浙南易蚀土壤的团聚体稳定性及其稳定机理

土壤团聚体的数量和稳定性是衡量土壤质量和可蚀性的重要指标。应用常规湿筛法和Le Bissonnais法测定了紫砂岩母质发育的柑橘园土壤团聚体稳定性,分析了土壤团聚体稳定性与胶结物质组成的关系。结果表明,供试土壤团聚体稳定性差异较大,湿筛法测定的水稳性团聚体MWD在0.75～3.49mm,MWD干筛-湿筛为0.15～2.89mm;Le Bissonnais法测定的水稳性团聚体平均MWD为1.57～3.12mm,其平均MWD与湿筛法测定的0.25mm团聚体含量、MWD、5～2mm团聚体破坏率和MWD干筛-湿筛呈极显著相关,表明两种方法测定的结果具有可比性;5～2mm土壤团聚体经快速湿润(FW)、慢速湿润(SW)和预湿后扰动(WS)3种处理后,团聚体崩解产物的MWD表现为FWSWWS,团聚体崩解产物的粒级分布随处理方式不同而不同,经快速湿润处理后,大多数团聚体崩解,崩解成较小粒径的水稳性团聚体,表明崩解的主要机制是由于团聚体内部的闭塞空气产生的压力引起的;土壤团聚体的稳定性指标与黏粒和游离氧化铁含量呈显著正相关,而有机质主要影响水稳定性团聚体的数量,它与土壤中MWD呈极显著正相关。     

红壤表土团聚体稳定性对坡面侵蚀的影响

通过野外人工模拟降雨试验,研究了第四纪红粘土、泥质页岩和花岗岩三种母质发育的红壤团聚体稳定性对土壤坡面侵蚀和侵蚀泥沙特性的影响.结果表明：坡面土壤侵蚀量和径流强度与土壤团聚体稳定性存在显著负相关关系,且不同团聚体稳定性指标与二者相关程度存在差异,其中湿筛团聚体平均重量直径（MWD）和》0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量（WSA0.25）与侵蚀量和径流强度相关程度最高,快速湿润中1～0.5 mm团聚体和湿润振荡中2～1 mm团聚体标准化平均重量直径（NMWD）与二者的相关性也达到了显著;泥沙粒径与湿筛MWD和WSA0.25之间相关关系（偏相关分析）呈显著正相关（r=0.8283^＊,r=0.8209^＊）;快速湿润中1～0.5 mm团聚体和湿润振荡中2～1 mm团聚体的NMWD与泥沙粒径也存在较好正相关关系（r=0.7458,r=0.6859）.泥沙粒径和水流功率在本研究中未表现出较好相关性（r=-0.1852）.     

冻融循环作用对黑土团聚体破碎机制的影响

为探究冻融循环作用对黑土团聚体抵抗不同破坏作用能力的影响,以黑龙江省典型黑土耕作层土壤为研究对象,通过LB法的3种不同破碎处理,分析冻融循环次数、初始含水量对不同初始粒级土壤团聚体稳定性的作用机制。结果表明:冻融循环作用对1～2,2～3,3～5 mm不同粒级团聚体稳定性有显著影响(P0.05),其稳定性均呈现为湿润振荡(WS)慢速湿润(SW)快速湿润(FW),快速湿润(FW)处理对黑土团聚体稳定性的破坏作用最大,而慢速湿润(SW)和湿润振荡(WS)破坏作用较小。同时,初始含水量和冻融循环次数对3种不同粒级团聚体的快速湿润平均重量直径(MWD_(FW))、慢速湿润平均重量直径(MWD_(SW))、湿润振荡平均重量直径(MWD_(WS))均具有极显著影响(P0.01)。随着冻融循环交替次数的增加,0.2 mm的大团聚体破碎而小团聚体(0.2 mm)含量增加。初始含水量对于2～3,3～5 mm粒级团聚体具有破坏作用,而对1～2 mm粒级团聚体有助于改良团聚体结构,增大团聚体稳定性。     

