乐安河—鄱阳湖段底泥微塑料的分布特征及其来源

微塑料(粒径5mm)作为一种新型污染物近年来正日益被国际社会普遍关注。以乐安河-鄱阳湖段为研究区,分别选择乐安河上游、乐安河支流(大坞河区)和乐安河中下游等3段不同典型区域,共设置9个采样点,调查并研究乐安河—鄱阳湖段沉积物中微塑料的丰度、组成比例及其来源。结果表明:乐安河-鄱阳湖段沉积物中微塑料的主要成分为碎片类(58.3%)、泡沫类(21.5%),薄膜类(13.8%)、纤维类(6.4%);各样点微塑料的平均丰度值为1 800 ind·kg~(-1),与其他区域的研究结果相比处于中等偏高的水平;乐安河3个典型区域微塑料的平均丰度值分别为上游区1121ind·kg~(-1),其支流大坞河区为2 871 ind·kg~(-1),下游区为1 366 ind·kg~(-1),表现为乐安河支流(大坞河)高于乐安河中下游高于乐安河上游。对乐安河流域微塑料的来源分析表明,乐安河流域微塑料的主要来源为采样地附近工业污染物的排放、流域附近城市生活中塑料垃圾的排放以及人类的渔业活动等等;对分离出来的微塑料进行扫描电镜分析发现微塑料表面粗糙、撕裂程度明显,存在不同程度的风化痕迹;能谱分析结果显示,微塑料表层有Si、Fe、Mg、O、Al、Ca等元素的不同物质形态存在,可能进一步加剧微塑料对环境及其生物的危害性。     

南淝河中微塑料的分布特征及来源

[目的] 研究流经城市河流中微塑料的污染情况，探索水体微塑料来源，旨在为微塑料污染防控积累基础资料，并为控制和治理提供科学依据。[方法] 于2019年3月份采集安徽省合肥市南淝河水和沉积物样，通过密度浮选、体式显微镜与傅里叶红外光谱仪等研究了微塑料的分布特征及其来源规律。[结果] 南淝河水和沉积物样品中普遍存在发泡、纤维、颗粒和碎片4类的微塑料颗粒，丰度分布规律基本一致，均集中在河流中游、人口密集段，表明河流中微塑料残留受人为影响较大。在水与沉积物中，微塑料粒径分布都表现出随着微塑料粒径增大，含量随之减少的规律；纤维类微塑料占比最大，泡沫类微塑料占比最少，表明其主要来源于人们的日常活动与污水处理厂的排放。按颜色分，彩色与透明比例大，黑色与白色占比较少。水样中碎片类高于颗粒类，沉积物中相反。傅里叶红外光谱仪分析表明，颗粒类和纤维类微塑料为聚乙烯，碎片类为聚丙烯，发泡类为聚苯乙烯。[结论] 微塑料普遍存在河流水体与沉积物中，污染状况处于一个较高水平，主要来源于人们的日常活动与污水处理厂的排放。     

内蒙古河套灌区农田土壤中微塑料的赋存特征

为阐明内蒙古河套灌区农田土壤中微塑料的赋存特征及其与覆膜年限、灌溉类型等的响应关系,该文采用田间取样与室内试验相结合的方法进行了系统研究,分析了研究区地膜覆膜现状,并考虑覆膜年限(覆膜5、10、20 a)及灌水方式(滴灌和畦灌)2个因子,探索了河套灌区农田土壤中微塑料的丰度、类型、颜色、粒径等赋存特征,并通过扫描电镜、能谱仪等对微塑料表面特征及表面附着物进行观察与分析。结果表明:内蒙古河套灌区不同覆膜年限下(5、10、20 a)土壤中微塑料平均丰度分别为2526.00、4352.80、6070.00个/kg,单层土的微塑料含量最大值(2133.50 ind/kg)出现在覆膜20 a的0~10 cm土层,最小值(678.00个/kg)出现在覆膜5 a的>20~30 cm土层;不同覆膜年限和灌溉类型影响土壤微塑料丰度,滴灌农田微塑料丰度值略大于畦灌农田,在不同土层深度上微塑料丰度值随土层深度增加逐渐减小;微塑料类型主要有纤维类(23.34%)、碎片类(26.31%)、薄膜类(38.57%)和颗粒类(11.78%)等4种,且薄膜类在不同土层占比都较高,微塑料颜色包括黑色、透明、绿色、红色、蓝色等,比例分别为24.56%、23.83%、19.34%、16.52%和15.75%,其中0~10 cm土层中微塑料以黑色为主,占比30.25%,在>10~20、>20~30 cm土层中微塑料以透明为主,占比30.15%和29.23%,粒径则随覆膜年限增加而呈逐渐减少趋势,粒径小于1 mm的微塑料居多,随着覆膜年限的增加,微塑料粒径在0~10、>10~20、>20~30 cm土层间的差异逐渐减小,且粒径大小与灌溉类型无显著关系(P>0.05);微塑料样品表面特征粗糙,呈现不规则孔隙,纤维类、薄膜类和碎片类微塑料均具有较多规则微小孔隙,而颗粒类微塑料表面孔隙则不规则且呈凹凸状,土壤中微塑料的多孔特性造成微塑料比表面积增大,进而增加对土壤中其他污染物和微生物的吸附;微塑料的表面孔隙附着有机体和污染物,表面存在稳定的铁氧化物、稀土元素等,并容易形成有机-无机复合污染效应。研究对于明晰微塑料在河套灌区土壤中的分布现状及危害具有重要意义。     

