基于风蚀模型的河北省土壤风蚀风险评价

[目的]对河北省空间范围开展土壤风蚀风险评价研究,以期为研究区基于土壤风蚀的土地退化和大气污染防治提供科学依据。[方法]在遥感和地理信息系统技术的支持下,采用第一次全国水力普查中推荐的风蚀模型,对研究区2009年的土壤风蚀风险进行评价。[结果]河北省土壤微度侵蚀面积所占比例最大,约占河北省总面积的65.36%,主要分布在河北平原、太行山地和冀北山地;其次为轻度侵蚀,约占河北省总面积的12.46%,主要分布在坝上高原和冀西北间山盆地;中强度侵蚀的风蚀面积最小,合计不足河北省总面积的0.1%,主要为分布在研究区北部的沙地类型;极强侵蚀和剧烈侵蚀没有分布。[结论]河北省土壤风蚀强度呈现出明显的空间差异性,干燥,风速大,植被覆盖度低的冀西北地区风蚀强度最大,湿润、风速小、植被覆盖度高的冀东北地区风蚀强度最小,南部平原和太行山区风蚀强度中等。     

淮河流域黄泛平原风沙区水土流失格局

掌握淮河流域黄泛平原风沙区水土流失现状与格局,对客观反映区域水土流失治理成效、制定水土保持规划具有重要意义。基于多源遥感影像,采用土壤侵蚀模型,结合野外调查和资料统计分析等方法,解译土地利用、植被覆盖、水土保持措施等因子,定量分析水土流失状况与格局,结果表明:2018年度淮河流域黄泛平原风沙区土地利用结构主要为耕地,耕地中水浇地占比最大;林草覆盖率较低,但以高覆盖为主;水土流失类型以风力侵蚀为主,侵蚀强度以轻度为主,其中部分水浇地、沙地等易发生风蚀,采矿用地、建设用地、其他草地、农村道路等易发生水蚀。监测成果可为黄泛平原风沙区水土保持生态环境建设提供基础数据和决策支持。     

半干旱草原潜在土壤风力侵蚀空间格局研究

中国绝大多数的干旱半干旱地区遭受着严重的风力侵蚀。风蚀可导致土壤流失、肥力下降,最终导致土地荒漠化。半干旱草原区的荒漠化问题日益突出,由此带来的沙尘暴等灾害天气增多,给人们的生产生活带来诸多不便。从影响土壤风力侵蚀的风速、干燥度、植被盖度、地形起伏度、土壤可蚀性以及放牧压力6个方面出发,借助GIS技术,通过主成分分析研究半干旱草原区达茂旗土壤风力侵蚀的空间分布格局。结果表明:达茂旗潜在土壤风力侵蚀指数由南向北呈高—低—高趋势。达茂旗北部地区土壤风蚀主要受风速、干燥度和植被指数影响;中部地区风力侵蚀主要受地形起伏度的影响,地形起伏对风的消减作用增强,使得风力降低,加之该地区土壤可蚀性和干燥度相对较低,风力侵蚀指数低;南部土壤风力侵蚀主要受放牧压力影响,春季正是牧草返青季节,植被盖度低,且牲畜密度相对较大,放牧对草场的压力大,土壤风力侵蚀严重。风力侵蚀各影响因子的时空异质性是导致半干旱草原风力侵蚀空间异质性的主要原因。干旱草原风力侵蚀空间异质性的主要影响因素是风速、干燥度和植被指数,其次受地形和土壤可蚀性的影响,而放牧压力是半干旱草原区土壤风力侵蚀的主要人为因素之一。     

英国对土壤性质、侵蚀及作物生产空间变化的研究

英国学者T .A .Quine等考察了耕作侵蚀和水蚀对土壤性质和作物生产变化的作用。调查的数据信息包括 :耕作土中全N、全C、全P和无机P的含量 ;土壤质地 ;作物产量和地上部生物量 ;由数字地形模型 (DTM)测出的地形属性 ;1 37　Cs测出的净土壤再分布 ;模拟测出的耕作侵蚀 ;由田间和模拟制图测出的细沟侵蚀。研究表明 ,耕作侵蚀和水蚀对土壤性质的影响与坡面曲率相关。耕作侵蚀是土壤再分布的主要过程 ,以耕作侵蚀分布和净土壤再分布之间的显著相关性为基础。耕作侵蚀也与土壤性质显著相关 ,表明耕作引起的土壤再分布是造成土壤性质空间变化的主要因素。作物生产与土壤性质及侵蚀率之间的关系复杂。发生侵蚀和养分流失地区的作物产量很低 ,但是一些高沉积地区的作物产量也很低。长达 4 0多年的耕作侵蚀模拟说明土壤性质的空间变化会更剧烈 ,并可能对作物生产造成负面影响。     

第一次全国水利普查水土保持普查方案

第一次全国水利普查水土保持情况普查包括水土流失、侵蚀沟道和水土保持措施等3种对象.水土流失普查,采取宏观遥感调查与地面系统抽样调查相结合的方式,利用土壤侵蚀模型评价不同侵蚀类型的分布、面积和强度.侵蚀沟道普查,利用遥感影像、DEM(数字高程模型)等基础数据得到侵蚀沟道位置,通过野外调查和空间分析,得到侵蚀沟道面积、数量与分布.水土保持措施普查,利用各种基础资料综合分析得到水土保持工程措施和植物措施的类型和数量.     