应用Le Bissonnais法研究黄土丘陵区土壤团聚体稳定性

 以黄土丘陵区森林草原过渡带燕沟流域植被自然恢复过程中6种植被类型为研究对象,应用LeBissonnais(LB)法测定了不同植被类型下土壤水稳性团聚体,对比分析了LB法3种处理的测定结果与传统湿筛法(Yoder)的差异性。结果表明:在LB法3种湿润处理下,快速湿润处理(FW)对土壤团聚体结构的破坏程度最大,处理后土壤水稳性团聚体以0.05～0.5mm为主;慢速湿润处理(SW)对团聚体的破坏程度最小,处理后土壤水稳性团聚体主要以>2mm团聚体为主;而预湿后扰动处理(WS)对团聚体的破坏程度介于FW和SW之间,处理后土壤团聚体粒径分布比较均匀。说明该区土壤团聚体破坏的主要机制是土壤孔隙中的气泡爆破产生的消散作用。退耕100a期间,植被群落由1年生草本(4a)—多年生灌草(16 a)—半灌木(29 a)—灌木(55 a)—乔木(100a)方向演替过程中,土壤水稳性团聚体由小粒径向大粒径方向转变,土壤结构趋于稳定。LB法3种处理中,FW处理与SW处理所测得>0.5mm团聚体含量和平均重量直径与土壤有机质和物理性黏粒之间存在显著的相关性,而WS处理未达到显著水平(P>0.05)。说明土壤有机质和物理性黏粒主要影响消散和黏粒膨胀引起的崩解作用,而对机械干扰引起的团聚体破坏无明显影响。LB法3种处理中,慢速湿润方法所获得土壤团聚体稳定性特征更接近湿筛法,适宜于黄土丘陵区植被恢复过程中土壤水稳性团聚体的测定。     

不同筛分方式对土壤团聚体及土壤微生物群落的影响

探究土壤团聚体组成、稳定性、有机碳含量及微生物数量在不同土壤筛分方式下的变化,对团聚体筛分方式进行优化。以黑土为研究对象,设置不同筛分方式处理,比较干土干筛、干土湿筛、润土干筛、润土湿筛4 种筛分方式的优缺点。结果表明,润土干筛比干土湿筛处理≥ 2 mm 粒径的土壤团聚体高出约85.97%,而在2 ～ 0.25、≤ 0.25 mm 粒级中团聚体所占比例最高的干土湿筛比最低的润土干筛分别高出约80.90%、91.82%。>0.25 mm 水稳性团聚体含量(R0.25)在润土干筛下达到最高,为99.35%,该指标与土壤团聚体稳定性成正相关,其值越高则表示土壤抗蚀能力越强。干土湿筛处理下各粒级团聚体土壤有机碳分布平均。干土湿筛处理下,土壤细菌和放线菌的数量最高。而润土干筛处理下土壤真菌数量较高,与润土湿筛、干土干筛、干土湿筛3 个处理方式相比有显著性差异。综上发现,干土湿筛处理下土壤团聚体稳定性更好,土壤微生物数量较高,在一定程度上对土壤结构、土壤质量起到优化的作用。     

石灰岩发育的乔木林下土壤团聚体形成的影响因素

将采集的喀斯特地区纯石灰岩发育的林下土壤,全部进行干筛分为>5、5—2、2—1、1—0.5、0.5—0.25 mm五个粒级,再将五个粒级的土壤分别湿筛,烘干后收集为>5、5—2、2—1、1—0.5、0.5—0.25 mm五个粒级。对五个粒级的土壤分别进行碳水化合物、胡敏酸、游离氧化铁铝、非晶质氧化铁铝和钙、镁的提取和测定,迅速将提取过胶体的土壤进行湿筛测定分解的各级团聚体含量,以此来分析土壤团聚体稳定性与各因子间的关系。研究结果表明:土壤经干筛后,团聚体含量高,团聚体以大粒径为主,小粒级含量低;土壤经湿筛后,团聚体含量减少不是很明显,组成也是以大粒径为主;胡敏酸对<2 mm粒级的团聚体的稳定性作用最大,游离氧化铁、铝对大团聚体(>5 mm)稳定性的作用最大;0—5cm土层土壤团聚体稳定性总体上好于5—20 cm土壤层;有机胶体对小粒级团聚体稳定性的影响很大。     

