基于低场核磁共振的热风干燥猕猴桃切片含水率预测模型

为研究猕猴桃切片热风干燥过程中水分迁移规律,该试验通过对猕猴桃切片进行热风干燥,考察不同干燥温度(70、80、90℃)、切片厚度(3、4、5 mm)下的干燥特性。试验采用直接干燥法测定含水率,运用低场核磁共振技术(Low-Field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance,LF-NMR)分析热风干燥过程中猕猴桃切片内部水分分布状态与变化规律,建立动力学模型,验证并预测。结果表明:猕猴桃切片热风干燥开始为外部控制,随后属于内部扩散控制,水分有效扩散系数范围为1.58×10-7～4.18×10-7 m2/s,扩散效率随温度升高而增大。升高温度能显著提高猕猴桃干燥速率,可加快结合水、不易流动水以及自由水的迁移。自由水和结合水先于不易流动水发生变化,自由水含量在干燥前期逐渐下降,此过程中不易流动水和结合水含量均表现为先升高后降低的趋势。当自由水被脱除后,不易流动水和结合水含量依次达到最大值;此后,随着干燥的进行,不易流动水逐渐被脱除,此时结合水含量开始下降直至干燥结束。整个干燥过程中,猕猴桃切片部分自由水先转化为不易流动水和结合水,结合水与不易流动水相互转化,循环往复伴随整个干燥过程。以干燥过程中的自由水、结合水、不易流动水的核磁峰值总和、切片厚度和干燥温度为自变量,猕猴桃切片含水率为因变量,进行多元线性回归分析,建立含水率预测模型,模型的拟合优度为0.982。结果表明,低场核磁共振技术结合数学模型可用于描述猕猴桃切片热风干燥过程,可实现对猕猴桃切片干燥过程中含水率的快速、无损检测,研究结果可为猕猴桃热风干燥工艺和过程设计提供理论依据。     

箱式通风干燥机小麦干燥试验研究

为了解小麦平床通风干燥特性,该文以某型号箱式通风干燥机为试验设备,开展小麦收获后干燥试验研究,测试分析了干燥床风场分布、干燥床层含水率分布、温度分布及耗能等特性。研究表明,该设备在水平面和垂直面均存在较明显的干燥速度差异;在干燥6h结束时整个小麦床层的最大含水率差异超过3%,影响整批物料的干燥效率和干燥成本;干燥5h后整批物料含水率达到小麦贮藏要求,每1kg物料含水率下降5%的能耗成本为0.09元。根据试验研究结果,提出在入风口增加导风栅格、干燥仓体4个角采用圆弧过渡处理、采用气流换向机构和交替换向通风干燥工艺等改进措施来改善该设备干燥均匀性。研究结果为该类型干燥机的小麦干燥工艺优化及设备改进设计提供了依据。     

哈密瓜变温压差膨化干燥工艺优化研究

为了对哈密瓜变温压差膨化干燥工艺进行优化,采用三因子二次回归正交旋转组合设计,分析预干燥后含水率、膨化温度和抽空时间3个变量对产品含水率、脆度、膨化度和色泽的影响,在此基础上由试验数据推导出描述4个指标的二次回归模型,并对变量进行响应面分析,得出优化膨化干燥工艺条件为:预干燥后原料含水率为30%,膨化温度为88～95℃,抽空时间为1.7～2.2 h.     

