含多种天然组分保水剂的制备及其对KH2PO4的缓释效果研究

以天然产物腐植酸(HA)、羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)、蒙脱土(MMT)为复合组分,丙烯酸为聚合单体,使用水溶液聚合法制备了一种含有多种天然组分的环境友好型保水剂,用红外光谱、扫描电镜和热重/差示扫描量热分析对保水剂的结构和热性能进行了表征。分析了聚合工艺条件如HA、MMT、CMC和交联剂用量对保水剂吸水倍数的影响规律。保水剂在蒸馏水和0.9%NaCl溶液中的吸水倍数分别为801倍和87倍。探索了保水剂对磷酸二氢钾(KH2PO4)的负载和缓释性能,结果表明,MMT的加入以及适度的交联可显著提高保水剂对KH2PO4的负载率,并有效减慢其对KH2PO4的释放率,HA可明显提高保水剂的吸水性能,但对KH2PO4的负载和释放影响不大。     

三峡库区消落带土壤中施用磷肥对环境激素铅吸附-解吸的影响

采用室内模拟施肥、恒温振荡平衡法研究了磷肥种类、磷肥浓度、铅离子浓度、离子强度和酸度影响三峡库区消落带土壤对铅离子的吸附量和解吸量。结果表明：（1）磷肥种类与铅离子的吸附量和解吸量显著相关,施用Ca（H2PO4）2使铅离子的吸附量和解吸量相对较小;（2）土壤铅离子的吸附量和解吸量与施用磷肥浓度呈显著相关,建议选用磷酸二氢钙、磷酸二氢铵、磷酸二氢钾3种磷肥,施用量在3.4066～8.5164kg P2O5·666.6m-2之间较为合适;（3）铅离子浓度极显著地影响土壤吸附和解吸铅离子,随着铅离子浓度的增加,吸附量和解吸量都呈逐渐增加的趋势;（4）离子强度和酸度都极显著地影响土壤吸附和解吸铅离子,建议选用磷酸二氢钙盐、钾盐和铵盐作为磷肥,可以减小土壤铅离子的环境风险。     

Development of slow release Zn fertilizer using nano-zeolite as carrier

Zinc (Zn) use efficiency hardly exceeds 2–3% and major portion of added Zn gets fixed in the soil. In order to improve the Zn use efficiency by crops, a laboratory study was undertaken at the Department of Nano Science and Technology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India, to develop Zn fertilizer using nano-zeolite as a substrate. The natural zeolite (clinoptilolite) was ball milled to achieve nano-dimension (90–110 nm) and fortified with Zn by loading Zinc sulphate (ZnSO₄). The zeolite was characterized before and after loading of Zn using particle size analyzer, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Raman Spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscope and Transmission Electron Microscope. The data clearly indicated that the nano-zeolite was loaded successfully loaded with Zn to the tune of 14% and Zn presence in the substrate was confirmed by Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and Atomic Force Microscopy. After the synthesis, sorption and desorption pattern of Zn of the nano-zeolite was examined using a percolation reactor. The results showed that Zn release from the nano-zeolite substrate has prolonged for a period of 1,176 hrs, while the Zn release from the ordinary ZnSO₄ ceased to exist within 216 hrs. The data suggest that the nano-sized zeolite is capable of retaining Zn and slowly release into the soil solution, which may be served as a slow release Zn fertilizer and improve use efficiency by crops.     

Chromium(Ⅵ) Reduction in Wheat Rhizosphere

Reduction of Cr(Ⅵ) to Cr(Ⅲ) were studied in a fresh wheat rhizosphere soil (Kuroboku, high humic andosol) pretreated with a basal fertilizer consisting of (NH4)2SO4, P2O5 and KH2PO4 and with K2Cr2O7 by using a rhizobox system. It was found that rhizosphere exerted a positive effect on Cr(Ⅵ) reduction.Part of the reason was the decrease of pH in the rhizosphere due to application of (NH4)2SO4, implying that application of physiologically acid fertilizers would reduce Cr(Ⅵ) toxicity to plants.     

