外加碳、氮对黄绵土有机质矿化与激发效应的影响

应用14C标记的葡萄糖和麦秸,15N标记的(NH4)2SO4和Ca(NO3)2对生黄绵土、菜园黄绵土土壤有机质的矿化与激发效应进行了研究。结果表明,外加有机质,特别是外加易分解的葡萄糖,和外加氮源,特别是外加(NH4)2SO4,对两种黄绵土土壤的有机质矿化与激发效应都有明显的促进作用,土壤有机质的矿化是高肥力菜园黄绵土高于低肥力生黄绵土,而有机质矿化的激发效应却是低肥力生黄绵土高于高肥力菜园黄绵土。外加有机质与外加N同时施入土壤时,外加N对外加有机质的矿化与激发效应同样有明显的促进作用,并发现外加有机质与外加N在促进土壤有机质矿化与激发效应过程中表现出正交互作用。激发效应对土壤肥力的更新和培养有积极作用。     

旱地土壤矿质氮和可矿化氮与土壤供氮能力的关系

在具有典型半干旱气候特征的陕西永寿选取22个不同肥力水平的田块,分层采集0－100cm土样,研究矿质氮、可矿化氮和土壤供氮能力之间的关系。结果表明,NH4－M与可矿化氮之间没有明显关系;15－80cmNO3－N与各层可矿化氮显著相关,0－15cm和80－100cmNO3－N与之大多相关不显著。通径分析表明,30－45cm的可矿化氮和NO3－N对作物吸氮量的直接贡献最大（后者稍低于前者）;其次是60－80cm的NO3－No0-100cmNO3-N总的直接和间接贡献均大于可矿化氮。作为土壤供氮指标,0－45cm可矿化氮和0-100cmNO3-N都可靠,尤以后者效果更好。     

外加可溶性碳源对华北典型农田土壤N2O、CO2排放的影响

以华北平原典型农田土壤为对象,运用静态培养系统研究方法,设置室内培养试验,研究添加不同浓度葡萄糖对土壤N2O、CO2排放的影响.结果表明:碳氮配施的外源添加方式明显促进N2O和CO2排放,其排放通量均高于对照组和只添加氮源的处理.在配施碳源葡萄糖浓度为0.5 g/kg时N2O排放通量最高(NH4+组2 500 μg/(kg·d),单位以N计,下同,NO3-组1 500 μg/(kg·d)),4.0 g/kg时N2O排放通量最低(NH4+组500 μg/(kg·d),NO3-组800 μg/(kg·d));葡萄糖浓度为2.0 g/kg时CO2排放通量最高(NH+组500mg/(kg· d)),0.5 g/kg时CO2排放通量最低(NH+组100 mg/(kg,d)).从培养开始到结束,只添加氮源的土壤NH+含量变化不明显,NO3-含量增至29.21 mg/kg(NH4+组)和62.25 mg/kg(NO3-组);而配施葡萄糖的土壤NH+含量降为不足1 mg/kg(NH4+组),NO3-含量明显减少.N2O累积排放通量与葡萄糖浓度呈负相关(NH4+组),CO2累积排放通量与葡萄糖浓度呈正相关.分析结果表明,外加可溶性碳源明显减少土壤中NH4+和NO3-含量,并且促进土壤N2O、CO2排放,其排放通量大小与C/N比有关.     

毛白杨对15N-硝态氮和铵态氮的吸收、利用及分配

以毛白杨新无性系50号插条苗为试材,应用15N示踪技术研究在相同施氮量下毛白杨(Populus tomentosa)苗木对不同形态氮素的吸收、分配及利用特性。结果表明：不同处理下毛白杨苗木在施肥1周后对肥料氮的吸收呈逐渐上升趋势,并在施肥后28d达到最大值,NO3-15N处理苗木全氮量为0.67g/株, NH4-15N处理苗木全氮量为0.60g/株;吸收NO3-15N为0.26g/株,吸收NH4-15N为0.12g/株,分别占苗木全氮的比例39.15%和19.95%。毛白杨苗木对两种氮素的利用程度差异显著,在利用率最高时期,NO3-15N利用率可达25.83%,约为NH4-15N（12.03%）的2倍。氮素在各器官中分配差异显著,总体趋势为叶﹥根﹥茎。叶中NO3-15N的分配率显著高于NH4-15N     