青海三江源区土壤侵蚀现状及其分布

通过对青海长江、黄河和澜沧江三江源区2005年时像的土壤侵蚀遥感调查,从宏观上查清了该区土壤侵蚀类型、面积和分布:三江源区土壤侵蚀面积11.48万km2,其中水力侵蚀1.84万km2,风力侵蚀1.16万km2,冻融侵蚀8.48万km2。土壤侵蚀主要分布在果洛州6县、玉树州6县、海南州2县、黄南州2县和格尔木市1乡,共涉及16县1乡。三江源区水力侵蚀主要发生在5—9月份,风力侵蚀主要发生在冬春季节,冻融侵蚀主要发生在4—5月份。该项研究为三江源区生态环境保护和建设的决策、规划及研究提供了基础数据。     

雅鲁藏布江中游河岸交错带沙地土壤水分的空间异质性

土壤水分是制约西藏高寒河谷风沙化土地植物群落自然演替和人工促进植被恢复的重要因子之一,准确把握沙地土壤水分的分布状况,对指导正在进行的沙地植被恢复与重建具有重要实践意义。该文采用地统计学与GIS相结合的方法,以雅鲁藏布江中游河谷风沙化土地为对象,研究了河岸交错带沙地土壤水分的空间分布及不同类型沙地和沙丘部位的差异性。结果表明:1)试验地不同深度土壤含水率平均值为6.14%～14.20%,随着湿沙层深度的增加,土壤含水率平均值随之增大。各层土壤含水率均表现为强变异性。2)除0～20cm土壤含水率具有强烈的空间相关性外,其它各层土壤含水率具有中等的空间相关性。随着土层深度的增加,空间相关性减弱。不同深度土壤含水率的空间分布格局存在着较强的相关性,以20～40cm和40～60cm相关性最高。3)流动沙丘迎风坡和河滩地土壤含水率明显高于背风坡、沙砾地、沙丘顶。雅鲁藏布江河水丰枯变化、微地形和风沙运动则是造成不同类型沙地、沙丘部位土壤含水率差异的主要原因。     

不同土地利用背景下土壤侵蚀空间分布规律研究

在 RS与 GIS技术的支持下 ,对不同土地利用背景下的土壤侵蚀空间分布规律进行了定量研究。具体表现为通过空间分析 ,对不同土壤侵蚀下的土地利用类型、不同地貌特征下的土壤侵蚀状况、不同土地利用结构下的土壤侵蚀进行了动态分析。研究结果表明 :我国的土壤侵蚀以水力侵蚀为主 ,其次为风力侵蚀和冻融侵蚀。我国的水力侵蚀以微度水力侵蚀为主 ,随着侵蚀强度的增加 ,侵蚀面积在逐渐减少 ;我国的风力侵蚀以剧烈风力侵蚀为主 ,随着侵蚀强度的增加 ,侵蚀面积逐渐增加 ;在冻融侵蚀区以微度冻融侵蚀为主 ,随着侵蚀强度的增加 ,侵蚀面积逐渐减小。对我国威胁最大的是风力侵蚀 ,因此 ,研究如何防治风力侵蚀 ,阻止土壤沙漠化 ,在目前是一项十分紧迫的任务。     

基于GIS和RS的荒漠区土壤侵蚀研究

以GIS和RS为平台,对人类活动较为剧烈的鱼卡矿区及其周边区域的土壤侵蚀状况进行了研究。同时采用叠加分析法研究了土壤侵蚀与土壤类型、土地利用的耦合关系。结果表明：研究区土壤侵蚀以风蚀为主,兼有部分水蚀。从土壤类型来看,灰棕漠土、高山漠土侵蚀强烈,兼有风力侵蚀和水力侵蚀。洪积盐土风蚀强烈,高山荒漠化草原土水蚀较为强烈。从土地利用类型来看,极强度风蚀和剧烈风蚀主要分布在沙地和戈壁两种土地利用类型上,极强度水蚀主要位于沼泽和沟道两种土地利用类型上。因此,在制定水土流失整治措施和区域土地发展规划时,应首先考虑土壤类型和土地利用类型的侵蚀特性。在此基础上,制定有效的保护措施,严格控制水土流失,实现环境和经济的可持续发展。     

沂蒙山区土壤侵蚀敏感性评价

根据沂蒙山区遥感影像解译和水土流失遥感调查数据等资料,在通用土壤侵蚀方程的基础上,选择降雨侵蚀力、土壤可蚀性值、坡度和植被覆盖等自然因子建立土壤侵蚀敏感性评价指标体系。利用GIS方法对影响土壤侵蚀敏感性的单因子进行计算,并将各因子进行栅格化。运用空间分析方法对沂蒙山区土壤侵蚀敏感性进行综合评价,将沂蒙山区土壤侵蚀敏感性分为极敏感区、高度敏感区、中度敏感区、轻度敏感区和一般敏感区5个等级区域,并分析了不同土壤侵蚀敏感区的空间分布。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.