改性再生油合成可降解材料制备缓释肥的技术参数研究

【目的】回收油提纯后直接合成的生物基聚氨酯(PUs),耐湿耐热性能较差,不适宜于用作肥料缓释包膜材料。本文在聚氨酯合成过程中引入能提高产品的机械、耐水、抗老化等性能的γ―氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷(KH550)对PUs进行改性,并初步测定了该包膜肥料养分的释放特征。【方法】回收的食用油和反复使用的炸油来自贵州省毕节市的餐馆。依次用磷酸、蒸馏水、NaOH、NaCl清洗提纯后得到再生油。将制得的再生油与过氧乙酸按质量比1∶0.3混合,经过中和、洗涤、蒸馏,与乙二醇反应生成醇化再生油。将醇化再生油与KH550在80℃下按一定比例混合搅拌2 h,制成含KH550分别为0、10%、20%和30%的醇化再生油混合物。在BYC-300型包衣机中加入150 g尿素(包衣温度为60℃,转速为1300 r/min),按尿素重量的3%加入上述混合物,再滴加MDI-50进行包衣,即制备得KH550改性聚氨酯(K-PUs)包膜尿素(PCUs-0、PCUs-1、PCUs-2、PCUs-3)。参考Oertli等方法测定了该包膜肥料的缓释性能。【结果】1)回收油经过多步提纯后得到的再生油仍保持原油的分子结构,含有官能团碳碳双键。2)再生油经过预改性后明显增加活性基团羟基,为聚氨酯的合成提供反应基团。3)通过化学反应将再生油合成为新型生物基聚氨酯,并在聚氨酯合成过程中成功引入硅烷偶联剂KH550,从而得到改性PUs包膜材料。4) KH550的存在使得改性后PUs的疏水性相比于未改性的提高了48%~74%;孔隙率相比于未改性前降低了31%~54%;热稳定性相比于未改性的PUs在T5%提高了3%~11%、T50%提高了6%~32%、T80%提高了4%~11%。氮素模拟试验表明PCUs氮的累积释放速率明显降低。改性后的PCUs氮素在第30天累积释放不超过70%,未改性PCUs氮素在第30天累积释放超过90%。5)当KH550含量为20%时,改性PUs具有最大的接触角和最低的孔隙率,其值分别为113.31°和10.91%,该条件下制备的PCUs综合性能最佳。【结论】以回收油为原料合成新型生物基聚氨酯,需进行醇化后,再与硅烷偶联剂混合,并加入MDI-50进行反应,形成KH550含量为20%的改性生物基聚氨酯。以该材料包膜的尿素30天氮素累积释放量不超过70%,可以满足可降解缓释肥的要求。     

水肥调控技术及其功能性肥料研究进展

综述水肥调控的有关技术,以及以高吸水性树脂 (super absorbent polymer,SAP) 为保水、缓/控释材料制备保水型缓/控释肥料的研究进展,为今后此类肥料的开发、应用提供依据。水分和养分是限制我国旱地农业可持续发展的主要因子,以肥调水,以水促肥,充分发挥水肥的协同效应是提高水肥利用率的关键。目前,水肥调控 (耦合) 技术的实施主要通过农艺措施和施肥灌溉技术来完成。近年来,随着SAP性能的不断改善和使用的普及,人们对SAP在吸水保水的同时,对土壤肥料养分的保持和缓释作用开始给予了重视,以SAP为保水、缓释材料的保水型缓/控释肥料的研究成为水肥调控研究的热点。SAP与一般聚合物不同之处是它具有高度亲水性,聚合物的骨架是一个适度交联的网状结构,进入树脂分子内的养分离子或分子可以以各种结合形式被暂时固定而延缓了养分的释放。土壤中可溶性盐对SAP吸水性能有重要影响,但尿素分子影响甚小。保水型缓/控释肥料可通过养分负载、复混或包膜等工艺制备。保水型缓/控释肥料是水肥调控 (耦合) 技术、化学制剂保水节水技术和肥料缓/控释技术的综合运用和物化的载体,兼具吸水、保水和养分缓/控释功能,实现水肥在同一时空条件下的一体化调控,同时提高水分和肥料的利用效率,在农业、林业、环境修复、生态工程等领域具有广阔的应用前景。未来工作是进一步寻求合适的SAP制造原料和工艺,降低成本;应用分子设计,改善SAP的结构,提高生物降解性,控制盐分的不利影响,提高肥料的吸水、保水和对养分的缓释性能;加强养分释放机理和不同于普通缓/控释肥料评价方法的研究。     

