淄川水土保持生态修复区枯落物持水特征研究山东省水利厅科技探索项目“水土保持生态修复效益监测与评价研究”资助

对山东淄博市淄川水土保持生态修复区不同修复措施类型枯落物持水特征进行的调查和定位监测表明:①有林地封禁型植物群落枯落物蓄积量、饱和吸水率和饱和吸水量均较其他修复类型高;与修复前的荒草坡相比,天然林封禁和人工林封禁群落枯落物水容量分别增加25.85 mm和21.51 mm;疏林补植、荒坡造林、荒坡封禁和退耕还林型植物群落修复后枯落物蓄积量和水容量分别比修复前提高了22.74、54.96、22.11、28.70 t/km2和2.84、2.96、0.96、1.47 mm。②对现有森林植被实施封禁是生态修复的重要措施,在人工造林时,应尽量引进适生树种混交,以增加林地枯落物的蓄积量。     

不同生态修复措施下桃林口水库水源涵养区枯落物的蓄水保水效益

以桃林口水库水源涵养区不同生态修复措施下枯落物为研究对象,通过野外调查与室内测试相结合、"空间代替时间"的方法,研究了不同措施及措施实施前后枯落物的蓄积量、吸水速率、持水量和有效拦蓄量等蓄水保水效益。结果表明:生态修复措施的实施增加了林内枯落物的蓄积量,枯落物蓄积量天然(次生)林封育型(26.88t/hm2)>疏林补植型(25.83t/hm2)>人工林封育型(25.11t/hm2)>荒坡造林型(24.10t/hm2)>陡坡梯田退耕型(12.22t/hm2)>荒坡封育型(9.57t/hm2),且生态措施实施前后的差异显著;枯落物持水量与浸泡时间之间存在对数关系,枯落物吸水速率与浸泡时间间存在乘幂函数关系;不同修复措施间枯落物的拦蓄量差异显著,天然(次生)林封育型枯落物有效拦蓄深最大(8.51mm),荒坡封育型的有效拦蓄深最小(2.85mm),其他依次为荒坡造林型(5.22mm)、疏林补植型(5.13mm)、人工林封育型(4.51mm)、陡坡梯田封育型(3.92mm),生态修复措施的实施增加了枯落物拦蓄量,增幅为20.41%～98.63%。研究结果为评价水库水源涵养区不同生态修复措施蓄水保水效益提供了基础。     

河北太行山典型水土保持经济林枯落物持水特性

选取河北太行山区典型坡面经济林板栗、苹果与立地条件相近的荒坡的枯落物蓄积量与持水能力进行研究。结果表明:枯落物总蓄积量范围为6.62~15.83 t/hm²,表现为板栗林总蓄积量最大,荒坡总蓄积量最小。枯落物最大持水量变化范围为13.41~53.9t/hm²。板栗林有效拦蓄量可达42.23 t/hm²,在各林分中最大;荒坡有效拦蓄量为19.55 t/hm²,在各林分中最小。枯落物持水量、吸水速率均与浸泡时间呈相关关系,前者为对数关系（R>0.97）,后者为幂函数关系（R>0.98）。综合分析各林分枯落物层的持水能力,可知水土保持经济林持水能力远大于荒坡。     

荒漠草原典型植物群落枯落物蓄积量及其持水性能

通过对荒漠草原4种典型植物群落(蒙古冰草群落、甘草群落、赖草群落、沙蒿群落)枯落物蓄积量的调查,结合室内持水试验,运用数理统计的方法分别得到4种典型植物群落枯落物的蓄积量、最大持水量、吸水速率等水文特征参数.结果表明:荒漠草原不同植物群落枯落物蓄积量在50.8～396.2 g/m2,其蓄积量由大到小为蒙古冰革群落>甘草群落>赖草群落>沙蒿群落,与植物群落地上生物量变化是一致的;4种植物群落枯落物最大持水量存在一定差异,蒙古冰草群落、甘草群落、赖草群落、沙蒿群落桔落物最大持水量分别相当于0.934,0.737,0.656,0.230 mm的降雨.这4种枯落物最大可吸收其自身重量2.45～3.71倍的降雨;4种植物群落枯落物的持水量与时间呈线性相关,在浸水的前2 h枯落物吸水速率最快,随着时间的延长,趋势逐渐变缓,当枯落物在水中浸泡12 h时,其持水量基本达到最大值;4种植物群落枯落物吸水速率与时间呈指数相关,在浸水的前2 h吸水速率较快,4～12 h后逐步减缓.荒漠草原桔落物蓄积、覆盖所引起的水分蓄存与运移已经成为荒漠草原生态系统最为关键的生态过程之一.     

