蚯蚓粪与鼠李糖脂配施对小白菜和生菜产量、生长指标及品质的影响

为了探明蚯蚓粪配施鼠李糖脂对小白菜及生菜品质的影响,基于盆栽试验,研究了蚯蚓粪及其与鼠李糖脂(0.027%、0.054%和0.108%)配施处理对小白菜和生菜产量、生长指标和品质指标的影响。结果表明,蚯蚓粪与鼠李糖脂配施可以不同程度地提高小白菜及生菜品质,相比不施肥处理蚯蚓粪配施鼠李糖脂处理小白菜及生菜的产量、叶面积、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和可滴定酸均显著提高。蚯蚓粪配施鼠李糖脂处理小白菜和生菜产量、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、可滴定酸及硝酸盐含量与蚯蚓粪处理无显著性差异。随着鼠李糖脂浓度的增大,蚯蚓粪配施鼠李糖脂处理的小白菜产量呈现下降趋势,未达到显著性差异。蚯蚓粪配施鼠李糖脂相比蚯蚓粪处理可显著提高小白菜游离氨基酸含量。综上,蚯蚓粪配施鼠李糖脂具有显著提高蔬菜产量的效果,蚯蚓粪配施鼠李糖脂与蚯蚓粪处理对蔬菜产量及品质方面的影响没有显著性差异,二者配施没有降低蚯蚓粪的肥效,说明蚯蚓粪与鼠李糖脂配施具有药肥开发的可行性。     

连续4 年基肥减量对生菜产量、品质和土壤养分的影响

长期定点监测不同基肥配方肥用量对生菜产量、品质和土壤养分的影响，为生菜科学施肥提供数据支撑。在2016 ～ 2019 年通过田间定位试验，设置了4 个基肥配方肥水平，CK(0 kg/hm²)、1/2CG(375 kg/hm²)、3/4CG(562.5 kg/hm²)和农户习惯CG(750 kg/hm²)，测定了连续4 年8 茬生菜产量、品质和土壤养分指标。结果表明，CK 处理生菜产量从第2 茬开始显著低于其他处理，1/2CG 处理生菜的平均产量最高，春茬和秋茬分别较CK 处理提高15.17% 和10.06%，较CG 处理提高3.95% 和3.24%，施用基肥配方肥对生菜产量有显著提高作用，适当减少生菜基肥配方肥用量并未造成生菜减产。1/2CG 处理8 茬生菜硝酸盐含量均低于CG 处理，1/2CG 和3/4CG 处理Vc 含量分别较CG 处理提高，适当的基肥配方肥减量可以提高生菜Vc 含量，降低硝酸盐含量。基肥配方肥可以提高土壤速效养分含量，对维持土壤有效磷和速效钾有重要作用。通过基肥配方肥施用量与产量拟合方程得出结论，在基肥配方N-P2O5-K2O(18-9-18)的条件下，生菜春茬基肥配方肥推荐量为478.64 kg/hm²，秋茬基肥配方肥推荐量为453.75 kg/hm²。     

蚓粪和益生菌互作对土壤性状、菠菜产量和品质的影响

选取两种益生菌(巨大芽孢杆菌和解淀粉芽孢杆菌)分别与化肥和蚓粪配施,研究了蚓粪和益生菌配施对设施蔬菜地土壤化学性状、酶活性及菠菜产量和品质的影响。结果表明:在等养分条件下与单施化肥相比,蚓粪能够显著提高土壤有效磷含量及p H值,降低速效钾、铵态氮含量及EC值,有利于土壤脲酶、蛋白酶和过氧化氢酶活性的提高,有效改善菠菜品质;与单施蚓粪相比,益生菌与蚓粪配施不仅显著提高土壤硝态氮含量、蔗糖酶活性,还增加了土壤EC值,提高了菠菜可溶性糖、蛋白及维生素C含量,且解淀粉芽孢杆菌配施蚓粪还增加了菠菜产量;而益生菌配施化肥对菠菜产量增加和品质改善效果不及益生菌配施蚓粪效果显著。综合比较两种益生菌和蚓粪配施效果,以蚓粪配施解淀粉芽孢杆菌对土壤性状改善和蔬菜产量、品质提高效果最好。     