土壤原始颗粒对不同破碎机制下团聚体稳定性的影响

土壤团聚体是土壤结构的基本单元,其稳定性是描述土壤抵抗外力破坏作用的重要指标。目前常用的团聚体测定方法很少考虑到土壤原始颗粒对其不同破碎机制下稳定性的影响。以两种不同质地团聚体特征差异明显的壤质砂土和砂质黏壤土为研究对象,对土壤全样进行快速湿润(FW)、预湿润后震荡(WS)以及慢速湿润(SW)三种处理方式预处理以研究团聚体不同破碎机制,同时考虑将各粒级团聚体中的土壤原始颗粒剥离出来,消除土壤原始颗粒对各粒级团聚体含量结果的影响,研究土壤原始颗粒对不同破碎机制下团聚体稳定性的影响。结果表明:两种土壤在不同处理方式下,各粒级土壤含量存在较大差异,砂质黏壤土在三种处理模式下平均质量直径(MWD)均显著大于壤质砂土,两种土壤MWD均呈现MWD_(fw)MWD_(ws)MWD_(sw)的大小顺序,两种土壤团聚体破坏均是团聚体快速湿润时孔隙内部封闭的空气压力作用为主,其次是机械扰动作用,黏粒膨胀作用影响最小。土壤原始颗粒对各粒级团聚体的影响程度受到土壤类型和破碎机制影响,土壤原始颗粒对壤质砂土影响较大,对砂质黏壤土的影响相对较小。分散前的团聚体(0.05 mm)占总土壤的百分比(AR)值难以正确反映土壤团聚体稳定性,消除土壤原始颗粒影响后,AR能够较好体现土壤团聚体稳定性。消除土壤原始颗粒影响前后的AR比值表明土壤原始颗粒对壤质砂土的影响远远大于对砂质黏壤土的影响。     

北方土石山区土地利用方式对褐土团聚体稳定性的影响

土地利用方式是影响土壤团聚体稳定性的重要因素,但关于北方土石山区土地利用方式对土壤团聚体稳定性的影响仍不清晰。选取北方土石山区耕地、荒地、休闲地和金银花地的褐土为研究对象,基于Le Bissonnais法,分析了快速湿润(FW)、机械振荡(WS)和慢速湿润(SW)处理下团聚体粒径分布特征、稳定性和可蚀性。结果表明:(1) FW处理后,耕地、荒地和休闲地团聚体集中分布于0.5 mm,而金银花地则为0.2 mm;WS和SW处理后,均以0.2 mm团聚体为主。3种处理下,土地利用方式间2～5 mm团聚体差异最大。(2)土壤团聚体平均重量直径(MWD)表现为:SWWSFW,而土壤可蚀性K值则为FWWSSW,且相对消散指数显著大于相对机械破碎指数。说明褐土团聚体主要破碎机制是消散作用,其次为机械破坏作用。(3) 3种处理下,土壤团聚体MWD均表现为金银花地休闲地荒地耕地。(4)相对消散指数和K值表现为:耕地荒地休闲地金银花地。说明金银花地利用方式可有效提高土壤稳定性,增强土壤抗侵蚀能力。     