种植小麦的土壤中微生物生物量的动态变化

A controlled release N fertilizer was developed by the carrier method using natural polysaccharides (PS) and urea. The results showed that mixing of PS and urea led to significant control of urea release. When a cross-linker (boric acid or glutaraldehyde) was added, a better control effect was observed. During a 30 min leaching time the nitrogen release rate from the controlled release fertilizer was nearly constant, which was significantly different from normal urea. One of the controlled release mechanisms was related to space resistance from a large molecular structure. Infrared (IR) analysis indicated that interaction of PS with urea was through a hydrogen bond or a covalent bond. These bonds created an a-helix or high molecular network fertilizer carrier system, which was another reason for a controlled nutrient release. Pot experiment showed that nitrogen use efficiency could increase significantly with a carrier fertilizer.     

甜菜生育期叶面营养调节对其产量和含糖率作用的研究

为提高甜菜的含糖量,设置了甜菜不同生育阶段叶面喷施营养液提高其含糖量的效果试验。两年田间试验结果表明:叶丛快速生长期,以喷施KH2PO4+ZnSO4或KH2PO4+MgSO4营养液作用显著,增产8.88%~9.30%,提高含糖率0.51~0.55个百分点(糖度),增加产糖量12.53%~13.25%;块根及糖分增长期,以喷施KH2PO4+Na2B4O7或KH2PO4+MnSO4营养液作用显著,增产5.89%~6.90%,提高含糖率0.85~1.04个百分点(糖度),增加产糖量12.31%~12.39%。其增产、增糖处理之作用与提高其光合性能,改善氮、磷和核酸营养水平,促进叶丛中糖分的积累与转化等有关,从而有利于块根的增长和糖分积累。为此,甜菜生育前期喷施KH2PO4+ZnSO4和生育后期喷施KH2PO4+Na2B4O7,是提高甜菜产量和含糖率的有效途径之一。     

Slow release versus water soluble fertilization affects nutrient leaching and growth of potted chrysanthemum

In two experiments, ‘Charm’ and ‘Delano’ chrysanthemum [Dendranthema x grandiflorum (Ramat.) Kitamura] were grown in a peat‐based root medium using standard greenhouse cultural practices. Fertilization treatments included (1) alternate liquid fertilization (ALF): water‐soluble formulation of 15N‐4.3P‐24.9K (15–10–30) at 536 mgL^‐1 N alternated with tap water irrigation; (2) Constant Liquid Fertilization (CLF): 15N‐4.3P‐24.9K(15–10–30)at268 mgL^‐1 Napplied at each irrigation; (3) slow release resin‐coated fertilizer (SRR): slow release formulation of 12N‐4.3P‐14.1K(12–10–17); and (4) slow release tablets (SRT): slow release formulation of 14N‐1.7P‐4.9K (14–4–6). Irrigation volume and timing of application were arbitrary for all plants in the first experiment, but they were determined gravimetrically for each treatment in the second experiment. Irrigation volumes exceeded container capacity by 20 to 30% (leaching fractions of 0.2 to 0.3). Leachate had lower electrical conductivity and higher pH with the slow release products than with liquid fertilizer. All treatments except SRT produced plants which met commercial crop standards and had adequate nutrient levels in shoot tissue. However, root dry mass was higher with slow release fertilizer than with liquid fertilizer. Rootrshoot ratios were ranked SRT>SRR>ALF=CLF. Root data suggest that an advantage of SR fertilization over LF fertilization is that greater root mass will develop. Estimations of nitrogen (N) recovery in Experiment 2 suggest that chrysanthemums grown with SRR resulted in most efficient uptake of fertilizer with 64 to 68% of applied N recovered in plant tissue (compared to 41 to 46% from LF treatments) and 18 to 21 % recovered in container leachate (compared to 32 to 41% from LF treatments).     