利用牧草与沼渣栽培毛木耳及其残渣改良土壤效果

以不同比例牧草与沼渣替代木屑栽培毛木耳对其产量、品质及氨基酸含量影响各异。30%草粉 +30%沼渣替代木屑效果较好,生物效率为107.5%,产量比对照高82.2%,粗蛋白、氨基酸、粗脂肪、可溶性糖含量分别比对照高3.7%、1.75%、0.13%、0.37%;以50%草粉或沼渣替代木屑其毛木耳产量分别比对照高55.1%和61.0%。山地果园连续3年施用5t/hm²沼渣、5t/hm²菌渣和5t/hm²鲜草处理区与对照相比,其红壤中腐殖酸碳含量分 别提高22.9%、26.5%和16.5%;红壤中团粒结构依次提高78.5%、79.9%和69.3%,改良土壤效果较好。     

施氮对小白菜产量和品质的效应

田间试验研究了施氮对两种肥力土壤小白菜产量、硝酸盐含量和营养品质的影响。结果表明,施氮量与小白菜产量呈显著(低肥力)和极显著(中肥力)的二次回归关系,中、低肥力土壤施氮小白菜分别增产141.2%~309.4%和149.5%~617.6%;低肥力土壤小白菜产量仅为中肥力土壤的28.6%~49.5%。施氮75~300kg.hm-2提高小白菜硝酸盐含量9.9%~33.3%(中肥力,75 kg.hm-2处理除外)和240.3%~363.6%(低肥力),硝酸盐含量以中肥力土壤>低肥力土壤(N 150 kg.hm-2处理除外)。施氮降低中肥力土壤小白菜Vc含量、提高氨基酸含量,对可溶性糖影响不大;低肥力土壤施氮降低小白菜Vc、氨基酸、可溶性糖含量。     

春大豆施钼条件下最适氮磷肥施用量研究

缺乏高效的养分管理技术体系,一直是制约永州地区富硒大豆产业发展的重要因素。为优化春大豆钼肥拌种条件下氮、磷肥运筹,提高养分利用效率和产量,以“湘春豆V8”为材料,通过大田小区试验探究不同氮肥和磷肥施用水平组合对春大豆产量和产量构成、干物质和养分累积量,以及养分利用效率的影响。结果表明,(1)单独采用钼肥拌种能显著提高大豆单株有效分枝数和荚果数,增幅分别达71.4% 和10.0%;显著提高大豆的生物产量和地上部分氮素累积量,增幅分别达17.8% 和22.9%。(2)处理MN1P2(80 g/100 kg 钼肥拌种+45 kg/hm² 尿素+300 kg/hm² 钙镁磷肥)和处理MN2P1(80 g/100 kg 钼肥拌种+75 kg/hm² 尿素+150 kg/hm² 钙镁磷肥)产量分别达2675.64 和2576.49 kg/hm²;两处理氮肥农学利用率、氮肥吸收利用率、磷肥利用率、磷利用效率分别为35.15和20.97 kg/kg、181.15% 和111.53%、14.28% 和15.94%、319.69 和450.55 kg/kg。(3)相较于当地常规施肥措施(75 kg/hm² 尿素+450 g/hm² 钙镁磷肥),MN1P2 和MN2P1 两处理施氮、磷肥减施幅度分别达40%、50% 和0%、66.7%。永州贫钼地区春大豆钼肥拌种前提下,氮、磷施用量为45 kg/hm² 尿素+300 kg/hm² 钙镁磷肥或75 kg/hm²尿素+150 kg/hm² 钙镁磷肥,可在减施氮磷肥的基础上,获得较高的产量和提高大豆养分利用率。     

中药渣有机肥施用对土壤理化性质及枳壳产质量的影响

为促进中药渣循环利用,提升枳壳产量与品质,减少化肥施用,研究中药渣有机肥配施化肥对枳壳产量、土壤理化性质和药理有效成分含量的影响。结果表明,相比全施化肥,中药渣有机肥替代部分化肥增加了土壤有机质含量和pH值,缓解了土壤酸化,改良了土壤结构,提高了土壤微生物和蚯蚓数量,活化了土壤有效养分,有助于枳壳柚皮苷、新橙皮苷、芸香柚皮素、柚皮素等7种有效成分和总含量的积累,促进了酸橙树的生长和枳壳增产提质。中药渣有机肥替代部分化肥并适当减施50%磷肥(F2,N∶P2O5∶K2O=1∶0.5∶1)的枳壳产量最高,为935.2 kg/hm²,相比全施化肥(CK,N∶P2O5∶K2O=1∶1∶1),产量提高17.5%,枳壳有效成分总含量提高39.6%。因此,在酸橙栽培过程中,推荐种植户采用有机肥替代部分化肥作基肥施用,促进土壤养分循环利用,节约养分投入量,实现枳壳的增产提质。     

