含砾石风沙土堆积体坡面径流产沙特征

为明确砾石含量对风沙土工程堆积体坡面径流产沙特征的影响,以土质坡面为对照,采用室内模拟降雨试验方法,研究了不同降雨强度(1.0、1.5、2.0和2.5 mm·min~(-1))条件下不同砾石质量含量(10%、20%、30%)的风沙土堆积体坡面径流特性及侵蚀产沙规律。结果表明:(1)1.0、1.5、2.5mm·min~(-1)雨强下,10%砾石含量坡面径流率较土质坡面减少5.03%～39.99%,而20%、30%砾石含量坡面径流率则分别增加7.48%～74.56%、19.51%～84.31%;各砾石含量坡面径流率均与雨强呈显著递增的指数函数关系;(2)土质和含砾石坡面径流型态基本以层流为主;土质坡面径流流态多为急流,而含砾石坡面径流则以缓流为主;各雨强条件下,10%、20%、30%砾石含量坡面径流阻力系数较对照分别增加24.07%～114.10%、51.84%～141.57%、89.04%～288.16%;(3)1.0、1.5 mm·min~(-1)雨强下土质和10%砾石含量坡面侵蚀速率随降雨历时呈减小—稳定—增大趋势,2.0、2.5 mm·min~(-1)雨强下,则呈波动式逐渐增大趋势;4种雨强下,20%、30%砾石含量坡面侵蚀速率呈缓慢、平稳增加趋势;(4)雨强为1.0 mm·min~(-1)时土质坡面侵蚀量最小,雨强≥1.5 mm·min~(-1)时,含砾石坡面侵蚀量较土质分别减少41.08%～63.27%、22.80%～67.80%、28.89%～68.50%;(5)侵蚀量与径流率、雷诺数、弗汝德数均呈显著正相关关系,与阻力系数则呈显著负相关关系;结果可为陕北风沙土区生产建设项目工程堆积体水土流失量估算模型的建立提供科学参考。     

含结构体工程堆积体土壤侵蚀研究

为探究野外实际调查中常见的含结构体工程堆积体土壤侵蚀过程,设计含结构体工程堆积体和对照组2种试验材料（对照组为不含结构体工程堆积体,后文中对2种试验材料简称为结构体和堆积体）,通过室内模拟降雨试验,研究了结构体和堆积体坡面径流侵蚀特征与雨强和场次的关系。结果表明：（1）初产历时随雨强和场次的增加而减小,结构体对初产历时有延缓作用,这与结构体的土壤特性和下垫面特征有关;（2）平均径流率和平均流速均随雨强和场次的增加而增大,堆积体平均流速和平均径流率分别是结构体的1.11~1.22,1.11~1.37倍,而结构体流速和径流率快速增加和趋于稳定的时间均较堆积体提前,且用时更短;（3）雨强对侵蚀速率、流速和径流率的贡献率较大,场次与侵蚀速率负相关,各条件下结构体的侵蚀速率均大于堆积体,且侵蚀速率和总侵蚀量分别是堆积体的1.03~2.15,1.36~2.63倍;（4）径流功率能够更好地描述结构体和堆积体侵蚀动力过程,结构体发生侵蚀的临界径流剪切力和径流功率均小于堆积体。     

