江苏省‘苏翠1号’高产及中低产梨园土壤与叶片养分的差异研究

为了解江苏省‘苏翠1号’高产及中低产梨园土壤与叶片养分状况，以期为梨园合理施肥提供科学依据，分析测定了江苏省苏南、苏中、苏北20个‘苏翠1号’梨园的土壤理化性状及叶片营养，并采用R语言“Vegan”程序包对‘苏翠1号’高产及中低产梨园的土壤及叶片养分含量进行了差异分析，最后探究了梨园土壤养分与叶养分的相关性。将测定的梨园土壤及叶养分分别与梨园土壤养分最适标准值及梨叶片养分标准值进行了比较分析，结果表明，本研究中90%的梨园土壤pH值在5.6~7.2的适宜范围内，90%的梨园土壤有机质含量处于适宜或丰富状态，60%的梨园土壤碱解氮含量不足，40%的梨园土壤有效钾缺乏，而85%的梨园土壤出现了有效磷的富集。所测定梨园土壤交换性钙、镁含量丰富，而缺乏土壤有效铁、锰、铜的果园比例分别为15%、60%及25%。叶片缺乏氮、磷、镁、锰、铜的果园比例分别为15%、65%、25%、25%及90%。土壤及叶养分的整体状况与果园地理位置及产量存在显著相关性。高产梨园土壤有机质、速效磷、有效铁、有效锰及有效铜含量均显著高于中低产梨园；高产梨园叶片氮含量显著高于中低产梨园，叶片磷和钾的含量显著低于中低产梨园。综上，土壤有机质、速效磷、有效铁、有效锰、有效铜及叶片氮、磷、钾含量是高产梨园与中低产梨园养分差异的重要特征因子。本研究结果表明梨园施肥管理应将叶片营养诊断和土壤诊断相结合，可为梨园科学施肥提供一定的理论依据与指导。     

夷陵区柑橘园土壤和叶片养分状况研究

为研究夷陵区柑橘园土壤和叶片营养元素状况及相关性，在柑橘主产区采集了 41个土壤和叶片样品进行养分测定分析。结果表明，1)柑橘园土壤 pH均值 5.5，偏酸性柑橘园占 22%。有机质、碱解氮、速效钾和有效硼处于低量缺乏的比例分别为 33.1%、68.3%、36.6%和 100%，其他土壤养分含量均适宜偏高水平。2)叶片中氮、钾、钙、镁和锌含量缺乏的柑橘园分别占34.1%、87.8%、36.6%、65.9%和95.1%。叶片磷、铁、锰、铜和硼含量在适宜偏高水平。3)土壤碱解氮、交换性钙、交换性镁、有效铁和有效硼的含量与叶片中对应元素存在显著正相关；土壤有效钾和有效铜与叶片对应元素显著负相关；土壤交换性钙与土壤 pH极显著正相关；土壤有机质与土壤碱解氮、交换性镁以及叶片镁极显著正相关。因此建议夷陵区柑橘园应有机无机肥配施，增施硼、锌和镁肥，同时可施用适量石灰改良酸性土壤。     

重庆市柑橘园土壤养分现状研究

采集了重庆市柑橘主产区104个柑橘园0~30 cm的土壤样品进行土壤养分状况分析。结果表明,重庆有90.5%柑橘园土壤p H适合柑橘生长;有87.5%的柑橘园土壤有机质含量偏低;土壤速效氮和有效磷缺乏的柑橘园分别占到77.9%和55.8%,土壤速效钾缺乏和过量并存;柑橘园土壤缺乏有效硫、钙、镁、硼、锰、铜、铁和锌的比例分别为24.0%、13.5%、44.2%、92.4%、35.6%、45.2%、41.3%和72.1%;部分柑橘园的土壤有效钙、镁、铁、锰和铜含量存在过量现象,分别占所有调查柑橘园的54.8%、6.7%、21.2%、16.4%和4.8%;除土壤p H与有效硼外,大部分柑橘园土壤农化样的有机质与其他有效养分含量均高于土壤背景样。因此,该区柑橘生产需根据果园所处地形、土壤养分与管理措施等条件合理施肥,建议在柑橘园增施硼、锌肥,同时要控制含微量元素的农药施用量。     