不同形态氮肥对玉米产量和土壤浸提性有机质的影响

田间条件下,研究了不同形态氮肥(尿素、NH4+-N和NO3--N)对玉米产量、根际和非根际土壤氮和浸提性有机质的影响.结果表明,施氮处理的产量和吸氮量明显高于不施肥处理;施氮处理中,NO3--N和尿素处理开花前吸氮量显著高于NH4+-N处理,产量也略高于NH4+-N处理,但未达到显著水平;不同氮形态处理之间的土壤NH4+-N、NO3--N和浸提性有机碳(EOC)、氮(EON)没有差异;抽雄期EOC最高,与根系生长发育一致,而EON苗期相对最高.可见,在基础肥力较高的黑土上,不同形态氮肥对玉米产量、土壤养分影响不明显.     

氮水平和形态配比对巴西橡胶树花药苗生长及氮代谢、光合作用的影响

采用砂培方法研究了不同供氮水平及NH4+/NO3-配比对巴西橡胶树花药苗生长、氮代谢及光合作用相关指标的影响。结果表明,随供氮水平的提高,橡胶花药苗茎秆、叶、地上部及单株总干重、植株各部位氮含量和氮积累量、叶绿素含量均相应升高,其中粗根、茎秆、叶片含氮量、单株吸氮量及叶绿素含量各处理间差异均达显著水平;株高、茎粗、细根干重、叶片光合速率先增后减,且以8 mmol/L氮水平时最大;低氮水平下细根硝酸还原酶（NR）活性较高。不同NH4+/NO3-配比试验中,纯NH4+营养下小苗各部位氮含量、氮积累量最高（除细根和叶柄氮积累量）;NH4+/NO3-为75/25时,小苗株高、茎粗、叶柄、叶片、植株地上部及株干重最大,NH4+/NO3-为50/50时,小苗细根干重、茎秆干重、叶绿素含量、光合速率最大,且显著大于纯NO3-营养处理;而NH4+/NO3- 50/50时,处理间差异不显著（除细根和茎秆N含量）;纯NO3-营养下小苗细根NR活性最高,但生长最弱。结果说明橡胶花药苗不适宜于纯NO3-环境,而适宜于纯NH4+及NH4+/NO3-混合营养,其适宜水平为8 mmol/L和NH4+/NO3-50/50。     

采用15N同位素稀释法研究不同层次土壤氮素总转化速率

采用15N同位素稀释方法,开展短期(7天)室内培养实验,估算了一水稻土0~20、20~60和60~90 cm土层土壤主要N素转化过程的总转化速率,结果表明,标记N溶液加入后2 h内各土层土壤的总矿化、硝化、固定速率显著高于其他时间段(p<0.01)。2 h后,矿化速率在小范围内起伏。0~20 cm土层土壤N素的硝化速率随培养时间延长而降低,另外两层土壤则基本保持稳定,硝化速率的变化与硝化作用底物NH4+-N浓度的变化呈显著正相关。值得注意的是,外源无机N溶液加入后2 h内,大量NH4+-N和NO3--N被固定,并认为N素的非生物固定起主导作用。2 h后,出现了N素在固定与再矿化间反复转换的现象。实验结果表明,与净转化速率相比总转化速率能更好地描述单个N素转化过程,但由于外源N加入对N素转化的影响、再矿化作用以及忽略了N素转化过程中的气体损失、DNRA(硝态氮异化还原为铵)过程等,本研究结果与真实值间存在一定差异。     

