carbon (C) concentrations and soil biomass C and respiration rates across the nine sites. Oxidation of sludge C following land application resulted in approximately 45% of the digested sludge cake C and approximately 64% of the ‘raw’ sludge cake C being lost by the end of the 4‐year application period. The sludge cake applications generally increased soil microbial biomass C and soil respiration rates, whilst most probable numbers of clover Rhizobium were generally unchanged. Overall, there was no evidence that the metal applications were damaging soil microbial activity in the short term after the cessation of sludge cake addition.  相似文献   

14.
The objective of the present study was to increase understanding of the effects of heavy metal pollution and soil properties on microorganisms in relation to the biomass and microbial functional community. Soil samples were collected from aged polluted and reference sites on a floodplain. The soil Cu, Zn and Pb total concentrations were much higher at the polluted sites (average 231.6–309.9 mg kg?1, 195.7–233.0 mg kg?1, and 72.4–86.0 mg kg?1, respectively) than at the reference site (average 33.3–44.0 mg kg?1, 76.7–98.0 mg kg?1, and 30.8–41.6 mg kg?1, respectively), while the available heavy metal concentrations in CaCl2 extraction were similar in all sites. Small seasonal variations in the size of microbial biomass were observed. Ambient soil properties (e.g. total C, N, pH, moisture content, and CEC) affected the soil microbial biomass more than the heavy metal pollution. However, the aged pollution tended to impact on the composition of the microbial community. PICT (pollution-induced community tolerance) test using BIOLOG Ecoplates showed enhanced tolerance of the microbial community to Cu stress in the polluted site. In non polluted but low nutrient, low pH and low moisture soil, the microbial biomass was lower and the microbial community was more vulnerable to Cu stress. In spite of the low heavy metal availability due to ageing, the BIOLOG technique provided sensitive detection of microbial community level changes in PICT analysis.  相似文献   

15.
The extractability and slow reactions of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) in a weathered savanna soil under Brachiaria decumbens, Digitaria smutsii, and Stylosanthes guianensis pastures were determined in a laboratory incubation study using a sequential extraction to remove operationally defined fractions of the metals, consisting of exchangeable, organically bound, precipitate [occluded in aluminum (Al) and iron (Fe) oxides], and residual metal fractions. The soils from the pasture fields were spiked with 100 mg Cu kg–1 soil and 200 mg Zn kg–1 soil for 24 weeks. Copper and Zn extractable with 1 N potassium nitrate (KNO3) solution decreased exponentially with time but reached a steady state after 2–3 weeks. The concentrations of Cu and Zn exchangeable with potassium (K) were greater in the Digitaria smutsii field soil than Brachiaria decumbens and Stylosanthes guianensis field soils. The exchangeability of added Cu and Zn (indexed Mn+ (exch)) with time was described by a simple exponential decay equation: Mn+ (exch) = αeβt, where α is a constant, β is a coefficient that defines the rate of transformation of added Cu and Zn from the exchangeable to nonexchangeable pools, and t is time. The β values for Cu (0.040–0.076 mg kg–1 d–1) were almost 10 times greater than those of Zn (0.005–0.007 mg kg–1 d–1). Sequential extraction of added Cu and Zn indicated that between 26 and 30% of the total Cu and between 19 and 30% of the total Zn were associated with organic matter. Similarly, between 35 and 38% of total Cu and between 47 and 60% of total Zn were associated with Fe, Al, and manganese (Mn) oxides. The differential capacity of the pasture fields to transform added Cu and Zn from exchangeable and labile form to nonlabile and nonexchangeable form appears to be governed by organic matter (OM), pH, and active Fe ratio in the pasture field soils.  相似文献   

16.
We established a field trial to assess the impacts on soil biological properties of application of heavy metal-spiked sewage sludge, with the aim of determining toxicity threshold concentrations of heavy metals in soil. Plots were treated with sludges containing increasing concentrations of Cu, Ni and Zn in order to raise the metal concentrations in the soil by 0-200 mg Cu kg−1, 0-60 mg Ni kg−1 and 0-400 mg Zn kg−1, and were then cultivated and sown in ryegrass-clover pasture and monitored annually for 6 years. All biological properties measured (soil basal respiration, microbial biomass C, and sulphatase enzyme activities), except phosphatase activity, increased in all plots over the duration of the experiment. Consequently, it was only possible to assess effects of heavy metals across time if, each year, all data for each metal were normalised by expressing them as percentages of the activities measured in an un-sludged control plot. When this was done, no significant effects of increasing heavy-metal concentrations on basal respiration, microbial biomass C or respiratory quotient (qCO2) were observed, although total Cu and soil solution Cu were significantly negatively related to microbial biomass C when it was expressed as a proportion of soil total C. None of the properties measured were affected by increasing Ni concentrations. Phosphatase and sulphatase activities were significantly negatively related to increasing Zn concentrations, but not usually to increasing Cu unless they were expressed as a proportion of total C. A sigmoidal dose-response model was used to calculate EC20 and EC50 values using the normalised data, but generally, the model parameters had very large 95% confidence intervals and/or the fits to the model had small R2 values. The factors primarily responsible for confounding these results were site and sample variations not accounted for by the normalisation process and the absence of any data points at metal concentrations beyond the calculated EC50 values. In the few instances where reasonable EC20 values could be calculated, they were relatively consistent across properties, e.g., EC20 for total Zn and phosphatase (330 mg kg−1), total Zn and sulphatase (310 mg kg−1), and EC20 for total Cu and sulphatase (140 mg kg−1) and total Cu and microbial biomass C (140 mg kg−1), when both sulphatase and microbial biomass C were expressed as a proportion of total C. Our results suggest that Cu and Zn at the upper concentrations used in this experiment were possibly having adverse effects on some soil biological properties. However, much higher metal concentrations will be needed to accurately calculate EC20 and EC50 and this may not be easily achievable without many applications of sewage sludge, even if the sludge is spiked with heavy metals.  相似文献   