红枣片冷冻－红外分段组合干燥工艺优化

为开发一种提质增效的红枣片干燥工艺,比较了单一干燥（冷冻干燥、红外干燥、热风干燥和微波真空干燥）对红枣片干燥特性及品质的影响,选用冷冻与红外干燥分段组合的方法干制红枣片,以干燥时间和维生素C保留率为评价指标,采用三元二次通用旋转组合设计优化红枣片冷冻-红外组合干燥工艺参数,并与红外干燥（64℃,6.75 W/g）、冷冻干燥（-40℃,12 Pa,64℃）产品的干燥时间和品质进行对比分析。结果表明：1）冷冻与热风干燥的干燥时间最长,微波真空干燥最短,红外干燥次之;2）冷冻干燥产品品质较好,但酥脆性一般,红外干燥产品在色泽、质构（硬/脆度）、微观结构方面均好于热风和微波真空干燥产品,且酥脆性较好;3）转换含水率、红外温度和切片厚度对红枣片冷冻-红外组合干燥过程有显著影响（P<0.05）,对干燥时间影响主次顺序依次为转换含水率、红外温度、切片厚度,对维生素C保留率影响主次顺序依次为红外温度、转换含水率、切片厚度;4）采用响应曲面法优化与试验验证确定出较佳工艺参数为：转换含水率34 %、红外温度64℃、切片厚度5 mm,此时,干燥时间3.62 h,维生素C保留率68.92%;5）冷冻-红外组合干燥产品品质优于红外干燥,干燥时间比冷冻干燥缩短57.6%,维生素C保留率比红外干燥提高了34.6%。结果表明冷冻-红外组合干燥缩短了干燥时间同时保证了干燥品质,可为红枣片干制加工提供一种新的组合干燥技术和理论依据。     

罗非鱼片热泵-微波联合干燥工艺

采用响应面分析法优化罗非鱼片热泵-微波联合干燥工艺参数。分别以干燥能耗和产品复水率为试验指标,以热泵干燥温度、转换点含水率、微波功率3因素为自变量,设计3因素3水平组合响应面分析试验,得出干燥能耗和产品复水率随热泵干燥温度、联合干燥转换点含水率和微波干燥功率变化的回归模型。三组验证试验的试验值与相应模型预测值的误差绝对值均小于5%。基于能耗最小的优化参数为:热泵干燥温度为34.34℃,转换点含水率为42.12%,微波功率为131.69 W;基于复水率最大的优化参数为:热泵干燥温度为33.87℃,转换点含水率为30%,微波功率为201.43 W。以热泵-微波联合干燥工艺参数组合(干燥温度为35℃,转换点含水率为39%,微波干燥功率取微波炉功率档252 W)进行试验,并与相同工况(温度和风速)热泵干燥试验值进行比较,结果表明,热泵-微波联合干燥时间比热泵干燥时间缩短了2/3;热泵-微波联合干燥罗非鱼片复水40 min,复水率达到57.40%,比热泵干燥的复水率(39.16%)增加46.5%。该文为热泵—微波联合干燥罗非鱼提供参考。     

固定床上下换向通风小麦干燥模拟与工艺优化

为了研究固定床上下换向通风干燥机理,确定合理烘干工艺参数,根据通风加热干燥过程中小麦和介质空气之间热质传递关系,采用经典PDE模型为理论基础,建立了适用于小麦固定床换向通风干燥计算机模拟的离散化模型。此模型可计算出小麦实时干燥状态、批次小麦干燥耗时、能耗经济成本等,并能依此推算出最优作业参数。经实际验证,模型模拟计算结果与试验结果基本相符,整床层小麦平均含水率模拟值和试验值的相关系数r达0.995,模型模拟可用于不同环境温度和相对湿度下的最优通风温度和风量分析。论文分析了换向通风干燥过程床层小麦含水率和温度变化规律;根据小麦收获时天气状况,选择环境温度20~35℃,环境相对湿度20%~85%范围,以批次烘干单位质量湿小麦能耗成本最低为优化判据,确定通风温度、风量及对应单位质量小麦烘干能耗成本,为实际小麦烘干工艺参数设定提供参考。     

鸡粪中低温干燥动力学特性与参数优化

为了研究鸡粪的中低温干燥特性,利用恒温鼓风干燥箱,以干燥温度、粪层厚度、风速为因素研究了鸡粪含水率和干燥速率随时间变化的规律,用常见的薄层干燥模型对鸡粪的干燥曲线进行了拟合分析,并用正交试验优化了鸡粪干燥工艺参数。结果表明:鸡粪的中低温干燥过程由2个降速阶段组成,第2降速阶段的干燥速率相对于第1降速阶段下降更快。干燥温度越高,粪层厚度越小,风速越大,干燥速率曲线出现拐点的时间越早,达到干燥平衡所用时间越短;Exponential模型能较好的模拟鸡粪的干燥过程;在中低温条件下,根据Fick定律得到2~6 cm粪层厚度鸡粪的有效扩散系数在2.25×10–7~2.35×10–6 m2/h间;用正交试验得到鸡粪中低温干燥时效率最高的工艺为:干燥温度55℃,粪层厚度6 cm,风速1.2 m/s,该工艺下鸡粪的干燥效率为0.47 h/g。     