黄土丘陵区不同林分类型枯落物层及其林下土壤持水能力研究

研究了青海省黄土丘陵区13种林分类型的枯落物层持水能力,并以荒山荒坡作为对照样地研究其表层土壤物理性质与持水能力.结果表明:不同植被类型,枯落物层平均蓄积量为混交林>针叶林>阔叶林,而平均最大持水量为混交林>阔叶林>针叶林,枯落物层平均厚度和平均有效持水量呈现相同规律,为阔叶林>混交林>针叶林;其土壤表层的总孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度均与枯落物层平均蓄积量呈现相同规律,且有林地土壤有效持水量是对照样地荒山荒坡的2.47～4.07倍.     

砒砂岩区主要造林树种枯落物持水性能及土壤物理性质

为揭示砒砂岩区主要造林树种枯落物持水性能及林下土壤物理性质变化特征,以位于黄土高原北部准格尔旗砒砂岩区6种林分类型为研究对象,运用浸泡法和烘干法,对林下枯落物、土壤(0—50 cm)的持水性能及物理性质进行研究。结果表明:(1)砒砂岩区6种林分类型林下枯落物厚度范围为0.73～2.77 cm,总蓄积量范围为1.47～7.93 t/hm~2。枯落物层厚度、总蓄积量大小依次为油松、侧柏、沙棘、柠条锦鸡儿、山杏和撂荒地。枯落物未分解层厚度及其蓄积量均明显大于半分解层。(2)林下枯落物最大持水率范围为149.48%～267.32%,枯落物最大持水率与有效拦蓄量大小顺序一致,为撂荒地柠条锦鸡儿沙棘山杏侧柏油松;枯落物最大持水量和有效拦蓄量均呈现出未分解层高于半分解层。(3)林下枯落物层在浸泡0.5 h吸水速率最快,浸泡1 h持水量增加迅速,浸泡8 h吸水速率和持水量增量趋近于0。(4)林下土壤容重低于撂荒地;总孔隙度范围为44.36%～32.57%,最大持水量范围为8.89～17.43 mm,均呈现油松林下最大,山杏林下最小。(5)林下枯落物蓄积量与土壤容重呈负相关关系,与土壤孔隙度、毛管孔隙度和非毛管孔隙度分别呈正相关关系。油松林、侧柏林地具有显著的保持水土能力。研究成果为开展砒砂岩区水土流失综合整治和生态修复提供了参考依据。     

北京百花山森林枯落物层和土壤层水文效应研究

对百花山4种林分枯落物层和土壤层的水文效应进行了初步研究。结果表明：①核桃楸林枯落物的总蓄积量为9．99t／hm^2,最大持水量为27．72t／hm^2,有效拦蓄量为29．55t／hm^2;华北落叶松林枯落物的总蓄积量为10．27t／hm^2,最大持水量为12．84t／hm^2,有效拦蓄量为13．53t／hm^2;黑桦林枯落物的总蓄积量为7．04t／hm^2,最大持水量为19．01t／hm^2,有效拦蓄量为19．18t／hm^2;辽东栎林枯落物的总蓄积量为8．22t／hm^2,最大持水量为14．72t／hm^2,有效拦蓄量为18．33t／hm^2。②半分解层枯落物浸泡8h已基本达到饱和,而未分解层10h基本达到饱和,持水量与浸泡时间的关系为Q=aln（t）＋b;枯落物在浸水的前半小时内吸水速率最大,4h左右时下降速度明显减缓,枯落物吸水速率与浸泡时间的关系为V=kt”。③辽东栎林土壤层持水能力最强,为266．22t／hm^2,黑桦林土壤的持水能力最差,为219．39t／hm^2,利用幂函数对人渗速率与人渗时间进行拟合,其相关系数均在0．98以上。     