17.
Abstract

The effect of sewage sludge applications on extractability and uptake by chard and lettuce of soil cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), leaf (Pb), and zinc (Zn) was investigated. Ten different treatments (0, 150, 300, and 500 kg N ha‐1) as mineral fertilizer, and 400, 800, and 1,200 kg N ha‐1 of aerobically and anaerobically‐digested sewage sludges were applied annually to a sandy‐loam soil since 1984. Seven years after the start of the treatments, higher levels of heavy metals were detected in the soil, depending on the type of metal, depth of sampling, type of sludge used, and, especially, rate of application. Following a sequential extraction procedure incorporating 0.1M CaCl2, 0.5M NaOH, and 0.05M Na2EDTA, most of the heavy metals in soil were detected in the Na2EDTA solution and the residual fractions. Large amounts of Cd appeared to be extracted by CaCl2, whereas substantial amounts of Cu and Ni were isolated by NaOH. The effect of treatments on the percentages of the metals found in each fraction depended on the type of metal, sampling depth, sludge used, and application rate. No significant increases were found in the heavy metal contents of chard and lettuce leaves, but some of the treatments resulted in a significant decrease of Cd and Cr levels in lettuce leaves.  相似文献   

18.
Bacterial and fungal bioluminescence-based biosensors were used as indicators of potential heavy metal toxicity to microorganisms in the needle litter of a mature Pinus radiata forest under heavy metal contaminated sewage sludge. Sewage sludge was amended with increasing concentrations of Cu, Ni and Zn and applied to the surface of a mature P. radiata forest. The response of the bacterial and fungal biosensors to soluble Cu, Ni and Zn in needle litter extracts was investigated. The bioluminescence response of the bacterial biosensor Escherichia coli HB101 pUCD607 declined as water-soluble Zn concentrations increased. The effective concentrations that gave a 50% reduction in bioluminescence (EC50 values) for water-soluble Zn and total litter Zn were 1.3 mg l−1 and 3700 mg kg−1, respectively. The bioluminescence response of the fungal biosensor Armillaria mellea declined as soluble Cu concentrations increased. The EC50 values for water-soluble Cu and total litter Cu were 0.12 mg l−1 and 540 mg kg−1, respectively. No decline in bioluminescence was noted for either the bacterial or fungal biosensor on exposure to increasing concentrations of water-soluble Ni. The use of a combination of bacterial and fungal biosensors offers a rapid and sensitive tool for assessing toxicity of heavy metals to microorganisms and, thus, elucidating the environmental impact of contaminants in sewage sludge on litter dwelling microorganisms.  相似文献   

19.
The concentrations, solubility and mobility of Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn were measured over a four year period in soil from a site that had received over 1000 t ha-1 wet, undigested, sewage sludge (on average, 15% dry solids). The pH of this light-textured sandy soil was markedly reduced after sludge application (to ≤4 in some samples), presumably as a result of breakdown of the unstable organic matter, nitrification of the NH4 +-N and sulphide oxidation. As a consequence, soil solution concentrations of Cu, Ni, and especially, Zn were initially elevated, and this was reflected in high plant uptake of Zn and elevated levels of all three metals in some groundwater wells. An extensive liming programme resulted in soil pH values generally between 5 and 6, more normal for this soil, in the following years. Soil solution metal concentrations were substantially lower, e.g., Zn from a high of 27 mg kg-1 in 1995 to 0.04 mg kg-1 in the equivalent sample in 1999. Herbage Zn concentrations declined accordingly and overall there was a strong relationship between plant metal uptake and soil solution concentration of this element (R2 = 0.84), although not for any of the other metals. Our results suggested that, for this soil, pH was by far the greatest determinant of metal solubility and that the metal source, whether sewage sludge or geochemical, had little influence. Results from extractants that solubilise other metal phases, i.e., NaNO3, EDTA and HNO3, are also presented and discussed.  相似文献   

20.
The comparison of immobilisation efficiency of various phosphate stabilisation agents for heavy metals in sewage sludge collected from an urban wastewater treatment plant Domale-Kamnik (Slovenia) is reported. The sewage sludge, containing high total concentrations of Zn (2698 ± 8.1 mg kg-1), Ni (1513 ± 5.7 mg kg-1), Cr (1118 ± 3.0 mg kg-1) and Cu (712 ± 2.2 mg kg-1), was mixed with various types of phosphates: highly soluble Ca(H2PO4)2, synthetic hydroxyapatite, with a solubility between Ca(H2PO4)2 and rock apatite, and bone-meal as an alternative low-cost source of poorly crystalline phosphate, in order to reduce metal mobility. The amounts of stabilising agents added to 1 g of the sludge ranged from 0.05 to 1 g. Water and acetic acid extractions were used for the determinationof water-soluble and potentially bioavailable metal fractions in the sewage sludge and its mixtures with various stabilisation agents.  相似文献   

设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号