稻谷热风干燥缓苏工艺参数优化与试验

为提高稻谷干燥特性与营养品质,该研究探究了缓苏温度、缓苏起始时刻、缓苏时长、缓苏循环次数等缓苏工艺参数对稻谷爆腰增率、整精米率、蛋白质质量分数与脂肪酸值等干燥品质指标的影响。首先,通过单因素试验分析了稻谷干燥品质随缓苏工艺参数的变化趋势,得出爆腰增率、整精米率、蛋白质质量分数与脂肪酸值的权重均大于20%,为稻谷缓苏干燥的关键性指标;其次,通过隶属函数模型确定影响稻谷干燥品质的主要因素为：缓苏温度、缓苏起始含水率与缓苏时长;最后,以缓苏温度、缓苏起始含水率、缓苏时长为试验因子,采用Central-Composite试验,通过建立回归模型分析了各试验因素与品质指标之间的相互关系并阐释结果产生的原因。结果表明：优化参数组合为缓苏温度45 ℃、缓苏起始含水率21%、缓苏时长1.61 h,此参数组合下稻谷干燥后的爆腰增率6.63%、蛋白质质量分数5.39%、脂肪酸值11.68%,验证试验结果与优化结果间相对误差为2.97%。研究表明,优化后的缓苏干燥工艺明显改善了稻谷干燥品质,该结果可为生产实践及深入探究稻谷品质变化机理提供理论基础。     

稻谷干燥温度对稻米食味品质影响规律的研究

研究了干燥条件对稻米理化成分的影响。试验结果表明,干燥温度是导致稻米食味下降的主要因素。高温干燥后稻米脂肪酸和直链淀粉含量升高,蛋白质含量变化不显著,内部结构由有序排列变得杂乱无序,并提出了稻谷临界干燥温度与初始含水率关系式T=e^{(5.021-0.058M)},这对保证稻米干燥后食味品质有很大意义     

干切牛肉冷冻干燥中解析干燥过程的动态模拟及优化

该文通过对干切牛肉冷冻干燥中解析阶段含水率、物料温度的动态模拟及干燥速率与耗能分析，确立干切牛肉冷冻干燥中解析干燥的优化操作条件。通过建立解析阶段中脱除水分所需干燥时间以及相应的物料表面温度、物料中心温度的数学模型，并假设解析干燥过程中物料含水率由升华结束时的10.0%下降到干燥结束的0，以含水率变化为自变量，模拟了物料厚度为6、8、12、15 mm的干切牛肉在干燥室压强10 Pa，加热板温度80℃的操作条件下含水率、物料温度随时间的动态变化。以所建模型预测厚度7、9、10、11、12、13、14 mm的干切牛肉在该操作条件下含水率、物料温度的动态值及解析干燥周期。验证试验表明：预测与实测含水率相对误差小于10%，物料中心温度计算值与实测值的绝对误差小于5℃，说明所建模型可用于模拟、预测6～15 mm干切牛肉冷冻干燥中解析干燥阶段的参数变化。比较不同厚度干切牛肉冷冻干燥中解析干燥阶段的干燥比耗时、干燥效率，结果是采用6 mm厚度切片进行干燥，生产单位产品耗能最低，且生产率最大。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Collection and preliminary evaluation of native turfgrass accessions in Italy

Despite a raising interest on turfs in Italy, all theavailable varieties of this kind in the Country are of foreign origin, and areoften poorly adapted to the prevailing climatic conditions. This prompted tobegin a collection activity of indigenous turfgrass species, with the ultimategoal of identifying promising materials for future breeding based on localgenetic resources. The collection was carried out in three areas of Italy, viz.the northern Po Plain, the coastal region of Liguria, and the island of Sardiniathat are characterised, respectively, by subcontinental, warm temperate, andtypical Mediterranean climate. Altogether, 141 sites were visited, yielding 226accessions belonging to eight species of potential interest for turfs:Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis,Festuca rubra, Festuca arundinacea,Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera,Agrostis tenuis, and Cynodon dactylon,this last being a warm-season grass. Poa pratensis andCynodon dactylon were mostly collected in northern Italyand Sardinia, respectively, whereas Festuca arundinacea andLolium perenne were rather ubiquitous. The collection sitesranged from 0 to 1040 m asl, but sites over 750 m wereonly visited in the inner part of Sardinia. All the accessions, collected aswhole plants, were transplanted at Lodi, northern Italy, where they are beingevaluated. Their preliminary evaluation for traits of importance for turf use,such as sward colour and overall quality, highlighted the great variation andthe occurrence of interesting accessions in all species. Other characters wererecorded, bearing specific importance in individual species, and in all casespromising accessions were identified. The germplasm of Festucarubra, Festuca arundinacea, and Loliumperenne proved highly infected by endophytic (symbiotic) fungi of thegenus Neotyphodium.     