不同经营措施对冀北山地华北落叶松林枯落物持水性能的影响

为了揭示不同经营措施对冀北山地华北落叶松人工林持水能力的影响,对不同经营措施下华北落叶松枯落物储量、枯落物最大持水量、自然含水量和有效拦蓄量进行了研究.结果表明:不同经营措施下枯落物储量及持水特性均随着时间的延长表现出增加的趋势,枯落物储量增长率表现出带状皆伐改造>封禁促进植被恢复>群团状择伐改造>人工促进更新>未封禁,封禁2 a枯落物储量增长率为2.94%～10.21%.总体来看枯落物最大持水量、自然含水量和有效拦蓄量增长率,表现出群团状择伐改造>带状皆伐改造>人工促进更新>封禁促进植被恢复>未封禁的趋势.封禁2 a后,增长率分别为0.48%～5.58%、0.13%～10.40%、-0.14%～5.82%,表明封禁措施的有效性.同时表明这几种经营措施是冀北山地华北落叶松低效人工林改造的有效途径.     

小兴安岭不同森林类型枯落物储量及其持水特性比较

[目的]对小兴安岭主要森林类型林下枯落物蓄积量进行调查分析和持水特性研究,为该区森林生态服务功能评价提供重要依据和理论基础。[方法]选择6种典型森林类型设置样地测定枯落物现储量,并采用浸水法对枯落物持水特性进行测定,计算其最大拦蓄量和有效拦蓄量。[结果]主要森林类型枯落物蓄积量介于13.53~29.48t/hm2,大多是半分解层蓄积量高于未分解层。不同森林类型最大持水率与最大持水量表现不一致,其中最大持水率为243.19%~524.0%,最大持水量为56.81~106.90t/hm2。不同森林类型的最大拦蓄量与有效拦蓄量的表现也略有差异,最大拦蓄量为33.43~64.42t/hm2,有效拦蓄量为24.91~48.38t/hm2。枯落物层的持水率与浸泡时间呈显著对数关系,而吸水速率与浸泡时间呈显著幂函数关系。[结论]受树种特性、枯落物储量、分解速率及林龄的影响,该区不同森林类型林下枯落物储量及其持水特性差异显著。     

工程堆积体上不同植被类型枯落物和土壤水文效应

为探讨工程堆积体不同植被类型的枯落物特征、枯落物持水及拦蓄能力、土壤物理性状和土壤涵水性能,采用室内浸水法和环刀法分别对工程堆积体植被与原生植被的枯落物及0—20 cm土层的持水能力进行研究。结果表明:(1)不同植被类型枯落物厚度及蓄积量均存在显著差异(P0.05),原生乔木林、乔木林、灌木林、草地枯落物厚度依次为3.76,2.89,2.67,1.23 cm,蓄积量分别为5.95,3.86,3.19,0.65 t/hm~2。枯落物未分解层厚度、蓄积量均大于半分解层。(2)各植被类型土壤容重与毛管孔隙度范围分别在1.19～1.25 g/cm~3和41.58%～46.13%,原生乔木林土壤容重小于乔木林,而土壤毛管孔隙度大于乔木林。堆积体各植被类型土壤毛管孔隙度大小依次为草地灌木林乔木林。(3)各植被类型土壤最大持水量及毛管持水量均存在显著差异(P0.05),土壤最大持水量与毛管持水量范围分别为44.31～46.23,34.07～37.98 g/cm~3,均呈现原生乔木林最高,乔木林最低。(4)枯落物持水量随时间呈对数关系,吸水速率随时间呈幂函数关系,其吸水速率在0.5 h最高,在4.0 h下降,12 h最大持水量达饱和,吸水速率接近于0。(5)原生乔木林枯落物最大持水率、有效拦蓄率均大于乔木林,工程堆积体各植被类型最大持水率及有效拦蓄率表现为草地灌木林乔木林。从堆积体枯落物和土壤持水能力角度来看,草灌混交这一搭配模式可以作为工程堆积体的先锋植被,用于在堆积体初期构建稳定群落生态结构。研究结果可为工程堆积体开展水土保持治理措施和植被恢复提供理论依据。     