太湖地区稻麦轮作农田改葡萄园对土壤氮转化过程的影响

采用15N成对标记技术结合数值模型,测定太湖地区两种土地利用方式(稻麦轮作农田和葡萄园)下的土壤氮素初级转化速率,探讨了土地利用方式改变对土壤供氮和保氮能力的影响。结果表明,葡萄园土壤初级矿化速率高于稻麦轮作农田土壤,但是其NH4+-N同化速率几乎可以忽略不计(0.02 mg kg-1 d-1),自养硝化成为培养条件下葡萄园土壤NH4+-N的唯一去向。葡萄园土壤初级自养硝化速率(15.85 mg kg-1 d-1)显著高于稻麦轮作农田土壤(13.65 mg kg-1 d-1),但两者初级异养硝化速率和NO3--N同化速率均接近零值。可见,太湖地区稻麦轮作农田改种为葡萄园后,土壤NH4+-N同化速率显著降低而自养硝化速率增加,由此导致更多的NO3--N在土壤中累积,进而可能增加土壤中N的淋溶和径流损失风险。     

追氮方式对夏玉米土壤N2O和NH3排放的影响

【目的】研究氮肥与硝化抑制剂撒施及条施覆土三种追施氮肥方式下土壤N2O和NH3排放规律、 O2浓度及土壤NH4+-N、 NO2--N和NO3--N的时空动态,揭示追氮方式对两种重要环境气体排放的影响及机制。【方法】试验设置3个处理: 1)农民习惯追氮方式撒施(BC); 2)撒施添加10%的硝化抑制剂(BC+DCD); 3) 条施后覆土(Band)。 3个处理均在施肥后均匀灌水20 mm。在夏玉米十叶期追施氮肥后的15天(2014年7月23日至8月8日)进行田间原位连续动态观测,并在玉米成熟期测定产量及吸氮量。采用静态箱-气相色谱法测定土壤N2O排放量,土壤气体平衡管-气相色谱法测定土壤N2O浓度,PVC管-通气法测定土壤NH3挥发,土壤气体平衡管-泵吸式O2浓度测定仪测定土壤O2浓度。【结果】农民习惯追氮方式N2O排放量为N 395 g/hm2,NH3挥发损失为N 22.9 kg/hm2,同时还导致土壤在一定程度上积累了NO2--N。与习惯追氮方式相比,添加硝化抑制剂显著减少N2O排放89.4%,使NH3挥发略有增加,未造成土壤NO2--N的累积。条施覆土使土壤N2O排放量显著增加将近1倍,但使NH3挥发显著减少69.4%,同时造成施肥后土壤局部高NO2--N累积。条施覆土的施肥条带上土壤NO2--N含量与N2O排放通量呈显著正相关。土壤气体的O2和N2O浓度受土壤含水量控制,当土壤WFPS大于60%时,020 cm土层中的O2浓度明显降低,而N2O浓度增加,土壤N2O浓度和土壤O2浓度间呈极显著负相关。各处理地上部产量及总吸氮量差异不显著。【结论】土壤NO2--N的累积与铵态氮肥施肥方式密切相关,NO2--N的累积能够促进土壤N2O的排放,且在条施覆土时达到显著水平(P0.05)。追氮方式对N2O和NH3两种气体的排放存在某种程度的此消彼长,添加硝化抑制剂在减少N2O排放的同时会增加NH3挥发,条施覆土在显著减少NH3挥发的同时会显著增加土壤N2O排放。在条施覆土基础上添加硝化抑制剂,有可能同时降低N2O排放和NH3挥发损失,此推论值得进一步研究。     

不同浓度葡萄糖添加对黑土氨基酸转化的影响

通过室内培养方式,研究不同浓度葡萄糖与无机氮肥(NH4)2SO4配施对土壤微生物将无机态氮转化为氨基酸态氮过程的影响。结果表明:和单施(NH4)2SO4培养相比,葡萄糖与(NH4)2SO4配合施用显著提高了土壤微生物将无机态氮向氨基酸态氮转化的程度,高浓度葡萄糖的添加更有利于无机态氮的同化。同样培养条件下NH4+-N、NO3--N和微生物量氮的数据表明,添加碳源明显降低了土壤中NH4+-N和NO3--N的含量,而微生物量氮量明显提高。表明活性碳源的加入明显提高土壤微生物活性,起到调控土壤微生物将无机态N转化为氨基酸态氮速率和容量的作用。     