脲酶—硝化抑制剂缓释肥对不同土壤氮素释放特性及黄瓜NPK吸收利用的影响

为了提高黄瓜氮素利用率,减少氮肥对环境污染,采用恒温培养和土培试验研究了专用脲酶硝化双抑制剂缓释肥(CSRF1和CSRF2)在酸、碱、中性土壤中的氮素释放特性以及对黄瓜生长、NPK吸收利用的影响,其中缓释肥中包含抑制剂N-丁基硫代磷酰三胺(nBPT)、氢醌(HQ)、双氰胺(DCD)。结果表明:在酸、碱、中性3种不同土壤中,氮素释放累积量均表现为普通复合肥(OCF)商品缓释肥(MSRF)自制专用肥(CCF)自制专用脲酶硝化双抑制剂缓释肥1(CSRF1)自制专用脲酶硝化双抑制剂缓释肥2(CSRF2);不同施肥处理对于3种土壤类型影响下的氮素累积释放量顺序为碱性土最大,中性土次之,酸性土最小。铵态氮、硝态氮的累积量大小顺序也为碱性土最大,中性土次之,酸性土最小。不同形态氮在3种土壤中的累积释放量动态以应用一级动力学方程拟合最好(r=0.952**~0.993**)。通过一级动力学方程,反映了3种形态氮素的最大释放量N0值大小顺序:总N最大,NH_4~+-N次之,NO_3~--N最小,此结果与土壤中不同形态的氮素累积释放特性变化规律相一致。2种专用脲酶硝化双抑制剂缓释肥(CSRF1和CSRF2)显著提高了黄瓜产量(果实干物质量),较OCF、MSRF和CCF处理分别增加了59.1%,30.3%,33.8%(CSRF1)和46.2%,19.7%,22.9%(CSRF2)。与普通复合肥相比,2种专用脲酶硝化双抑制剂缓释肥处理的NPK相对养分利用效率增加了18.52%~24.20%(N),19.27%~20.02%(P),28.54%~35.69%(K)。相较于普通复合肥,黄瓜专用脲酶—硝化抑制剂缓释肥的施用能够延缓肥料中的氮素释放,提高黄瓜NPK养分利用率和黄瓜产量。     