泥沙磨蚀作用对微塑料老化破碎的影响

泥沙磨蚀作为侵蚀迁移过程中典型作用力之一，可加速微塑料老化破碎，进而影响其在土壤环境中的富集和迁移特征，但泥沙磨蚀影响微塑料老化破碎的作用机理尚不明确。以侵蚀事件频繁且微塑料污染严重的黄土高原王东沟小流域为研究区域，采集多年覆膜的玉米地土壤，对比分析风干原土、泥沙浸润静置，和含沙量为560 kg·m-3，800 kg·m-3和930 kg·m-3三种含沙量震荡磨蚀等多种处理下对微塑料的老化破碎影响，并采用激光红外成像系统分析不同处理下微塑料的丰度、类型和形态特征。研究结果表明：(1) 研究区土壤微塑料以聚氨酯 (Polyurethane，PU)、聚四氟乙烯 (Polytetrafluoroethylene，PTFE)、橡胶 (Rubber，RB) 为主，多为直径10~50 μm 的碎片状。(2) 风干原土处理中微塑料的平均面积最大 (5 234 μm2)，泥沙浸润静置处理下微塑料的平均丰度最小 (2 067 n·kg-1)，而泥沙磨蚀处理下微塑料的平均丰度最大 (14 400 n·kg-1)，且平均面积最小 (2 868 μm2)。(3) 三种含沙量磨蚀作用下微塑料的平均丰度和面积存在显著差异，其中，平均丰度表现为：中含沙量 (18 300 n·kg-1) > 低含沙量(13 730 n·kg-1) > 高含沙量 (8 667 n·kg-1)，而平均面积表现为：低含沙量 (3 932 μm2) > 中含沙量 (2 472 μm2) > 高含沙量 (2 099 μm2)。总之，本研究表明泥沙磨蚀作用可显著增加微塑料丰度，减小其面积，而微塑料的平均丰度在中含沙量磨蚀强度下达到最大值，且不同微塑料类型对泥沙磨蚀作用的敏感程度不同，为侵蚀环境下土壤微塑料的破碎迁移风险评估提供理论参考。     

聚乙烯微塑料对玉米根际土壤微生物群落结构的影响

为了研究聚乙烯类微塑料对玉米根际土壤微生物群落结构的影响,以玉米为试材,以平均分子量为2000、5000、10万的聚乙烯粉末模拟土壤中的微塑料污染,设置5个处理:不添加聚乙烯(CK)、添加分子量为2000(T1)、5000(T2)、10万以上(T3)的聚乙烯且种植玉米、未添加聚乙烯未种植玉米(CK0),分析玉米抽穗期各部位矿质元素代谢和根际土壤微生物群落结构差异。结果显示,矿质元素含量在玉米各部位存在差异,Fe、Cu主要集中在玉米根部, Ca、Mn、Mg在叶中分布最多, K主要集中在茎中;添加不同分子量聚乙烯微塑料后,不同部位的矿质元素较CK增加,且T1处理下增加最多。微生物多样性分析显示,不同分子量聚乙烯微塑料对玉米根际微生物群落组成影响不同。T1处理下除变形杆菌纲、伯克氏菌科细菌丰度增加外,其他细菌丰度较CK均减少;T3处理下,细菌和真菌的丰度较CK都有较大幅度的增加。总体来看,添加聚乙烯后,玉米不同部位矿质元素含量较CK显著增加, 2000分子量聚乙烯能够显著降低土壤中细菌和真菌的丰度, 10万以上分子量聚乙烯使得土壤中细菌和真菌丰度增加,各处理中与环境污染物降解相关的微生物增多。     