环渤海湾地区主要梨园土壤养分状况及养分投入研究

对环渤海湾地区三省204个主要梨园养分投入和土壤养分含量状况进行了研究,结果表明:(1)该区域主要梨园土壤有机质平均含量为17.1 g kg-1,其中,辽宁省主要梨园土壤有机质平均含量为22.9 g kg-1,山东和河北省主要梨园土壤有机质平均含量<20 g kg-1,<10 g kg-1的梨园分别占13%和25%。该地区梨园土壤碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾平均含量为70.0 mg kg-1、63.1 mg kg-1和175.9 mg kg-1,速效磷含量普遍较高,存在不同程度积累现象。梨园土壤酸化现象明显,50%以上的梨园土壤pH<6.0,以辽宁省梨园土壤pH平均值最低。(2)土壤养分质量综合评价结果表明,环渤海湾地区的辽宁省梨园土壤养分水平最高,河北省最低。土壤有机质、碱解氮和pH值是该地区主要梨园土壤养分质量的限制因子。(3)山东省主要梨园氮、磷(P2O5)、钾(K2O)养分总投入量分别为968 kg hm-2、441 kg hm-2和523 kg hm-2,且以化肥养分投入为主。河北省养分投入状况与山东省相似。山东和辽宁省梨园化肥施用以三元复合肥为主,分别占94%和66%,河北省施用的尿素占化肥总量的77%。     

桂西北环境移民示范区柑橘园土壤营养探析

对桂西北环境移民示范区柑橘园土壤营养状况测定结果表明 ,该区柑橘园有机质含量丰富 ,全N、全P偏低 ,水解氮、有效磷基本适宜 ,K素缺乏 ,pH偏酸性 ;且主要土壤养分变异系数均 >16 % ,土壤 pH变异系数为4 .4 % ;不同产量级柑橘园土壤养分差异主要表现于水解氮和速效钾含量 ,丰产园水解氮和速效钾含量分别为10 6 .4 6mg/kg和 76 .2 1mg/kg ,低产园分别为 96 .88mg/kg和 5 9.83mg/kg且显著低于丰产园 ,水解氮和速效钾与柑橘产量分别呈极显著和显著相关。并提出果园土壤水解氮、速效钾丰缺指标。     

云南省菠萝蜜主要种植园土壤与叶片养分现状分析

为了解云南省菠萝蜜主要种植园土壤和叶片养分状况,以期为菠萝蜜园合理施肥提供依据。调查分析了云南省具有代表性的15个种植园不同土层(0～20、20～40、40～60 cm)的土壤养分状况和叶片养分含量,结合土壤养分分级标准,分析其相关性。结果表明:(1)土壤养分含量在0～20 cm土层含量最为丰富;不同土层间除土壤pH、有效硼之外,有机质及其他养分元素均有含量变幅范围、变异系数较大的表现。(2)86.67%土壤pH值小于6.5,土壤呈酸性,有机质、全氮、全钾、碱解氮、速效钾及各种中、微量元素含量中上水平,磷素含量各种植园表现不一,差异明显。(3)土壤有机质与土壤全氮呈极显著正相关关系;土壤全磷含量与土壤速效钾、有效锌、交换性钙呈极显著正相关关系,与有效磷、有效锰呈显著正相关关系;土壤pH与土壤交换性镁呈显著正相关关系,与叶片氮、锰、锌、铜呈显著负相关关系;叶片钙与土壤交换性钙呈显著正相关关系。因此,建议云南省菠萝蜜种植园施用石灰或者土壤调理剂提高土壤pH,增施有机肥、磷肥、硼肥,适当控制氮肥、钾肥、钙镁中量元素肥及铁锰铜锌微量元素肥的施入量,以达到平衡施肥的目的。     