脲酶硝化双抑制剂缓释肥提高番茄产量及NPK养分吸收

为提高番茄肥料的利用效率,该文采用恒温培养和土培试验研究了自制番茄专用缓释肥（special slow-realease fertilizer for tomato,TSRF1和TSRF2）在酸、中、碱性土中的氮素释放特性以及对番茄产量、NPK养分吸收利用的影响。结果表明,在3种不同土壤中,氮素释放累积量均表现为普通复合肥（ordinary compound fertilizer,OCF）>商品缓释肥（commercial slow-release fertilizer,MSRF）>自制专用肥（special compound fertilizer for tomato,TCF）>自制专用缓释肥1（TSRF1）>自制专用缓释肥2（TSRF2）,且各施肥处理在3种不同土壤类型上的氮素累积释放量大小表现为碱性土>中性土>酸性土。在整个培养期,各施肥处理在3种不同土壤中氮素相对累积释放率大小总体表现为碱性土>中性土>酸性土,且土壤中不同形态氮素累积量均是铵态氮大于硝态氮。铵态氮、硝态氮的累积量大小也表现为碱性土>中性土>酸性土。不同形态氮在3种土壤中的累积释放量动态释放以一级动力学方程拟合最好（r=0.963～0.998）。采用一级动力学方程,不同形态氮素的最大释放量表现为总N>NH4+-N>NO3--N,这与土壤中各形态氮素养分的累积释放特性变化规律表现一致。在土培试验中,两种专用缓释肥（TSRF2和TSRF1）显著提高了番茄果实干物质量,较TCF、MSRF和OCF处理分别增加了18.18%、7.24%、31.40%和13.45%、2.96%、26.15%,且番茄产量在各处理之间的差异达到显著水平。各处理对氮素的积累量大小顺序为TSRF2>TSRF1>MSRF>TCF>OCF,对磷的吸收上表现为TSRF1>TSRF2>MSRF>TCF> OCF,钾素吸收积累量的趋势与氮素基本相同。与普通复合肥相比,两种专用缓释肥处理的N、P、K利用率分别增加了10.66%、20.53%和18.62%（TSRF1）,14.94%、18.48%和21.95%（TSRF2）。两种专用缓释肥（TSRF2和TSRF1）在抑制剂的作用下,能够延缓肥料中N素养分的释放,增加番茄植株对氮磷钾养分的吸收,从而提高了NPK养分利用率和番茄产量。     

小麦和玉米叶面标记尿素态15N的吸收和运输

以15N标记的尿素作为叶面施肥和根系后期追肥的N肥品种,分别采用土培与砂培研究小麦与玉米拔节后至灌浆初期不同生育期、不同N、P和K肥叶面配施后作物对叶面N肥利用效率、叶面施用N肥的分配及对全株N、P和K养分状况的影响。无论是小麦还是玉米叶片均能有效地吸收N素并将其迅速转移。玉米拔节期下位叶（第5叶）施肥,植株吸收的15N转移到根部的比例平均为9.0%,而中位叶（第8叶）处理,分配到根系的比例仅为2.4%。叶面施用尿素态氮肥的N在小麦地上部的回收率一般在54.5%～68.9%,在玉米全株体内的回收率可达59.9%～75.3%。随生育期推迟,两种作物叶片吸收N的回收利用率均明显提高。与单施氮肥相比,N,P和K肥配施均有提高氮素回收率和改善作物地上部N素营养的作用,尤以中位叶（第8叶）配施尿素＋KH2PO4的效果最佳,表明植物的叶面营养仍应注意平衡供应和适宜的施用时期与施肥部位。叶面大量元素营养不仅改善了所施肥料成分中相应元素的营养状况,同时也促进了对其他两种成分的吸收,并且提高了N、P转运到籽粒中去的比例。玉米吐丝期根系追施的尿素态N有56%积累在籽粒中,而叶面施肥所利用的N分配在籽粒中的比例为70%。     