微塑料对抗生素污染土壤中氮素转化功能基因与抗生素抗性基因丰度的影响

农田土壤中微塑料与抗生素因有共同来源而存在复合或混合污染，成为一类新污染问题。本论文以磺胺甲恶唑（SMZ）和四环素（TC）污染土壤为对象，研究低密度聚乙烯（LDPE）微塑料对土壤中抗生素降解的影响，以及微塑料和抗生素复合污染情况下，铵态氮和硝态氮组成、氮功能基因（nifH、amoA、amoB、 nirK和nirS）和抗生素抗性基因（sulI和tetA）的丰度变化。研究结果表明：（1）LDPE微塑料添加未显著改变土壤中四环素和磺胺甲恶唑的降解特征；但显著降低了土壤中sulI和tetA抗性基因的丰度。（2）微塑料的添加对土壤铵态氮含量的影响要高于对硝态氮含量的影响，其中，0.05 %（w/w）添加量的LDPE微塑料显著增加了土壤中铵态氮的含量，并且在培养15天时影响最为显著。（3）LDPE微塑料添加显著降低了土壤氮功能基因nifH、nirK和nirS的丰度，改变了氨氧化过程功能基因amoA和amoB的组成，但随着微塑料添加量的增加，两个氨氧化功能基因的丰度差异缩小。本研究对进一步认识土壤环境中微塑料-抗生素复合/混合污染体系下氮素形态变化和耐药性风险均具有重要意义。     

鄱阳湖滩地冲淤变化的遥感调查研究

利用1989年和2006年鄱阳湖枯水期两景Landsat影像,分析了湖区五河入湖口和鄱阳湖入江通道滩地的冲淤变化。对经几何校正和叠合后的两景影像进行分析,结果表明:五河入湖口滩地发生明显淤涨,而鄱阳湖入江通道滩地面积则明显减少,其中赣江西支与修水入湖区滩地淤积42km2,赣江中支入湖区滩地向前推进1200m,赣江南支、抚河和信江入湖区域淤积28km2,饶河入湖区滩地向湖中推进了700m,鄱阳湖入江通道滩地净减少约3.9km2。影响滩地变化的主要因素是五河来水来沙、长江上游来水来沙和人类改造等。     

微塑料对农田土壤碳转化影响研究进展

近年来,微塑料的生态环境风险受到国内外广泛关注。地膜覆盖、有机肥施用、灌溉和包膜控释肥料使 用等农田管理措施导致微塑料在农田土壤中持续累积。微塑料在土壤中经过物理破碎、化学分解和生物降解等作 用发生迁移和转化,可能影响土壤碳周转,进而影响土壤碳储存和含碳气体排放。因此,通过对国内外有关文献 进行总结和整理,系统地梳理了农田土壤中微塑料的种类和来源,分析了微塑料通过提供碳源影响土壤植物呼吸, 改变酶活性和微生物群落结构,进而直接或间接影响土壤碳排放和碳转化过程,包括以下几个方面:(1)微塑料 是长碳链分子结构,进入农田对土壤有机碳含量和转化及土壤团聚体、孔隙度和含水量等理化属性造成影响; (2)土壤中真菌和细菌对不同类型微塑料的分解和碳周转作用不同;(3)微塑料通过影响植物生长、改变相关功 能基因丰度、酶活性和微生物群落组成进而影响土壤碳转换过程。基于分析微塑料在土壤中的碳转化过程,为评 估微塑料对土壤碳库的影响提供参考。     

额济纳盆地戈壁沉积物粒度特征分析

通过野外实地调查取样与室内粒度测试,分析额济纳盆地戈壁地表及下层沉积物的粒度组成、平均粒径、分选系数、偏度、峰度等粒度参数特征。结果表明：1）除冲积一洪积扇上部外,戈壁表层沉积物粒度组成以石块为主,而下层粒度组成则以砂粒为主,颗粒平均粒径表层多数较粗,以石、砾为主,下层沉积物平均粒径较表层具明显的细化趋势,从低山残丘至洪积扇下部,平均粒径由粗变细;2）戈壁不同层次沉积物颗粒的分选性较差或差,仅在低山残丘与湖泊边岸浅滩分选属于中等;3）表层沉积物偏度以正偏、极正偏占主导,占总数的76．93％,而下层颗粒物的偏度以负偏、极负偏为主,占总体的84．62％;4）表层沉积物粒度频率曲线以尖窄、很尖窄为主,占69．23％,其次为中等,占15．38％,而下层则以宽平、很宽平和中等为主,三者共占76．93％;5）戈壁沉积物的粒度特征整体上表现为粒径较粗、分选较差、正偏态、峰态尖窄的特点,综合反映了颗粒的沉积环境、地貌特征、侵蚀与堆积方式。研究结果可为戈壁类型划分提供参考。     