三峡重庆库区柑橘园土壤养分丰缺状况研究

采集了三峡重庆库区柑橘主产区459个果园0—30 cm的土壤样品进行取样分析。结果表明,库区有78.7%柑橘园土壤pH值适合柑橘生长;有60.3%的柑橘园土壤有机质含量偏低。土壤速效氮和磷缺乏,分别占到72.4%和41.7%,土壤速效钾缺乏和过量并存。库区柑橘园缺乏有效B、Zn、Fe、Mn的比例分别为86.3%、37.9%、27.0%、20.3%;土壤有效Fe、Mn和Cu含量在部分果园存在过量现象,分别占柑橘园的52.5%、36.4%和26.4%。因此,该区柑橘生产要因地制宜,建议在柑橘园增施B、Zn肥,石灰和其它碱性肥料,同时减少喷施含Cu杀菌剂。     

湖南省柑橘园土壤 pH和主要养分特征及其相互关系

探究湖南省柑橘园土壤养分丰缺情况,为科学施肥管理提供理论依据。采集湖南省84个柑橘主产区的土壤样品,通过测定其p H、有机质和矿质养分,运用分组回归方法分析了土壤酸碱性与土壤肥力间相关性,研究了果园土壤养分的缺素问题。结果表明,湖南省柑橘园土壤酸化严重,土壤有机质和碱解氮含量适宜,三分之一果园土壤有效磷、速效钾含量偏低,交换性钙和交换性镁缺乏比例分别为43.75%和56.25%,其中69.88%、87.50%、65.63%和64.06%样品的土壤有效硫、铁、锰和铜过量,76.56%样品的土壤有效锌含量适宜,而85.94%样品的有效硼含量缺乏。土壤p H值与有效态养分含量关系复杂,Pearson相关分析发现,柑橘园土壤p H值与交换性钙、交换性镁含量间呈极显著正相关,而与有机质、有效磷和有效硫含量呈极显著负相关,与有效铁含量呈显著负相关。各养分含量在不同土壤p H组间存在极显著差异,曲线回归方程求解出柑橘园土壤p H值在5.6～6.3时,土壤中矿质养分含量较高。调节土壤p H值,控制氮、磷、钾肥的施用量,补施钙、镁和硼肥是今后果园土壤管理的关键。     

基于GIS和丰缺指标法的区域施肥管理体系的构建

  【目的】  采用GIS定位和养分丰缺指标相结合的方法,研究西辽河平原耕地土壤碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾的空间分布特点,建立直观、精准的推荐施肥系统。  【方法】  西辽河平原包括科尔沁区、开鲁县、奈曼旗、科尔沁左翼后旗、科尔沁左翼中旗。以该区域的15421个土壤测试数据和143个玉米“3414试验”数据为基础,运用GIS方法计算耕地土壤碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾的空间插值结果,结合土壤丰缺指标,将西辽河平原耕地土壤碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾养分分区,确定不同土壤氮磷钾养分组合下的施肥量,并制作玉米氮磷钾分区施肥图。  【结果】  西辽河平原耕地土壤养分空间分布不均,大部分土壤碱解氮含量较低,有效磷、速效钾含量中等。耕地土壤有效氮、磷、钾养分含量呈低氮–中磷–中钾 (碱解氮 ≤ 69.5 mg/kg、有效磷4.18～10.40 mg/kg、速效钾90.3～152.5 mg/kg)、中氮–中磷–中钾 (碱解氮69.5～107.9 mg/kg、有效磷4.18～10.40 mg/kg、速效钾90.3～152.5 mg/kg)、中氮–中磷–高钾 (碱解氮69.5～107.9 mg/kg、有效磷4.18～10.40 mg/kg、速效钾 > 152.5 mg/kg) 的面积占比分别为42.4%、14.1%、13.5%。土壤碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量 (x) 与经济最佳施肥量 (y) 之间存在较好的对数关系,氮施肥模型y = –102.5ln(x) + 617.22,磷施肥模型y = –36.11ln(x) + 174.1,钾施肥模型为y = –25.89ln(x) + 180.96。不同土壤养分组合种植玉米所需的经济最佳N–P₂O₅–K₂O用量 (kg/hm2) 组合分别为202–110–58、168–107–57、164–102–47。  【结论】  土壤碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量与相对产量存在较好的对数函数关系。西辽河灌区土壤有效氮磷钾丰缺指标的划分以75%和85%作为相对产量的分级区间较为合适。在土壤有效氮磷钾养分大数据的支撑下,采用GIS和丰缺指标法相结合的方法,可以准确快捷地构建区域施肥管理体系。     