Effects of temperature, soil water status, and soil type on swine slurry nitrogen transformations

Manure N dynamics are affected by manure characteristics, soil factors, and environmental conditions. An incubation experiment was conducted to assess the relationship of these factors. The effects of temperature (11, 18, and 25°C), soil texture (three soils, silt loam to sandy loam), and soil water status (constant at 60% water filled pore space, WFPS, and fluctuating between 30% and 60% WFPS) on net mineralization and nitrification of swine manure N were assessed. Swine manure was applied at an equivalent rate of 350 kg total N ha^-1 to 250 g air-dry soil in 2-l canning jars. Subsamples were taken from each jar for NO₃^- and NH₄⁺ determination when fluctuating moisture treatment dried to 30% WFPS, with sampling continuing through four wet-dry cycles at each temperature. Manure NH₄⁺ was rapidly nitrified to NO₃^-. The relationship between NO₃^- accumulation and degree days after application (DDAA, 0°C base) could be described across temperatures using a single pool exponential model for each soil. More NO₃^- accumulated in coarser-textured soils (150-200 mg N kg^-1 soil), compared to 130 mg N kg^-1 soil in the silt loam soil. Fluctuating soil water status did not alter estimates of rate and extent of NO₃^- accumulation, but slowed NH₄⁺ disappearance somewhat.     

Effects of nitrogen fertilization on soil nitrogen pools and microbial properties in a hoop pine (Araucaria cunninghamii) plantation in southeast Queensland, Australia

A field study was conducted to investigate the effects of N fertilization on soil N pools and associated microbial properties in a 13-year-old hoop pine (Araucaria cunninghamii) plantation of southeast Queensland, Australia. The treatments included: (1) control (without N application); (2) 300 kg N ha^-1 applied as NH₄NO₃; and (3) 600 kg N ha^-1 as NH₄NO₃. The experiment employed a randomized complete block design with four replicates. Soil samples were taken approximately 5 years after the N application. The results showed that application of 600 kg N ha^-1 significantly increased concentrations of NH₄⁺-N in 0-10 cm soil compared with the control and application of 300 kg N ha^-1. Concentrations of NO₃^--N in soil (both 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm) with an application rate of 600 kg N ha^-1 were significantly higher compared with the control. Application of 600 kg N ha^-1 significantly increased gross N mineralization and immobilization rates (0-10 cm soil) determined by ¹⁵N isotope dilution techniques under anaerobic incubation, compared with the control. However, N application did not significantly affect the concentrations of soil total C and total N. N application appeared to decrease microbial biomass C and N and respiration, and to increase the metabolic quotient (qCO₂) in 0-10 cm soil, but these effects were not statistically significant. The lack of statistical significance in these microbial properties between the treatments might have been associated with large spatial variability between the replicate plots at this experimental site. Spatial variability in soil microbial biomass C and N was found to relate to soil moisture, total C and total N.     

半干旱区施氮和灌溉条件下覆膜对春玉米产量及氮素平衡的影响

以典型半干旱区干湿砂质新成土（Ust-Sandic Entisols）为供试土壤进行田间试验,研究地膜覆盖、施氮及补充灌水量对春玉米（Zea mays L.）产量、土壤矿质氮（NO3--N和NH4+-N）及氮素平衡的影响。结果表明,0—100 cm土体范围内,随着土层加深,播前和收获后土壤NO3--N含量呈降低趋势,NH4+-N有所增加,但变幅不大;总矿质氮量（NO3--N和NH4+-N）表现为下降。说明地膜覆盖和施氮并没有使NO3--N深层累积量增加,这可能与土壤本身供氮能力严重不足有关。与不施氮相比,施氮各处理氮肥表观损失量增加;与不覆膜相比,作物氮素累积量比不覆膜显著增加（P0.05）。在低灌（80 mm）覆膜和高灌（160 mm）覆膜条件下,玉米的氮肥利用率均比不覆膜均提高了18.8%,说明覆膜低灌在相同施氮条件下,可节约80 mm灌水。但低灌（80 mm）与高灌（160 mm）不覆膜间氮肥利用率差异不显著,表明在相同施氮条件下,覆膜可有效提高氮肥利用率,减少氮素损失。综合考虑籽粒产量和氮肥利用率,“覆膜+补灌80 mm+施氮90 kg/hm2”可能为本试验条件下较优的栽培模式。     