祁连山浅山区退耕地土壤团聚体及其有机碳和全氮的分布特征

[目的]分析祁连山浅山区退耕地土壤团聚体及其有机碳和全氮分布特征,为该区退耕地植被恢复及水土流失防治提供理论依据。[方法]以祁连山大黄山林区三种类型退耕地为研究对象,通过干筛法测定团聚体粒径,分析不同粒级团聚体组成及其有机碳和全氮分布规律。[结果] 3种类型退耕地≥0.25 mm的大团聚体含量高于0.25 mm的微团聚体,其中以5 mm和0.25～2 mm粒级团聚体为主;封育草地团聚体稳定性最强,平均重量直径(MWD)高于沙棘林地9.31%,高于未封育草地31.95%;未封育草地土壤有机碳含量低于沙棘林地和封育草地,且差异显著,三种类型退耕地土壤全氮含量没有明显变化趋势;0.25～2 mm团聚体有机碳含量最高,0.25 mm微团聚体全氮含量最高,沙棘林地和封育草地土壤团聚体养分优于未封育草地;与团聚体分布特征相同,5 mm和0.25～2 mm粒级团聚体依然是退耕地有机碳和全氮储存的主体。[结论]祁连山浅山区退耕地以≥0.25 mm的大团聚体为主,沙棘林地和封育草地团聚体稳定性及其有机碳和全氮含量高于未封育草地。     

Transformation of the Bryansk Paleosol in Microdepressions in the Center of the East European Forest-Steppe during the Maximum of Valdai Glaciation and in the Holocene

Eurasian Soil Science - Recent and Late Pleistocene soils of the central forest-steppe in the East European Plain have been studied. The main objective of the work is to reveal changes in the...     

论图书馆数字馆藏资源建设中亟待解决的问题

论述数字馆藏的产生、概念和特点,分析数字馆藏资源建设中存在的问题,探讨数字馆藏资源建设中应采取的策略。     

Variations in the composition of the sap of zea mays with the increase in osmotic pressure of the nutritive solution

The alterations are studied which are produced in the content of mineral elements and organic fractions of sap with the increase in the osmotic pressure of the nutritive solution at levels of 2.0; 3.5 and 5.0 atm., obtained through the addition to the nutritive solution either of magnesium sulphate or PEG‐4000.

Through the effect of the osmotic pressure, the transformations are modified of the nitrogen and mineral phosphorus at organic fractions experience a series of modifications which produce different values in the Nm%TSN and Pm%TSP ratios with respect to control. Through action of the specific effect of magnesium sulphate, the reducing sugars concentrations in sap having an important increase.     

Changes in the structure of the rhizosphere complex of actinomycetes in the ontogenesis of winter rye

Changes in the taxonomic structure of actinomycetes in the rhizosphere of winter rye (Secale cereale L.) growing on acid soddy-podzolic soil were studied. During the first stages of ontogenesis of winter rye, the rhizosphere complex of mycelial prokaryotes was characterized by a relatively level generic structure (with respect to the indices of abundance and frequency of particular genera), low values of the species diversity, and low domination frequency of the species from the Streptomyces genus. The numbers and species diversity of the streptomycetes increased during the further growth of the winter rye, so that streptomycetes became a dominant group in the complex of the rhizosphere actinomycetes. According to the two-way ANOVA, the population density of the Micromonospora and the Streptosporangium genera in the rhizosphere was mainly dictated by the winter rye variety, whereas the population density of the streptomycetes depended on the particular stage of the winter rye development. The differences between the actinomycetal complexes characteristic of different varieties of winter rye at the early stages of its development was leveled by the end of the winter rye growth.     