贵州草海耕地土壤与农作物中DDTs和HCHs残留及污染特征

采集草海流域周边成熟期整株农作物及土壤样品,分析测试其中DDTs和HCHs的含量,对比研究了土壤和作物中DDTs和HCHs污染水平及其在作物中富集能力。结果表明：研究区域土壤中HCHs和DDTs残留检出率均为100％,残留范围分别为0．06～16．66μg·kg^-1和0．08-39．77μg·kg^-1,土壤中HCHs和DDTs的残留量均小于国家土壤环境质量一级标准;三种农作物中DDTs、HCHs及∑（DDTs,HCHs）残留量差异显著,HCHs含量最高的是玉米,DDTs和（DDTs,HCHs）最高的是马铃薯;三种农作物中HCHs和DDTs残留的风险系数均为1．1,属于低度风险,农作物中DDTs、HCHs及∑（DDTs,HCHs）的安全指数IFSc均小于1,DDTs和HCHs残留量对三种农作物安全影响的风险是可以接受的。     

陇陕片预警减灾工作的成效与做法

自 1991年长江上游水土保持重点防治区滑坡、泥石流预警系统运作以来 ,陇南陕南片成功预报和处理滑坡、泥石流险情 10 3处 ,保护人口 11 6 8万 ,避免经济和财产损失 11879 6 5万元 ,取得了良好的社会效益。主要做法及经验是 :依靠各级政府 ,健全预警网络 ;广泛深入宣传 ,增强防灾意识 ;健全管理制度 ,落实岗位职责 ;强化技术培训 ,提高业务技能 ;加强检查指导 ,现场解决问题 ;及时调查险情 ,做好技术服务 ;预防治理结合 ,注重减灾实效。     

Changes in yield and gas exchange parameters in Festulolium and alfalfa grown in pure sowing and in mixture under drought stress

Crop performance and yield are the results of genotypic expression as modulated by continuous interaction with the environment. Among environmental factors, water is globally one of the most limiting for crop production. Water resources in the world are steadily diminishing and in many areas, including Poland, more frequent periods of drought are being observed. The aim of the study was to compare the yields and gas exchange parameters of Festulolium hybrid (Festulolium braunii (K. Richt) A. Camus) and alfalfa (Medicago?×?varia T. Martyn) under different levels of soil moisture (well-watered conditions and drought stress) and cultivation method (pure stand and mixture). The study has shown that all the measured parameters were affected by drought stress. Net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and dry mass yield were significantly lower under drought stress than under well-watered conditions in all treatment types. Alfalfa grown in a pure sowing showed the strongest reaction to stress, while hybrid Festulolium grown in mixture showed the weakest. It was also found that under stress, grass assimilated CO₂ and evaporated water much more intensively in mixture cultivation than in pure sowing. Higher water use efficiency (WUE) was observed in alfalfa and Festulolium growing in mixture only in the first year of the study.     

Cadmium Effects in Sunflower: Membrane Permeability and Changes in Catalase and Peroxidase Activity in Leaves and Calluses