Leaf position and genotype differences for mineral element concentrations in sorghum grown on tropical acid soil 1

Mineral element deficiencies and toxicities are common problems associated with sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production on acid soils. To better understand some of the mineral element problems and the analysis of plant tissue of sorghum plants grown on acid soils, four sorghum genotypes were grown on an acid Oxisol at Carimagua, Colombia limed with dolomite at 2 and 6 Mg ha^‐1.

Samples for mineral element analyses were obtained from leaves at different positions on the four genotypes. Concentrations of P and Mg were highest in the flag leaf (Leaf No. 1) and decreased as the position on the plant declined from the top of the plant for plants grown at 2 Mg lime ha^‐1. Similar decreases in P, Mg, K, and Zn concentrations occurred in plants grown with 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. Concentrations of Ca, S, Si, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Al increased as leaf position declined from the flag leaf for plants grown at 2 and 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. The higher lime supply enhanced Ca and reduced Mn and Fe concentrations in leaves. Differences in mineral element concentrations for the four genotypes used were fairly extensive. The elements to show the greatest range among genotypes were Al and Si and the elements to show the least range among genotypes were P, K, and S. Care should be used in collecting leaf samples for plant analysis and genotypic differences for accumulation of mineral elements should be considered in interpretation of results.     

Short-term variation in the concentration of selected ions within individual tropical rainstorms

Rainwater was collected at the campus of the University of Brunei Darussalam in Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam, using a funnel-in-bottle sampler. Polypropylene bottles were changed at intervals during rainstorm events. The pH and conductivity were determined immediately after collection on aliquots of the sample. Samples were refrigerated at 5°C for subsequent chemical analysis. Analyses for Na, Mg, Ca, Zn and Fe were carried out by means of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES); Cu and Mn were analysed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS); K was analysed using flame atomic emission spectroscopy (FAES); and Cl^–, NO₃ ^– and SO₄ ^2– were analysed by ion chromatography (IC). Concentration versus time profiles are reported for three rainstorm events. All ions exhibited a decrease in concentration during the rainstorm. The first sample contained the highest concentration of ions, consistent with a first-flush effect. The contribution of the initial stages of the shower to the total quantity of ion deposited during the entire rainstorm is quite overwhelming; in many cases 20 to 30% of the mass was deposited in less than 5% of rainstorm duration. On the other hand, the pH and conductivity variation during rainstorms did not exhibit a consistent pattern.     

Leaf litter selection by detritivore and geophagous earthworms

Summary Litterbag experiments with 10 different kinds of leaf litter showed that detritivore (Lumbricus species) and geophagous (Aporrectodea species) earthworms prefer certain litter types over others, since different numbers of worms were found below the litter after 50–52 days of exposure in a pasture. The detritivores preferred Fraxinus, Tilia, and predecomposed Ulmus and Fagus litter to Fagus litter and paper, while geophages preferred Tilia litter to Alnus and Ulmus litter, so that the two groups of earthworms showed different preferences. The detritivores seemed to be more selective than the geophages. The palatability of the litter was examined in relation to the C: N ratio, the lignin concentration and the initial and final polyphenol concentration. The numbers of detritivores were significantly correlated with the C: N ratio and the final polyphenol concentration, so that selection of litter seems to be related to palatability. The numbers of geophages were not significantly correlated with any of the parameters for palatability. The disappearance of litter after 50–52 days appeared to be due to detritivore activity, since the numbers found below the litter were positively and significantly correlated with the litter disappearance. There was no significant correlation with geophage activity. This indicates that detritivores use litter as food, and therefore influence the composition of the litter layer.     