Effect of dicyandiamide and hydroquinone on the transformation of urea-nitrogen-15 in soil cropped to wheat

A pot experiment with a loam soil and spring wheat as test crop showed that an application of dicyandiamide (DCD), and especially its combination with hydroquinone (HQ), gave a much larger recovery of soil urea-¹⁵N than treatments based on the application of urea alone or urea plus HQ. Most of the urea-¹⁵N applied to soil was present as organic plus chemically fixed ¹⁵N in the DCD and DCD plus HQ treatments. These two treatments showed the smallest accumulation of urea-derived (NO₃^-+NO₂^-)-¹⁵N. Under well-drained conditions, there was a synergistic effect of the nitrification inhibitor DCD and the urease inhibitor HQ on urea-¹⁵N transformations and the recovery of fertilizer ¹⁵N in soil after the application of urea.     

Nitrification and denitrification as sources of atmospheric nitrous oxide – role of oxidizable carbon and applied nitrogen

Laboratory incubation experiments were conducted to study the influence of easily oxidizable C (glucose) and mineral N (NH₄⁺ and NO₃^-) on N₂O emission, evolution of CO₂ and consumption of O₂. A flush of N₂O was always observed during the first few hours after the start of soil incubation, which was significantly higher with NH₄⁺ compared to NO₃^- applications. The increase in N₂O emission was attributed mainly to enhanced soil respiration and subsequent O₂ limitation at the microsite level. Application of NH₄⁺ helped to develop denitrifying populations since subsequent additions of NO₃^- and a C source significantly enhanced N₂O emissions. In soils treated with NH₄⁺, N₂O emissions declined rapidly, which was related to decreasing concentrations of easily oxidizable C. Addition of glucose in different amounts and pre-incubation of soil for different lengths of time (to create variation in the amount of easily oxidizable C) changed the pattern of N₂O emissions, which was ascribed to changes in soil respiration.     

Nitrogen mineralization potential of dairy manures and its relationship to composition

The objectives of this study were to determine the variability in mineralization of dairy manure N, to determine if N mineralization can be predicted by compositional factors or by near- or mid-infrared reflectance spectroscopy. Dairy manures (n =107) were collected from farms in Maryland, Virginia, Pennsylvania, New York, and Connecticut. The composition of these manures ranged from 14 to 386 g dry matter kg^-1, 0.9 to 9.5 kg total N/m³, and 0.3 to 4.7 kg NH₄⁺-N/m³. Manure-amended soil was aerobically incubated at 25°C and concentrations of NH₄⁺-N and NO₃^--N were determined at day 2 and day 56. The manures were highly variable in their N mineralization characteristics, ranging from a net mineralization of 54.9% to a net immobilization of 29.2% of the organic N. When compositional parameters were individually regressed against percentage mineralized organic N, the highest correlation coefficient (r) was 0.164. A stepwise regression of all 11 variables yielded a maximal r of 0.486. These results suggest that the availability of dairy manure organic N is highly variable and that the availability cannot be predicted from simple compositional parameters. No relationship was found between near-infrared spectral characteristics and N mineralization suggesting that no simple relationship exists between N mineralization and compositional characteristics. There appears to be some potential for the use of mid-infrared for determining the mineralization potential of manures.     