Mechanisms preventing oxidative burst in cells exposed to high metal concentrations are crucial for cell survival. In this report, sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) was used as a model species to investigate: (a) how cadmium (Cd) affects plant defense pathways (in particular, those involved in preventing oxidative stress), and (b) whether antioxidative enzymes of plants and of in vitro cell culture (calluses) have similar responses to Cd exposure. For this experiment, plants (grown hydroponically on Long Ashton medium) and calluses (grown on Murashige and Skoog medium) were exposed for three weeks to different Cd concentrations (0, 5, 50, and 500 μ M). Solute and electrolyte leakage increased significantly with the increase in Cd concentration in the external medium and in exposed leaves, and less in exposed calluses. Cadmium exposure also reduced significantly soluble protein contents in both leaves and calluses. The activities of catalase and peroxidase decreased significantly in 50 and 500 μ M-exposed leaves compared with the control, but increased in 5 μ M-exposed calluses, decreasing in the calluses exposed 500 μ M Cd. The decrease in antioxidative enzymes activities is congruent with the decrease in membrane integrity and suggests that calluses develop antioxidant mechanisms that respond better to Cd stress than do leaves. On average, 100% of plants exposed for 21 d to 500 μ M and 95% of plants exposed for 45 d to 50 μ M Cd were dead. After 45 d, only 53% of 50 μ M-exposed calluses had died. These surviving calluses were maintained on 50 μ M for six months. Six-month-old exposed calluses had higher activities of peroxidase and catalase when compared with control calluses, as well as lower membrane degradation. These data show that calluses are more tolerant than plants to Cd exposure, and that antioxidant mechanisms under Cd exposure may differ between the two cell systems and vary with time.     

肯尼亚和中国农业资源投入与农业单产水平变化

当前，肯尼亚和中国在生产足够粮食以保障粮食安全方面都面临着严峻的挑战。尤其是对于肯尼亚而言，因为其2100年预测的人口将达到2018年的1.4倍，且其粮食生产在过去并没有大幅度的改善。而中国近些年粮食生产能力显著提高。本文系统分析了肯尼亚和中国农业资源投入、种植业和畜牧业单产水平的历史变化，以及农业资源投入与产量之间的关系，为肯尼亚粮食危机和消灭贫困提供更多的理论支撑。研究结果表明，在20世纪60年代，肯尼亚耕地、草地和降水等自然资源人均占有量比中国高2~3倍，且人均食物能量和蛋白质供应显著高于中国。当前，肯尼亚人均资源拥有量仍高出中国约30%，但是其人均食品供应和粮食自给率却远低于中国平均水平。这是由于与肯尼亚相比，中国在种植业和畜牧业长期持续的投入，大幅度地增加了种植业和畜牧业能量或蛋白质单产水平。1961-2017年，中国和肯尼亚作物蛋白的平均单产分别增加282%和44%。中国的数据表明，种植业和畜牧业单产水平与肥料、精饲料、机械和农药的投入具有显著正相关性；农牧业生产结构对单产水平的变化影响也很大，如种植业中蔬菜和水果播种面积占比，畜牧业中单胃动物饲养占比等。总的来说，农业资源投入和农业结构对生产力的提高都有很大的影响，这可能是肯尼亚提高农业生产力的潜在选择。     

Fungal abundance and diversity in earthworm casts and in uningested soil

Earthworm casts and adjacent uningested soil from 30 different locations were compared to determine the abundance and diversity of fungal species. The casts contained larger fungal populations (g^-1 dry soil weight) and numbers of fungal species than the soil. Variations in these parameters between casts and soil were statistically significant (P=0.05). Fungal populations and the number of fungal species in casts and soil also varied significantly (P=0.05) between samples from different locations. A total of 27 fungal species were recorded from the casts and soil. Indices of dominance (0.084 casts; 0.14 soil) and general diversity (2.53 casts; 2.02 soil) demonstrated that the casts displayed more diverse fungal flora than the soil. The diversity of fungal species increased in earthworm casts after passing through the earthworm gut.     