不同有机废弃物对土壤磷吸附能力及有效性的影响

城郊农地是循环有机废弃物的重要场所,但长期施用畜禽粪和城市污泥可引起土壤磷素积累、磷饱和度提高,增加土壤向环境流失磷的风险。为了解施用不同来源的有机废弃物对城郊耕地土壤磷素化学行为的影响,选择4种不同磷含量的土壤,探讨在等量磷素情况下,施用KH2PO4、猪粪/稻草秸秆堆肥、沼渣、猪粪、鸡粪、生活垃圾堆肥和2种污泥等不同磷源时,土壤有效磷含量及磷吸附能力的差异。结果表明,施用有机废弃物增加了土壤有效磷和水溶性磷含量,降低了土壤对磷的吸附能力,但影响程度因有机废弃物来源而异。施用猪粪/稻草秸秆堆肥和猪粪降低土壤磷最大吸附量比例(9.03%~15.60%)与施KH2PO4(10.59%~16.63%)相当,但施用沼渣、鸡粪和生活垃圾堆肥降低土壤磷最大吸附量的比例(5.09%~9.84%)明显低于施KH2PO4;施用2种污泥降低土壤磷最大吸附量的比例(4.32%~6.77%)最小。不同有机废弃物对土壤有效磷的影响差异较小,但对水溶性磷的影响较大。施用有机废弃物后,土壤磷最大吸附量的下降值与施用有机废弃物中铁、铝、钙含量呈负相关;土壤水溶性磷的变化量与施用有机废弃物后土壤交换性钙的增加量呈负相关,表明有机废弃物中铁、铝和钙等矿质成分的增加,可在一定程度上减少有机废弃物在土壤循环处理时磷对环境的负影响。在农田施用有机废弃物时,不仅要考虑有机废弃物磷素状况,也应适当考虑其他矿质成分的组成特点。该研究可为城郊农地科学施用有机废弃物提供依据。     

不同磷酸盐对污染土壤中镉生物有效性的影响

采用盆栽试验,在镉二级和三级污染的红壤和褐土上添加不同磷酸盐（磷酸二氢铵、磷酸二氢钾、磷酸二氢钙）后种植小油菜40d,测定植株生物量、镉吸收量、土壤有效态镉含量、pH值,分析不同磷酸盐对污染土壤中镉生物有效性的影响。结果表明,3种磷酸盐使污染红壤和褐土上小油菜生物量分别提高了18.7%～291.1%和31.5%～991.2%,在红壤上提高顺序为磷酸二氢钙〉磷酸二氢钾〉磷酸二氢铵,而在褐土上则表现为磷酸二氢钙≈磷酸二氢钾〉磷酸二氢铵。3种磷酸盐影响下小油菜吸收镉量,在镉二级污染水平的红壤上表现为显著提高8.3%～60.6%,而在镉三级污染水平的红壤上则表现为显著降低了4.6%～58.4%。污染红壤有效态镉含量在加入3种磷酸盐后提高了17.0%～122.7%,提高顺序为磷酸二氢钙〉磷酸二氢钾〉磷酸二氢铵;而磷酸二氢铵使污染褐土有效态镉含量降低了2.4%～13.4%。3种磷酸盐使红壤pH值提高了0.24～0.99。可见,不同土壤类型、不同镉污染水平下,3种磷酸盐对土壤镉的生物有效性的影响存在差异,其机制有待进一步研究。     

宿根蔗后期叶面追肥对甘蔗品质和某些生理特性的影响

宿根蔗生长后期叶面喷施KH2PO4和石灰水,能有效地提高甘蔗蔗糖分,降低蔗汁还原糖分,以KH2PO4效果较好。KH2PO4和石灰水处理使甘蔗叶片的酸性转化酶活性降低,Mg2+－ATP酶和Ca2+－ATP酶活性则明显提高。KH2PO4处理明显降低了甘蔗叶片水溶性蛋白质含量,而提高了中性转化酶活性。石灰水处理提高叶片水溶性蛋白质和类胡萝卜素含量,而使水分含量和过氧化物酶、多酚氧化酶活性降低。     

底泥疏浚对磷形态和磷释放的影响

A laboratory experiment was carried out through a six-month incubation of undredged （control） and dredged cores to study the effect of sediment dredging on phosphorus （P） release from the sediment in the Taihu Lake. During the experiment, dredging the upper 30 cm layer could efficiently reduce the interstitial PO4^3-P concentration and different P forms in the sediment. The P fluxes of the undredged and dredged cores ranged from -5.1 to 3047.6 and -60.7 to 14.4μg·m^-2·d^-1, respectively. The fluxes of the dredged cores were generally lower than those of the control. Differences in the fluxes between the dredged and undredged cores were statistically significant （P 〈 0.05） from March to June 2006. The sediment P in the dredged cores had a lower release potential than that in the control. Dredging can be considered as a useful measure for rehabilitating the aquatic ecosystem after the external P loading in the Talhu Lake catchment was efficiently reduced.     