湘西植烟土壤pH和主要养分特征及其相互关系

为了解湘西烟区植烟土壤pH和主要养分特征及其相互关系,于2015年采集烟区1 242个土壤样本,研究了植烟土壤pH、有机质、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾的适宜性分布、县域分布以及pH与这些养分指标的量化关系。结果表明:1湘西烟区植烟土壤pH平均值为6.12,有20.77%样品偏酸和18.20%的样品偏碱;有机质和碱解氮含量的平均值分别为28.42 g/kg和145.63 mg/kg,总体上处于适宜水平;有效磷含量的平均值为28.94 mg/kg,有近40%样品偏高;速效钾含量平均值为198.76 mg/kg,有近45%的样品偏低。2主产烟县植烟土壤pH和养分差异极显著。3土壤主要养分含量与pH之间呈现曲线关系;当pH5.5时或pH8.0时,随土壤pH变化,主要养分含量变化较大;当pH在5.5~8.0时,随土壤pH变化,主要养分含量变化平缓。当pH5.5时,随土壤pH升高,有机质、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量快速下降;当pH在5.5~8.0时,随土壤pH升高,有机质、有效磷和速效钾含量缓慢升高,碱解氮含量缓慢下降;当pH8.0时,随土壤pH升高,有机质、碱解氮、有效磷含量快速下降,速效钾含量快速升高。     

Citrus Growth and Rhizosphere Properties

Fifteen citrus varieties (four varieties of limes/lemons, three varieties of mandarins, and eight varieties of sweet oranges) were tested in a row-to-row multireplicate field experiment on Typic Rhodustalf. Pre-bearing growth behavior of different citrus varieties showed a significant difference (P ≤ 0.05) with respect to canopy volume (1.221 m³ with Bearss lemon and 0.220 m³ with Cara Cara Navel) governed by changes in different rhizospheric properties (soil-available nutrients, soil microbial population, and soil microbial biomass nutrients). Response in canopy volume was more governed by soil microbial biomass nutrients [carbon (C_mic), nitrogen (N_mic), and phosphorus (P_mic)] followed soil microbial population and soil available nutrients in decreasing order. Indices developed through diagnosis and recommendation integrated system further helped in partitioning interrhizosphere nutrient deficiencies. These studies suggested that (i) biological properties of rhizosphere soils of limes and lemons were of much superior quality and (ii) rhizospheric biological properties are transformed according to plant species and variety.     

Nitrogen,Phosphorus and Potassium Fertilization Interactions on the Photosynthesis of Containerized Citrus Nursery Trees

The objective of this research was to evaluate the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK) fertilizer effect on the development of ‘Valencia’ sweet orange nursery trees budded on Rangpur lime rootstocks in a greenhouse using containers. The experiment was a complete (1/5) 5³ factorial randomized blocks design. Treatments comprised five concentrations (g per plant) of N (1.25; 6.25; 11.25; 16.25; 21.25); K (0.42; 3.75; 6.22; 9.34; 12.45); and P (0.19; 0.89; 1.59; 2.29; 2.99). Carbon dioxide assimilation rate (A), transpiration rate (E), stomata conductance (g_s), and internal carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentration (Ci) and water use efficiency (WUE). Reducing sugar, sucrose and starch were evaluated. Response functions were adjusted and nutrient rates for maximum yield were presented. The results indicated that the high levels of N (>16.25 g per plant) interferes negatively on photosynthesis. Potassium at intermediate fertilization levels (from 3.75 to 6.22 g per plant) had positive effects on photosynthesis. But P had little interference on photosynthesis. Carbohydrates levels were not related to nutrients fertilized.     