亚热带土壤团聚体测定方法的比较研究

应用湿筛法、Emerson法、机械和化学分散法、LeBissonnaia法对亚热带第四纪红土发育的富铁土团聚体组成和稳定性进行评价,土壤团聚体数量和稳定性指标分别用0.25mm水稳性团聚体含量(WSA)、团聚体平均重量直径(MWD)和团聚体破坏率(PAD)表示。结果表明,3种方法测定的MWD值呈极显著正相关;土壤团聚体数量和稳定性与土地利用方式密切相关,林地和园地较高,荒地和母质最低;5～2、2～1和1～0.5mm团聚体经快速湿润(FW)、慢速湿润(SW)和预湿后扰动(WS)处理后,团聚体MWD均表现为WSSWFW,相对消散系数(RSI)为31%～45%,表明团聚体崩解的主要物理机制是团聚体中闭塞空气引起的消散作用。3种方法具有可比性,反映土壤团聚体特性和稳定机制,可将其团聚体数量和稳定性指标作为衡量土壤质量和抗蚀性的重要指标。     

湿润速度和累积降雨对土壤表面结皮发育的影响

土壤表面强度和微结构显微照片是研究表土结皮的重要指标和直接表征。以两种典型的土壤(垆土和黑土)为研究对象,采用2mmh-1(慢速)和50mmh-1(快速)两种速度湿润后进行雨强为60mmh-1的降雨,研究不同湿润速度和累积降雨对结皮发育的影响。结果表明:湿润速度对垆土结皮发育过程的影响不明显,土壤表面强度主要由累积降雨打击夯实引起;快速湿润对黑土结皮发育有显著的影响,慢速湿润后黑土在60min降雨过程中没有明显的结皮,累积降雨的打击起次要作用;湿润速度和累积降雨的对结皮发育的影响取决于土壤团聚体稳定性。     

保护性耕作对丘陵区水稻土团聚体稳定性的影响

长期保护性耕作通过增加土壤有机碳而成为稻田土壤结构改良的一项有效措施,而保护性耕作对土壤团聚体稳定机制的影响尚未完全清楚。本文供试土样采自耕作制定位试验水旱轮作、冬水免耕、垄作免耕和厢作免耕耕层（0～ 20 cm）土壤,土样经过糊化作用、湿润作用和再次糊化作用等预处理,用以阐明稻田土壤团聚体的破碎机制。研究结果表明：糊化作用和湿润作用后紫色水稻土团聚体稳定性差异不明显,而保护性耕作显著影响团聚体的稳定性。糊化作用后团聚体水稳性强弱顺序为：垄作免耕＞厢作免耕＞冬水免耕＞水旱轮作,湿润作用后团聚体水稳性强弱顺序为：厢作免耕＞垄作免耕＞冬水免耕＞水旱轮作。糊化作用下团聚体稳定性与有机碳浓度相关性不显著（r＝0.432,p＞0.05）,湿润作用下团聚体稳定性与有机碳浓度呈极显著正相关（r＝0.626,p＜0.01）。因此,研究结果说明保护性耕作有利于紫色水稻土大团聚体有机碳含量提高,进而增强团聚体的水稳性。     

鄂南第四纪粘土红壤团聚体的稳定性及其稳定机制初探

用湿筛法和LeBissonnais法研究了鄂南第四纪红粘土母质发育的两种侵蚀程度的红壤团聚体的稳定性,并且分析了影响供试土壤团聚体稳定性的土壤性质。结果表明,轻度侵蚀的耕作土壤团聚体的稳定性较低,在水的作用下易崩解成较小粒径的水稳性团聚体;强度侵蚀的土壤表层团聚体的稳定性较高,崩解后产生较多的水稳性大团聚体。引起土壤团聚体破坏的主要作用机制是土壤团聚体中的闭蓄空气爆破引起的消散作用;研究区第四纪红壤团聚体的主要胶结物质是土壤中的粘粒、游离氧化铁铝和无定形铁。由于供试土壤中有机质含量很低,在本研究中,有机质含量与土壤团聚体稳定性之间没有显著正相关关系。     