稳定同位素在植物源性农产品产地溯源研究进展

产地溯源是保护农产品品牌及地区特色产品、防止欺诈、保护消费者权益的有效保障。稳定同位素指纹分析是用于食品产地溯源的有效技术之一,具有高效、准确、可靠的特点。本文系统分析了近5年来,稳定同位素指纹分析技术在植物源性初级农产品、加工农产品溯源中的应用以及稳定同位素在食品加工过程中分馏变化的研究进展。在此基础上,展望了今后稳定同位素在植物源性农产品产地溯源中的研究重点和发展方向。     

Evolution of forest pedogenesis in the south of the forest-steppe of the Central Russian Upland in the Late Holocene

The Late Holocene stage of forest pedogenesis has been studied on the interfluves along river valleys in the forest-steppe zone of the Central Russian Upland. The development of gray forest soils from the former chernozems as a result of the Late Holocene advance of forest vegetation over steppes is discussed. It is argued that the climatic conditions of the Subatlantic period were unstable, so that multiple alternation of forest and steppe vegetation communities took place. This specified a complex character of soil evolution upon contrasting substitution of forest pedogenesis for steppe pedogenesis. On the interfluves near the natural drainage network (balkas, ravines, and steep slopes of river valleys), the climate-driven dynamics of forest and steppe vegetation with corresponding changes in the character of pedogenesis could take place during the entire Holocene, which is reflected in a lower thickness of humus profiles and deeper leaching of carbonates from chernozems of the Early Iron Age in comparison with their analogues formed under steppe cenoses in central parts of the interfluves. Two variants of the evolution of gray forest soils can be suggested: the pulsating evolution typical of balkas and interfluves near river valleys and the continuous progressive evolution typical of automorphic (plakor) positions in central parts of the interfluves.     

Accumulation of chemical elements in the raised peatbogs of the subtaiga Trans-Urals in the Holocene

The results of studying the variability of the geochemical parameters of the layers of the Sartamskii upland peatbog in the south of Tyumen oblast based on the radiocarbon time scale are given. Four basic types of peat and stages of peat deposits formation in the Holocene are distinguished: the organomineral layer of the sediments in a paleolake (up to 5065 ± 60 years ago), the low moor layer (4300–4900 years ago), the transitional layer (3100–4300 years ago), and the high moor peat (250–3100 years ago). The upper peat layer (last 200–300 years) significantly differs from its main portion; in particular, it is characterized by an increased ash content and the accumulation of a number of elements. The relationship between the various characteristics of the deposit is analyzed using principal component analysis, and the conditions of the formation of the peat deposit in different time periods are estimated, including the climatic conditions (in relative units). The anthropogenic signal of the accumulation of some elements in wetland systems is identified.     

塔克拉玛干西部别里库姆沙漠NDVI时空变化特征

基于GIS技术和统计手段,利用GIMMS NDVI和MODIS NDVI数据集,并结合气温和降水0.5°×0.5°格网数据集,分析1981—2014年塔塔克拉玛干西部别里库姆沙漠NDVI时空变化特征。结果表明:(1)研究区NDVI半月值呈下降趋势,NDVI春冬季值整体为上升趋势,NDVI夏秋季值整体为下降趋势,NDVI年均值呈上升趋势;(2)1982—2014年NDVI值增加区域大于减少区域,整体上空间分布向南部移动,NDVI较大值主要在南坡和西坡;(3)植被覆盖度分布在0~0.004 3。     

Seasonal changes in the communities of microorganisms and algae in the litters of tree plantations in the steppe zone

Specific structural and dynamic parameters of communities from various ecological and trophic groups of microorganisms and algae in the litter of artificial tree stands were studied using the example of the Staro-Berdyansky Forest in the steppe zone of Ukraine. The composition of the communities was shown to vary by seasons and depend on the forest-forming woody species. In spring, in all the litters, the maximal number of actinomycetes and aminotrophs was recorded; in the leaf litter, the number of phosphate-mobilizing organisms was also the largest. In summer, the development of cellulolytic organisms, ammonifiers, and nitrogen-fixers was intensified; in autumn, the number of micromycetes and oligotrophic organisms decreased. The composition of dominants, the species richness of algae and their abundance also varied by seasons. Representatives of the Chlorophyta division predominated. The highest species richness of algae was characteristic of the spring litter samples, and their number, for the spring and autumn ones. The positive correlation was established between the numbers of micromycetes and oligotrophs, micromycetes and algae. The negative correlation was found between the numbers of micromycetes and actinomycetes, cellulose-decompose bacteria and algae in the litters.