Effects of the Frequency of Iron Chelate Supply by Fertigation on Iron Chlorosis in Citrus

Abstract

A field experiment was carried out in a drip‐irrigated orchard of Clementine (Citrus clementina Ort. ex. Tan) grafted on Troyer citrange (C. sinensis × Poncirus trifoliata) rootstock located in the Valencian Citrus area (Spain). The trees received a single iron (Fe) EDDHA (ethylene diamine diorthohydroxyphenyl acetate) rate (3 g Fe tree^?1) supplied in different application frequencies from April to September (8‐, 4‐, 2‐, or 1‐week intervals). Leaf chlorophyll (Chl) concentrations were estimated every month by using an SPAD‐502 meter. The foliar contents of Fe were also evaluated with time. Mineral composition of leaves, total Chl concentration, yield, and fruit quality were also evaluated at the end of the assay. SPAD readings, Chl, N, K, Mg, Fe, and Mn concentration in leaves increased as a result of Fe application. The concentration of Zn, however, significantly decreased in comparison to the control trees. Iron treatment increased yield and some of the fruit quality parameters, like total juice, sugar, and acid contents. Iron application frequency had not a consistent effect on the concentrations of macro and micronutrients in leaves, yield, and fruit quality. The highest values of SPAD readings and the leaf Chl content were obtained when Fe was applied at 4‐week intervals along the year. These results suggest that soil Fe‐EDDHA application with a moderate frequency could be recommended to the Citrus farmers in the area for a more rational Fe application along the growth cycle in Citrus orchards.     

Diagnosis of Nutrient Constraints in Citrus Orchards of Humid Tropical India

ABSTRACT

Citrus growing in humid, tropical India is concentrated in east to northeast India. The region is well known for large-scale commercial cultivation of Citrus reticulata Blanco, cultivar ‘Khasi,’ mandarin. Extensive surveys were conducted covering as many as 108 orchards from 52 locations representing eight states, namely West Bengal, Sikkim, Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh, and Manipur. Expressed in milligrams per kilogram, the optimum values for available nutrients in soil were determined to be as: nitrogen (N) (220.8–240.6), phosphorus (P) (21.2–45.6), potassium (K) (252.2–300.8), calcium (Ca) (278.1–318.6), magnesium (Mg) (67.2–92.5), iron (Fe) (82.2–114.6), manganese (Mn) (21.4–32.8), copper (Cu) (0.82–2.62), and zinc (Zn) (2.18–4.22) using multivariate quadratic regression analysis. The corresponding leaf-nutrient values, expressed in percent, were: N (2.23–2.49), P (0.10–0.11), K (1.86–2.12), Ca (2.12–2.32), and Mg (0.28–0.38), and in ppm were Fe (148.2–179.8), Mn (72.2–84.8), Cu (10.4–18.6), and Zn (24.2–38.8). These reference values of soil and leaf analysis were later observed to be well within the range of values obtained for high-performance orchards (45–62 kg tree^?1), confirming the hypothesis that soil fertility and leaf nutrient levels maintained under high yielding orchards could be used provisionally as nutrient diagnostics. Nutrient constraints in the form of N, P, Ca, Mg, Cu, and Zn were identified using these diagnostics, which deserve a place in a fertilizer program of mandarin orchards of the region to obtain sustainable optimum fruit yield.     

重庆稻油轮作区土壤养分状况评价

近年来，重庆市稻油轮作区存在施肥不当导致肥料利用率低、生态环境恶化等问题，这制约了水稻和油菜的健康生产。土壤养分状况与肥力评价是合理施肥的重要依据。本文在重庆稻油轮作区南川、永川和合川典型样田进行耕层土壤样品采集，并测定土壤有机质和全量及速效氮磷钾等20个养分指标来表征土壤肥力，同时采用SPSS软件进行因子-聚类分析，将所有样本的IFI值（土壤养分综合评价值）分为5个等级并进行土壤肥力评价。结果表明，三个稻油轮作区土壤酸化严重，有机质和总磷及有效磷含量较低，总氮、碱解氮、交换性钙和交换性镁及绝大多数微量元素丰富，但有效硼含量缺乏。因子分析显示有效硼、碱解氮、有机质、速效钾、交换性钾、有效磷、pH和交换性钙是影响重庆稻油轮作区土壤肥力的主要因素。土壤养分综合评价值IFI的聚类分析表明，重庆稻油轮作区土壤肥力表现为南川>永川>合川，且南川以中高肥力为主，永川和合川以低肥力为主。     