Effects of aggregate structure and organic C on wettability of Ustolls

Soil wettability is especially important for rainfed agriculture in climates with a dry period during the growing season. The effect of aggregate structure and soil organic C content on wettability of soil aggregates was determined for grassland (grass) and tilled fields (tillage). Soil organic C, plastic limit, aggregate total porosity, and wettability at 100 mm (rapid wetting) and 300 mm (slow wetting) water tension were measured on soil at 0–0.2 m depth. Natural aggregates from tillage and grass were compared to soil pellets formed by remolding aggregates. At both tensions, wettability of grass aggregates was significantly greater than that of tillage aggregates (P ≤ 0.001). Pellets were significantly less wettable than natural aggregates at 300 mm tension and during the initial wetting at 100 mm tension, but became significantly more wettable with time at 100 mm tension. Cumulative water uptake during 60 min exceeded the initial total porosity of pellets and natural tillage aggregates, suggesting incipient failure (formation of microcracks) during fast wetting. Grass aggregates contained twice as much organic C as tillage aggregates (26 g kg⁻¹ versus 13 g kg⁻¹). Organic C was linearly and positively related to plastic limit, total porosity, and the wettability of natural aggregates at 300 mm tension. At 100 mm tension, organic C was negatively related to wettability of natural aggregates under grass, but unrelated to wettability under tillage. Aggregate wettability was positively related to organic carbon content, except when the arrangement of soil constituents reduced or prevented incipient failure and soil dispersion during rapid wetting resulted in cumulative water uptake (60 min) similar to initial aggregate total porosity. Organic C increased wettability of grass aggregates when compared to tillage aggregates and also stabilized natural aggregates during fast wetting (100 mm tension). Both soil organic C content and aggregate structure were key factors controlling aggregate stability and wettability.     

土粒表面电场对土壤团聚体破碎及溅蚀的影响

团聚体是土壤结构的基本单元,其稳定性是评估土壤抗侵蚀能力的重要指标。土壤团聚体破碎是降雨溅蚀发生的关键一步。土粒表面电场对团聚体稳定性具有重要影响,必然也会深刻影响降雨溅蚀过程。该文以黄土母质发育的黄绵土和塿土为研究对象,采用不同浓度的电解质溶液定量调控土粒表面电场,研究不同电场强度对团聚体破碎及溅蚀的影响。结果发现:1)随电解质浓度的降低,土粒表面电位升高,表面电场增大,黄绵土和塿土团聚体平均重量直径减小,团聚体稳定性降低,降雨溅蚀量增大。2)电解质浓度小于10-2 mol/L,黄绵土和塿土表面电位绝对值分别高于202.0和231.6 mV,此时团聚体稳定性和溅蚀量变化不明显,表明表面电位202.0和231.6 mV分别是影响黄绵土和塿土团聚体稳定性及溅蚀的关键电位。3)随着土粒表面电场的减弱,团聚体破碎后释放的<0.15 mm微团聚体含量减小,>0.25 mm大团聚体含量增加,团聚体倾向于破碎为更大粒级的团聚体。4)电场作用下团聚体的破碎特征对降雨溅蚀具有重要的影响,溅蚀量与团聚体破碎释放的<0.15 mm微团聚体含量呈显著正相关,与>0.25 mm大团聚体含量呈显著负相关。上述结果表明,当降雨进入土壤后,对于干燥的土壤而言,土壤溶液电解质浓度被迅速稀释,土粒表面产生强大的电场,该电场通过影响团聚体破碎程度进而影响降雨溅蚀。该研究有助于加深对降雨溅蚀的科学认识,同时也为土壤团聚体稳定性及降雨溅蚀的人为调控提供了一定的理论依据。     

应用Le Bissonnais法测定富铁土中团聚体的稳定性及其意义

土壤团聚体的数量和稳定性是衡量土壤抗蚀性和土壤质量的重要指标,应用LeBissonnais法对富铁土团聚体的稳定性和物理学机制进行了研究。结果表明,LeBissonnais法测定的团聚体平均重量直径(MWD)与常规湿筛法测定的>0.25mm团聚体含量、MWD和>2mm团聚体破坏率(PAD)呈极显著正相关。富铁土中5～2,2～1,1～0.5mm团聚体经快速湿润(FW)、慢速湿润(SW)和预湿后扰动(WS)处理后,稳定性团聚体的粒级分布随处理方式和初始团聚体大小的不同而不同;经FW处理后,大多数团聚体崩解;团聚体崩解产物的MWD表现为FW相似文献   