叶面喷施蚯蚓氨基酸肥对西瓜产量及品质的影响

蚯蚓水解液富含大量氨基酸,对作物生长具有明显的促进作用。试验以清水及尿素追肥为对照,在西瓜膨果期叶面喷施不同稀释倍数(800、500和300稀释倍数)的蚯蚓氨基酸追肥,研究其对西瓜产量和品质的影响。结果表明:尿素追肥的西瓜产量与清水追肥差异不显著;蚯蚓氨基酸800倍液的西瓜产量分别比清水、尿素追肥提高了19%和18%。尿素追肥西瓜果实的含糖量、有机酸含量高于清水追肥,但糖酸比低于清水追肥;与清水追肥相比,蚯蚓氨基酸300、500、800倍液增加了西瓜果实含糖量;800、500倍液降低了有机酸含量,增加了糖酸比;与尿素追肥相比,蚯蚓氨基酸300、500、800倍液保持了与之相当的含糖量,但降低了有机酸含量,从而提高了糖酸比,其中蚯蚓氨基酸800倍液有机酸含量最低、糖酸比最高。尿素追肥西瓜果实硝酸盐含量与清水追肥相当;与清水及尿素追肥相比,蚯蚓氨基酸300、500、800倍液显著降低了西瓜果实硝酸盐含量,追施800和500倍液的西瓜果实硝酸盐含量最低。尿素追肥处理西瓜果实可溶性蛋白质含量低于清水处理;与清水及尿素追肥相比,800、500倍液蚯蚓氨基酸肥能显著增加西瓜果实可溶性蛋白质的含量。尿素追肥的西瓜维生素C(Vc)含量与清水追肥差异不显著;与清水及尿素追肥相比,喷施蚯蚓氨基酸500、300倍液能增加西瓜果实内Vc含量。综合来看,在西瓜膨果期叶面喷施适当浓度的蚯蚓氨基酸肥有利于提升西瓜产量和品质,其中以叶面喷施蚯蚓氨基酸800倍液效果最佳。     

熏蒸条件下有机肥部分替代化肥对西瓜生长及养分利用的影响

基于田间大棚试验,采用等量养分原则,分析生物有机肥、蚯蚓粪、鸡粪等不同有机肥部分替代化肥对西瓜生长、产量、品质以及养分利用的影响。结果表明,与单施化肥相比,有机肥部分替代化肥均不同程度提高了西瓜叶绿素含量、光合性能、产量及品质,其中以蚯蚓粪与化肥配施效果最佳,其光合性能显著高于单施化肥,产量提高了33.63%,可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白及维生素C含量分别增加了14.07%,14.47%和17.52%。有机肥部分替代化肥施肥处理的肥料利用率高于单施化肥,土壤养分元素依存率低于单施化肥,以蚯蚓粪配施化肥作用效果最为显著,氮、磷、钾肥利用率分别为26.02%,5.67%和29.89%,土壤氮、磷、钾素依存率分别为20.96%,20.32%和31.55%。熏蒸处理的西瓜枯萎病发病率整体低于未熏蒸处理,其中熏蒸条件下蚯蚓粪部分替代化肥施肥处理西瓜发病率最低,仅为4.76%。     

氨基酸部分替代硝态氮对小白菜产量、品质及根际分泌物的影响

采用局部无菌水培方法,研究了氨基酸部分替代硝态氮对小白菜产量、品质及根际分泌物的影响。结果表明:与单一硝态氮处理相比,20%氨基酸部分替代硝态氮处理小白菜产量下降,硝酸盐及可溶性淀粉含量也显著降低,其中以20%谷氨酸（Glu）处理最低,分别为1490.8 mg/kg、1.77 mg/g;提高了小白菜全氮、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、游离氨基酸的含量,改变其根系形态结构及根系活力;同时,20%甘氨酸（Gly）、20%混合氨基酸(AAS）处理显著提高根系分泌物中铵态氮、游离氨基酸、总有机碳及总氮、可溶性蛋白的含量,根系分泌物中有机氮占总氮的百分比在Gly、Glu、AAS处理中分别提高了5.6%、11.2%、12.8%。表明氨基酸部分替代硝态氮可改善小白菜的品质,其生物量与各根系分泌物呈明显的负相关(0.7     