The 5S rRNA gene diversity in the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Secale</Emphasis> and determination of its closest haplomes

We analyzed 127 rDNA sequences (5S DNA units) obtained from 23 seed accession samples from more or less 10 taxa in wild and cultivated rye, genus Secale L. The sequences fell into two known groups, here assigned to two unit classes, viz. long R1 and short R1 (designations to reflect on R haplome of rye). The different taxa could not be fully differentiated based on the 5S DNA units. We searched for 5S DNA sequences from known unit classes most closely similar to the long R1 and the short R1. One set with the long R1 unit class contained sequences of the long P1 unit class from Agropyron (P haplome) and from Kengyilia (StYP haplome), long J1 from Thinopyrum (J haplome), whereas the set with the short R1 included the long S1 from Pseudoroegneria (St haplome) and Kengyilia (StYP haplome), the short J1 from Thinopyrum (J haplome) and the short V1 from Dasypyrum (V haplome). Each of the two sets was analyzed separately by maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic analysis from which we were able to infer that the 5S DNA units of Secale differentiated in a non-clock fashion and followed the HKY substitution model in the gene tree with the long R1 unit class and the HKY + G in the gene tree with the short R1 unit class. A complementary Bayesian analysis yielded identical tree topologies to the ML ones for each of the two sequence sets. In the tree with the long R1 units the long P1 and long J1 unit classes were closest to the long R1 unit class, whereas in the tree with the short R1 units the long S1 and short J1 unit classes were closest to the short R1 unit class, indicating possibly a close relationship between the St, J and R haplomes.     

Nematode succession and microfauna-microorganism interactions during root residue decomposition

The quality of plant material affects the vigor of the decomposition process and composition of the decomposer biota. Root residues from hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), rye (Secale cereale L.) and vetch+rye, packed in litterbags were placed in pots of soil at 15 C and the content of the bags was analyzed after 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Bacterial biomass did not differ between residues with contrasting composition. Among bacterivores groups of nematodes that require high bacterial production dominated in fast decomposing resources whereas flagellates with smaller requirements prevail in slower decomposing resources. Biomass of bacterial feeding nematodes correlated positively with early phase (0-2 wk) decomposition that increased in the order: rye< vetch+rye<vetch. Bacterial biomass therefore seems to be under top-down (predation) control during early decomposition. In contrast, the fungal biomass differed between resources with highest values for rye. Moreover, this increase in fungal biomass occurred later during succession and was correlated with decomposition activity for rye in that period. Fungal biomass therefore seems to be under bottom-up (resource) control. The composition of the nematode assemblages (composed of 25 taxa) showed a clear relationship to initial plant resource quality as well as decomposition phase. Early successional microbivorous nematodes vary according to resource quality with demanding bacterivores+predators (Neodiplogasteridae) dominating in vetch and less demanding bacterivores (Rhabditidae) and fungivores (Aphelenchus) being equally common in vetch and rye. Later in the succession (2-4 wk) bacterivorous Cephalobidae and fungivorous Aphelenchoides prevailed similarly on the different root materials whereas bacterivorous protozoa and the amoebal fraction thereof dominated in rye. At week 12 no species dominated the nematode assemblages that were similar between the resources. The differences between nematode assemblages among plant resources at 2 week were similar to the results of a field study sampled after 6 weeks with the same soil and plant resources. This lends support to the relevance of the successional patterns observed in this incubation study.     

Cycling of extracellular DNA in the soil environment

Upon entering the soil environment, extracellular DNA is subjected to dynamic biological, physical, and chemical factors that determine its fate. This review concerns the fate of both recombinant and non-recombinant sources of DNA. A schematic of DNA cycling coupled with genetic transformation is presented to understand its behavior in soil. Extracellular DNA may persist through cation bridging onto soil minerals and humic substances, be enzymatically degraded and restricted by DNases of microbial origin, and/or enter the microbial DNA cycle through natural transformation of competent bacteria. Lateral gene transfer may disseminate DNA through the microbial community. An understanding of DNA cycling is fundamental to elucidating the fate of extracellular DNA in the soil environment.