Changes in soil aggregate water stability induced by wetting and drying cycles in non-saturated soil

Wetting and drying of remoulded soil resulted in water stable aggregation. The greatest proportions of water stable aggregates arose from wetting and drying in the ?1 to ?100 kPa range of matric water potential. The effect occurred with sterile and non-sterile soil. but the proportion of water stable aggregates was less with sterile soil. The application of wetting and drying cycles in the laboratory to non-tilled soil resulted in a steady decrease in the proportion of water stable aggregates. With tilled soil, the proportion of water stable aggregates first increased to a maximum and then decreased steadily with further wetting and drying cycles. However. with sterilized, tilled soil, only a steady decrease in the proportion of water stable aggregates was observed. Natural water content fluctuations in the field after tillage gave an increase in water stability to a maximum after a few days followed by a steady decrease. The similarity of this result to that obtained in the laboratory for tilled. non-sterilized soil indicates that micro-organisms were probably contributing to the observed short-term changes in the water stability of aggregates in the field.     

Organic matter and wetting capacity distribution in aggregates of Chilean soils

The wetting capacity of Hapludands and Palehumults under grassland and forest in southern Chile was assessed by measuring contact angles of solid, water and air interfaces. Microaggregates obtained from natural aggregates of two sizes (4–6.3 and 10–12 mm) were spread onto microscope slides and drops of saturated aqueous KCl solution were placed on the surface of the aggregates. The wetting angles of the drops were measured with a microscope with a horizontal viewing direction and an ocular containing a goniometer. The wetting capacity was determined on layers peeled progressively from the walls of aggregates toward their centres, and the organic matter content of the different aggregate layers was determined. The water stability of the aggregates was measured by dry and wet sieving. Hapludands always showed greater hydrophobicity than Palehumults. The wetting resistance of the soil matrix samples was less than that of the single layers of aggregates. The wetting resistance of aggregates generally increased from the exterior to their centre. The increase was strongest in the topsoil under grassland. Smaller aggregates under both grassland and forest showed a greater hydrophobicity than larger ones. Organic matter content increased towards the aggregate interiors, especially in the fine aggregates. Aggregates with greater water repellence were more stable to dry and wet sieving, especially under forest. Therefore, intensive management decreases wetting resistance and makes the soil less stable.     

Zur Auswirkung organischer Substanz verschiedener Humifizierungsgrade auf die Aggregatstabilität durch Reduzierung der Benetzbarkeit

Effect of differently humified organic matter on aggregate stability by reducing aggregate wettability The subject of this study was to examine the significance of the contribution of organic matter to the aggregate stability against slaking by reducing aggregate wettability. Artificial spherical aggregates were formed from about 50 g paste each of a loessial (B_t-horizon) and of a clayey soil (P-horizon), which were then coated with ground peat moss (strongly and slightly humified). The slaking behavior of the air-dry aggregates was determined by measuring the water infiltration rate and the aggregate breakdown as a function of time. The results show, not only the water infiltration rate but also the aggregate breakdown were slowed down in presence of the organic coating. This effect of organic matter increased with increasing huminification. The fragments derived from aggregates with organic coating were significantly larger than those from aggregates without organic coating. The main reason for this difference is the reduced water infiltration rate into aggregates, so that the aggregates break down rather slowly and progressively than explosively. It plays an important role, that because of the wetting inhibition at the beginning the distance is longer and/or the resistance is greater for the further water infiltration into the aggregates with organic coating than those into the aggregates without organic coating. The organic matter would possibly also be transported into the inside of the aggregates by water flux.