云南省开展水土保持的做法与成效

云南省各级党政领导重视和支持水土保持 ,积极出台有关法规、政策 ,为搞好水土保持工作提供了保障。治理中坚持高起点要求 ,有力地推动了水保产业化建设。适应市场经济要求 ,大力发展水土保持专业户、重点户 ,调动社会各方面力量参与水土流失治理开发。介绍了具体的做法、成效及今后做好水保工作的思路。     

1,4-Dimethoxyglucobrassicin in Barbarea and 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin in Arabidopsis and Brassica

A novel indole glucosinolate, 1,4-dimethoxyglucobrassicin (1,4-dimethoxyindol-3-ylmethylglucosinolate), was isolated as the desulfo derivative from roots of the P-type of Barbarea vulgaris ssp. arcuata, and its structure was determined by spectroscopy including 2D NMR spectroscopy. 4-Hydroxyglucobrassicin (4-hydroxyindol-3-ylmethylglucosinolate) was isolated as the desulfo derivative from green siliques (fruits) of Arabidopsis thaliana and identified by comparison of its (1)H NMR spectrum with the spectrum of the known desulfoglucosinolate from Brassica napus. The delayed elution of desulfo indole glucosinolates from the DEAE Sephadex column used in sample preparation was examined, and the diode-array UV spectra of desulfo indole glucosinolates were measured, to ensure a reliable determination of 1,4-dimethoxyglucobrassicin and 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin with the existing analysis method based on the HPLC of desulfoglucosinolates. 1,4-Dimethoxyglucobrassicin was not detected in 10 other Arabidopsis, Brassica, and Barbarea species, indicating an evolutionarily recent mutation in the indole glucosinolate biosynthesis in B. vulgaris ssp. arcuata type P.     

Aorta and liver changes in rats fed cholesterol-containing and raw vegetable-supplemented diets: experiments in vitro and in vivo

The aim of this investigation was to compare the liver and aorta changes in rats fed cholesterol-containing diets and the possible improvement when diets would be supplemented with frequently used raw vegetables. The phenolic compounds of three vegetables in methanol-water (1:1) fraction were characterized using electrospray ionization mass spectra (ESI-MS). Results showed that the content of polyphenols, flavonoids, quercetin, flavanols, tannins, and ascorbic acid varied for garlic and white and red onions ranging from 6.68 to 18.08 mg GAE/g DW, 490.4-701.0 μg CE/g DW, 281.2-1100.0 μg, 32.40-41.30 μg CE/g DW, 2.88-3.12 mg CE/g DW, 1.87-2.33 mg AA/g DW, 1388.2-1442.3 μg CGE/g DW, respectively. The radical scavenging capacities (μM TE/g DW) for the same investigated vegetables for ABTS, FRAP, CUPRAC, and DPPH assays ranged from 48.78 to 92.42, 9.41-28.56, 3.06-10.41, and 6.49-23.42, respectively. Good correlations were observed between the phenolic contents and the radical scavenging capacities of the vegetables. The interaction between BSA and quercetin, BSA and garlic and onions extracts was measured by 3-dimensional fluorescence (3D-FL) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The highest polyphenol content was found in methanol/water fraction of onions and garlic; therefore, for the investigation of in vitro interactions with BSA only polyphenols of this fraction were used. For in vivo studies, 30 male Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups each of 6 and named Control, Chol, Chol/Garlic, Chol/OnionRed, and Chol/OnionWhite. During 6 weeks, the rats of all 5 groups were fed a basal diet (BD). The rats of the Control group were fed the BD only. The BD of the Chol group was supplemented with 10 g/kg of nonoxidized cholesterol (NOC). Each of the other three groups was supplemented with 10 g/kg of NOC and 500 mg of raw fresh garlic, 500 mg of raw fresh red onion, and 500 mg of raw fresh white onion on 1 kg of body weight for Chol/Garlic, Chol/OnionRed, and Chol/OnionWhite diet groups, respectively. In order to detect the changes in the liver and aorta, a histological procedure was applied, and the liver enzymes were determined and compared. It was found that the main changes vs the Control group were in the liver of rats fed the cholesterol-containing diet without vegetable supplementation. Significantly less histological changes in the liver and lower level of liver enzymes vs those of the Chol group were detected in rats of the Chol/Garlic group (P < 0.05). The interaction between the polyphenol extract of garlic and BSA in vitro showed its strong ability comparable with that of quercetin to quench the intrinsic fluorescence of BSA. In conclusion, all studied vegetables showed protective effects, but raw garlic supplemented with cholesterol-containing diets significantly prevented the aorta and liver damages of rats.