Preparation and properties of a coated slow-release and water-retention biuret phosphoramide fertilizer with superabsorbent

In this investigation, a novel water-insoluble slow-release fertilizer, biuret polyphosphoramide (BPAM), was formulated and synthesized from urea, phosphoric acid (H(3)PO(4)), and ferric oxide (Fe(2)O(3)). The structure of BPAM was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Subsequently, a coated slow-release BPAM fertilizer with superabsorbent was prepared by ionic cross-linked carboxymethylchitosan (the core), acrylic acid, acrylamide, and active carbon (the coating). The variable influences on the water absorbency were investigated and optimized. Component analysis results showed that the coated slow-release BPAM contained 5.66% nitrogen and 11.7% phosphorus. The property of water retention, the behavior of slow release of phosphorus, and the capacity of adsorption of cations were evaluated, and the results revealed that the product not only had good slow-release property and excellent water retention capacity but also higher adsorption capacities of cations in saline soil.     

控释肥料与平衡施肥和提高肥料利用率

肥料及施肥仍然是我国目前农业生产的重要因素。化肥对农作物增产作用占30％～40％,化肥支出约占农民全部生产性支出的50％。但是肥料利用率还较低,N约为30％～35％,P约为10％～20％,K约为35％～50％。可见,如何提高肥料利用率对农业生产和我国经济发展具有极其重大的意义。能够有效地提高肥料利用率的措施可能是,生产包容平衡施肥原理与技术的科学施肥的技术载体一控释肥料,实现作物生产期养分促释和缓释的双向调控;形成了使平衡施肥原理与技术产业化,并通过控释肥料的施用使平衡施肥原理和技术自然而然地被农民掌握和实施的完整思路。     

胶粘控释肥的载体材料对玉米生长和土壤酶活性的影响

以多种天然、半天然和合成高分子有机物以及无机矿物质作为复合载体材料,研究开发出一种胶粘控释肥料。为了研究复合载体材料对土壤环境的效应,采用土壤盆栽和实验室培养的方法研究载体材料对玉米生长、生理生化活性和土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明,载体材料处理的玉米生长和生理生化活性与对照处理相比略有促进作用,但差异不显著;对土壤转化酶、脲酶具有明显的激发效应,正常用量下对过氧化氢酶、磷酸酶没有明显的不利影响,但过高用量会出现抑制作用。胶粘控释肥料与常规肥料相比,可促进玉米生长、提高产量和养分利用率,生物量干重提高8.9%,氮钾养分利用率分别提高11.1%和5.1%,均达显著水平。载体材料的施用对环境不会产生不利影响,而且胶粘控释肥料表现出明显的提高养分利用率和增产效果。     

缓/控释肥对杂交水稻根系形态、生理特性和产量的影响

以杂交中稻F优498为试验材料,采用两因素裂区试验研究4 种氮肥种类（尿素一道清、尿素常规运筹、硫包膜缓释肥、树脂包膜控释肥）在不同移栽秧龄施肥对水稻不同生育期根系形态及籽粒产量的影响。结果表明,在秧苗3叶1心、 5叶1心移栽时水稻在结实期的总根长、根系体积和根系伤流强度比7 叶1 心移栽时高。与施用尿素相比,施用缓/ 控释肥显著增加了根干重、总根长、根系体积和根系伤流强度。在不同移栽秧龄下,施用缓/控释肥均能促进水稻根系生长并向土壤深层分布,保持根系活力。相关分析表明, 水稻籽粒产量与抽穗后的根干重、总根长、根系表面积、伤流强度和10 cm以下的根系分布比例呈显著或极显著正相关。综合根系形态生理与产量表现,5 叶1心移栽、施用树脂包膜控释肥,为本试验的最佳处理。