云南省施肥及土壤养分变化分析

为了掌握云南省农业生产中肥料施用量及施肥结构、土壤养分含量状况及其变化,对云南实施测土配方施肥项目的28个县16 000余农户的施肥情况进行调查,并采集土样分析化验,统计结果表明,云南化肥施用氮磷钾的比例由1989年的1∶0.34∶0.09提高到2008年的1∶0.33∶0.20,施肥比例有较大改善,但钾素总量仍不足;耕地土壤有机质含量较第二次土壤普查大幅下降,平均含量为28.14 g·kg-1,较第二次土壤普查下降49.93%;土壤磷含量明显增加,平均值达到22.7 mg·kg-1,比土壤普查增加61.0%.耕地土壤缺乏硼、钼、锌的比例较大,缺水溶态硼比例达78.26%,缺有效钼比例48.34%,缺有效锌比例28.84%.     

滑县土壤养分变化动态研究

滑县第二次土壤普查以来进行四次土壤耕层养分调查的结果表明,耕层土壤养分含量总体呈上升趋势;土壤养分含量的变化由第二次土壤普查时受土壤质地的主导转变为受人为耕作施肥的主导,在土壤—作物系统养分年循环中,土壤氮、磷元素总体上处于盈余状态,土壤钾素总体上处于亏缺状态。增加有机肥和化肥投入,能够提高土壤养分含量,保持地力常新。     

The quantitative changes of nutrients in two contrasting soils amended with sewage sludge compost evaluated by various statistical tools

Introduction: The application of organic fertilisers to replenish soil organic matter and improve soil fertility and productivity has become common agricultural practice.

Aim of the study: This research deals with the effects of soil amendment with sewage sludge compost (SSC) on organic carbon, nitrogen total, nitrogen mineral and available P, K, S and Mg mineralisation in two contrasting soils. The various statistical tools used in this study have allowed us to present another conceptualisation of nutrient increments or losses as an effect of SSC applied. In order to distinguish groups of nutrients which are similar, a cluster analysis was used. A two-way analysis of variance was applied to compare the increments of the content of nutrients in the soils.

Material and Methods: A 3-year pot experiment was conducted, employing a randomised, factorial design with two soils (light and medium) and one amendment treatment as a compost at a rate equivalent to 6 Mg ha^?1. The following parameters of chemical soil properties were determined: contents of organic carbon (Corg), total nitrogen (Ntot), amounts of available P, K, Mg, S and mineral nitrogen (Nmin).

Results: The SSC showed a similar influence on the fertility of both soils. It was affirmed that application of SSC results in a statistically significant increase in the contents of soil organic carbon. The amounts of total and mineral N, as well as available P and S were subjected to different patterns of quantity changes expressed by both increase and loss. Moreover, a statistically significant loss of available K amounts was observed in both soils.

Conclusions: The findings of the study indicated that mature SSC becomes a long lasting fertiliser, slowly subjected to decomposition processes. Therefore, it may influence small increases in nutrient amounts in soils, in relation to the contents obtained for the control soil.     

荔枝花芽分化期叶片的光谱特征及其养分预测

为实现荔枝营养状况的快速监测,提高荔枝的精细施肥管理水平,服务华南荔枝的高产优质安全生产,研究了广州白云区荔枝花芽分化期冠层高光谱4 种变化形式的特性,结果表明荔枝秋梢冠层叶片光谱具有植物光谱共性。结合试验测得的冠层叶片生化养分数据（全氮、全磷、叶绿素、有机碳）分别与光谱反射率这4种形式作相关性分析。选择最显著相关的波段进行曲线拟合,结果表明：叶绿素、有机碳含量的最佳光谱诊断敏感波段分别是反射率一阶导数的 1 562 nm (r=0.8944)、1 720 nm (r=0.7827),全氮、全磷的最佳光谱诊断敏感波段分别是倒数对数一阶导数的2 059 nm (r=0.8073),1 347 nm (r=0.7575);全氮、叶绿素、有机碳指数函数拟合最优（RMSE分别为0.002730, 0.008138和0.000416）,全磷线性模型最优（RMSE=0.000336）。研究结果对华南精细荔枝果业的实施和果业环境保护都具有一定的指导意义。