安阳市水保工程建管方式及存在的问题与建议

安阳市近10年来建成的水土保持工程的主要建设管理方式可分为3种,即:乡村组织治理,完成后分配给农户分散经营;乡村组织治理,由村成立专业队代表村集体管理;把小流域或荒山承包给个体或私人经济组织,由其自行治理和经营管护。3种建管方式中以后者为最优,其经济效益是分散经营管理的5倍、专业队经营管理的3.5倍。针对水保工程建设管理中存在的问题和适应农村税费改革等要求,提出了加快安阳市水保生态建设的建议。     

我国滑坡、崩塌的区域特征、成因分析及其防御

论述了我国滑坡、崩塌的区域分布特征，滑坡和崩塌的危害程度，滑坡和崩塌类型和成因分析，并且提出了灾害的防御措施，以期达到环境保护成为社会发展过程中的一个重要组成部分。     

生产建设项目水土保持“天地一体化”监管存在问题及建议

根据"天地一体化"技术在生产建设项目水土保持监管中的应用情况,对"天地一体化"技术在水土保持信息化应用中存在的防治责任范围图件不规范、合规性鉴定困难、未批先建等问题进行了归纳总结,并提出相应的建议,以期能为"天地一体化"水土保持监管工作逐步走向成熟提供参考,全面提升水土保持信息化建设水平,加快推进水土保持监管信息化进程。     

Hydroxy-Al complexes of montmorillonite and vermiculite and identification of intergrades of montmorillonite-chlorite and vermiculite-chlorite in soils

Much evidence has indicated that the occurrence of montmorillonite and vermiculite containing Al-interlayers is very common in solis, particularly acid soils. Viewed in the light of soil clay minerology, it would be required to investigate the properties of their original minerals. For the latter purpose, the Al-interlayer has been removed prior to the Mg-glycerol,K-saturation and heating tests for identification of montmorillonite and vermiculite. Its removal has been accomplished in sevsral ways; KOH plus KCl (1), NH₄F, KCl plus HCl (2), Na-citrate (3),400C de hydroxylation-NaOH (4) dissolution. Although these methods are effective for the removal of Al-interlayers, they seem drastically to affect the minerals or are time-consuming. Inthe course of the study of hydroxy-Al interlaid complexes of expanding 2:1 layer lattice clay minerals, the authors have noticed the difference between the (001) spacings of hydroxy-Al complexes of montmorillonite and vermiculite; the former exhibited the 20 A basal spacing at room temperature against the 14 A spacing of the latter. This difference might be useful for differentiating montnmorillonite-chlorite intergrades in soils.     

硒、钴单施和配施对苜蓿生长及产量的效应研究

为探讨硒、钴在提高苜蓿生长影响,在河南省沿黄滩区,开展了硒、钴单施和配施下对紫花苜蓿生长以及产量和品质影响研究。结果表明,硒、钴单施和配合基施均能够显著提高苜蓿从现蕾到开花期的净光合能力,降低呼吸消耗,提高单位叶面积干物质的生产速率,有利于苜蓿花前青干草生产和果实发育;其中,以硒570 g/hm2、钴762g/hm2配施下效果显著,青干草增产8.06%,种子千粒重可提高12.85%。单施钴和硒钴配施还能促进0—20 cm耕层苜蓿根瘤菌的生长和积累,增强苜蓿的固氮能力。说明硒钴合理基施对苜蓿青干草和优质种子生产具有很好的应用效果。     

Separation and analysis of diastereomers and enantiomers of cypermethrin and cyfluthrin by gas chromatography

Synthetic pyrethroid (SP) insecticides are of environmental significance because of their high aquatic toxicity. Due to their chirality, SP compounds contain multiple diastereomers and enantiomers. However, due to great structural similarities and lack of isomer standards, gas chromatographic (GC) analysis of SP diastereomers or enantiomers is poorly developed. In this study, we used a HP-5 column to separate the diastereomers and a beta-cyclodextrin-based enantioselective column (BGB-172) to separate the enantiomers of cypermethrin (CP) and cyfluthrin (CF). Resolved peaks were identified by comparing chromatograms of isomer-enriched CP products. Diastereomers of both CP and CF were separated on the HP-5 column. On the BGB-172 column, enantiomers of all cis diastereomers were separated, while those of trans diastereomers were not separated. The elution order appears to be regulated by configuration, a finding which may allow peak identification in the absence of isomer standards. When coupled with electron capture detection, the developed methods had low detection limits and may be used for analysis of SP diastereomers and enantiomers in environmental samples.     