Response of ATP content, respiration rate and enzyme activities in an arable and a forest soil to nutrient additions

Glucose (C), glucose plus NO₃^- (C+N) or glucose plus NO₃^- plus PO₄^3- (C+N+P) were added to an arable and a forest soil at a single dose, or split into four equal doses over 4 consecutive days, and the response of several enzyme activities, ATP content and respiration rate were monitored for 11 days. ß-Glucosidase activity was reduced in the two soils during the first day by substrate addition. Thereafter, this enzyme activity varied only slightly in the arable soil with reference to the non-amended control, while it increased substantially in the beech forest when C+N and C+N+P were added. Casein-hydrolysing activity increased in the C treatment and decreased after C+N+P addition during the first 4 days in the two soils. After 11 days, protease activity was enhanced in the arable soil when C+N was applied in a split dose. Urease activity decreased during the first 4 h, particularly in the arable soil with the addition of C+N or C+N+P, applied in a single dose, and then continuously increased. Thus, urease responded to high nutrient availability, being firstly repressed or inhibited, and stimulated afterwards. Phosphatase activity was only slightly modified in the arable soil but substantially increased in the beech forest by C+N addition. The presence of P usually decreased phosphatase activity. Arylsulphatase activity was repressed after substrate addition, which was particularly evident in the arable soil. In the beech forest topsoil, C added alone increased this enzyme activity. Significant correlations between ATP content and enzyme activity were only observed for urease in the arable system treated with C+N and in the forest when C was applied in a split dose. The effect of C, C+N and C+N+P addition varied between the arable and the forest soil according to environmental conditions and microbial ecophysiology.     

不同形态氮素对种植大豆土壤中微生物数量及酶活性的影响

采用框栽试验方法,研究6种不同形态氮素[生物固氮(N0)、硝态氮(N1)、铵态氮(N2)、氨基酸态氮(N3)、蛋白态氮(N4)和酰胺态氮(N5)]对种植大豆土壤中微生物数量及土壤酶活性动态变化的影响。结果表明:各大豆生育期内真菌、细菌、放线菌数量和土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶活性对不同形态氮素的反应不同;三大菌群在组成上以细菌数量占绝对优势,数量上均在花期时达到峰值,即均随着大豆生育期的推进呈单峰曲线变化;花期不同形态氮处理下的土壤微生物总数量有差异,具体表现为N5N3N2N1N4N0。土壤多样性指数的变化趋势随着生育期的推进呈缓慢下降趋势,与土壤微生物数量的变化趋势不一致,因此,评价土壤生物多样性指数应将两者结合起来。土壤脲酶和蔗糖酶活性随着生育期的推进亦为单峰曲线变化趋势,但脲酶与蔗糖酶活性的变化趋势不同,其高峰期出现在鼓粒期。     

长白落叶松幼苗对铵态氮和硝态氮吸收的动力学特征

采用养分吸收动力学原理并利用溶液培养法研究了不同生长期的长白落叶松苗木对NH+4和NO-3的吸收特点。结果表明,单一氮源条件下,苗木根系吸收NH+4、NO-3的速率均随着苗木的生长呈下降趋势,并且苗木对于NH+4的吸收速率整体上高于NO-3。与无NO-3时相比,在速生期加入NO-3会影响载体与NH+4的亲和力,从而大幅度降低苗木对于NH+4的吸收速率,但不会明显影响苗木在生长初期和木质化期对于NH+4的吸收速率。与单一NO-3为N源时相比,NH+4的加入会降低苗木在速生期对于NO-3的载体亲和力,从而影响其吸收速率,但是会明显提高根系在生长初期吸收NO-3的载体数量和速率。在长白落叶松苗木的养分培育过程中,为了提高苗木对于氮的利用效率,建议以铵态氮肥为主,但是在其生长初期可以适当增施硝态氮肥。     

丛枝菌根根外菌丝对铵态氮和硝态氮吸收能力的比较

采用空气隔板分室法并结合15N标记技术,以玉米为宿主植物并接种Glomus mosseae和Glomus intraradices,比较了这两种真菌根外菌丝对铵态氮和硝态氮吸收传递能力的差异。结果表明,丛枝菌根根外菌丝吸收传递氮的能力因菌种和氮素形态而异。两种真菌根外菌丝吸收传递NH4+-N能力均高于NO3--N;G. intraradices根外菌丝吸收传递氮的能力高于G. mosseae,这可能与两种真菌根外菌丝生长量有关。