铁铝氧化物和高岭石对转化酶的吸附及活性的影响

Experiments were conducted to study the influences of synthetic bayerite, non-crystalline aluminum oxide (N-AlOH), goethite, non-crystalline iron oxide (N-FeOH) and kaolinite on the adsorption, activity, kinetics and thermal stability of invertase. Adsorption of invertase on iron, aluminum oxides fitted Langmuir equation. The amount of invertase held on the minerals followed the sequence kaolinite > goethite > N-AlOH > bayerite > N-FeOH. No correlation was found between enzyme adsorption and the specific surface area of minerals examined. The differences in the surface structure of minerals and the arrangement of enzymatic molecules on mineral surfaces led to the different capacities of minerals for enzyme adsorption. The adsorption of invertase on bayerite, N-AlOH, goethite, N-FeOH and kaolinite was differently affected by pH. The order for the activity of invertase adsorbed on minerals was N-FeOH > N-AlOH > bayerite > reak goethite > kaolinite. The inhibition effect of minerals on enzyme activity was kaolinite > crystalline oxides > non-crystalline oxides. The pH optimum of iron oxide- and aluminum oxide-invertase complexes was similar to that of free enzyme (pH 4.0), whereas the pH optimum of kaolinite-invertase complex was one pH unit higher than that of free enzyme. The affinity to substrate and the maximum reaction velocity as well as the thermal stability of combined invertase were lower than those of the free enzyme.     

濂溪区水土保持区划与防治布局研究

水土保持区划可为区域水土保持规划与宏观管理、水土保持生态文明建设提供重要的参考。在《江西省水土保持区划及防治布局研究》确立的原则与方法的基础上,根据全国、全省和九江市水土保持区划划分方法,分析濂溪区各乡镇地形地貌、水土流失特点、水土流失防治及经济社会发展等的区域差异,将全区划分为城市人居环境维护区、平原农田防护水质维护区、丘陵保土生态维护区3个五级区,同时基于水土保持功能,提出了各分区的详细水土流失防治布局,为濂溪区及其他区域的水土保持规划与宏观决策,加快推进各地生态文明建设提供重要的参考和借鉴。     

Phytoavailability and toxicity of beryllium and vanadium

Greenhouse and laboratory studies were conducted to evaluate the toxic effects of Be and V on collards (Brassica oleracea, var. acephala L.). In the laboratory germination study, incremental increases in the Be concentrations of the growing medium induced a steady decline in the radicle length of seven-day-old collard seedling. Beryllium concentrations greater than or equal to 8 mg Be L^?1 totally inhibited seed germination. The presence of V in the growing medium had no effect on collard germination; however, it had a profound effect on subsequent radicle elongation. Concentrations of V less than 1 mg V L^?1 stimulated radicle elongation, while concentrations greater than or equal to 3 mg V L^?1 caused severe toxicity. In the greenhouse study, Be toxicity was observed in collards grown in a Blanton sand (Grossarenic Paleudult) received treatments greater than or equal to 150 mg Be kg ^?1 (as BeSO₄). Irrespective of treatment level, 97% of the Be taken up by the plants remained in the roots while only 3% was translocated to aboveground plant parts. Vanadium tissue concentrations and toxicity to collards varied with soil type. Additions as low as 80 mg V kg^?1 to the Blanton sand significantly reduced collard biomass while additions as high as 100 mg V kg^?1 to an Orangebury loamy sand (Typic Paleudult) had no effect on plant biomass. The differential response was attributed to greater accumulation of V by plants grown in the Blanton soil.     

中国水土保持生态环境建设现状与社会经济可持续发展对策

水土流失是中国头号生态环境问题,已成为社会经济可持续发展的制约因素。从防灾减灾的角度出发,分析了中国水土流失的现状、存在问题,总结了中国水土保持工作的成绩、经验,提出了新形势下进一步加强水土保持生态环境建设的对策。