北方风沙区砾石对堆积体坡面径流及侵蚀特征的影响

为了研究砾石对工程堆积体降雨侵蚀规律的影响,采用室内人工模拟试验,以土质堆积体(砾石质量分数为0)为对照,研究了10%、20%和30%砾石质量分数堆积体边坡在模拟降雨条件下的径流水力特征、产沙过程及侵蚀动力机制。结果表明:1)产流0~6 min,砾石促进堆积体坡面细沟间径流流动;产流12~30 min后,砾石阻碍堆积体坡面细沟径流流动;2)含砾石堆积体坡面粗糙度增大,水流流态变缓,水流速度降低,且均以层流为主。较土质堆积体而言,30%砾石质量分数堆积体坡面阻力系数增大88.8%~288.4%,弗汝德数降低28.9%~41.8%,水流速度降低0~45.8%;3)径流含沙量随产流历时经历快速降低-平稳过渡-波动上升3个阶段,土质及10%砾石质量分数堆积体高含沙水流现象频发,且随雨强增大,重力坍塌次数增加,重力侵蚀程度增强。20%、30%砾石质量分数堆积体发生高含沙水流的几率约为0。相对土壤流失比与砾石质量分数呈极显著负指数函数关系;4)土壤剥蚀率与各侵蚀动力参数均可用简单线性函数关系描述,单位径流功率是描述风沙区土质和10%砾石质量分数工程堆积体侵蚀产沙的最优因子,径流功率是刻画20%、30%砾石质量分数工程堆积体土壤侵蚀参数更为合理的因子。结果可为全国范围工程堆积体土壤侵蚀模型的建立提供科学依据。     

含砾石锥状工程堆积体坡面径流侵蚀特征

以关中地区的重质土壤为试验材料,利用自制的堆积平台模拟散乱锥状工程堆积体的堆积过程及形态建造实体模型,在人工模拟降雨的条件下,研究了4个降雨强度下(1.0,1.5,2.0,2.5mm/min)不同砾石质量分数(0,10%,20%,30%,40%)锥状工程堆积体坡面的径流产沙特征。结果表明:(1)径流率和流速随时间呈现出先快速增加后缓慢增长至稳定的变化趋势,雨强和砾石含量对径流率和流速均有显著性影响,其中雨强对两者的贡献率较大,起决定性作用;(2)平均径流率和平均流速随雨强的增大而增加,与雨强呈极显著的正相关关系,随砾石含量的增加而减小,与砾石含量呈极显著的负相关关系;(3)雨强为1.0mm/min时,侵蚀速率先快速增加后逐渐趋于稳定;雨强≥1.5mm/min时,侵蚀速率呈持续增长的变化趋势,雨强为2.0,2.5mm/min时,在降雨中后期侵蚀速率突变式增加;(4)侵蚀总量随雨强的增大呈指数型增加的趋势,随砾石含量的增加呈负对数型减小的趋势。     

不同砾石含量塿土堆积体坡面侵蚀特征研究

为明确砾石含量对关中塿土堆积体坡面径流和侵蚀特性的影响,采用室内模拟降雨试验方法,以土质坡面为对照,研究了10%、20%、30%三种砾石含量堆积体坡面的侵蚀特征。结果表明:(1)1.0mm·min–1雨强下,10%砾石含量时初始产流时间最大,雨强1.0 mm·min–1时,各坡面初始产流时间在10%砾石含量时最小;(2)各砾石含量坡面平均流速均随雨强增大而增大,1.0和2.5mm·min–1雨强条件下10%砾石含量坡面流速最大,而1.5和2.0mm·min–1雨强下,含砾石坡面流速较土质坡面分别减少15.3%～21.2%和13.6%～14.1%;(3)不同雨强条件下各含砾石坡面含沙量在产流前期(0～6 min)急剧下降;产流6 min后,含沙量在1.0、1.5 mm·min–1雨强下逐渐趋于稳定,在2.0、2.5 mm·min–1雨强下呈多峰多谷的变化,该时期砾石主导产沙过程;(4)次降雨侵蚀量随雨强增大呈显著的幂函数关系;而随雨强的增大各砾石坡面侵蚀量较土质坡面分别减少22.4%～42.6%、8.2%～66.3%、2.2%～56.5%和45.0%～68.3%。该研究可为关中地区堆积体坡面水蚀模型的建立提供理论依据。     

连续模拟降雨下岩溶区含砾石堆积体坡面径流产沙特征

为明确砾石含量对岩溶区石灰土质堆积体坡面径流产沙特征的影响,以土质坡面为对照,采用室内模拟降雨试验方法,研究了递增型降雨(0.5,1.0,2.0,2.5,3.0 mm/min)条件下偏土质(砾石含量30%)和偏石质(砾石含量70%)石灰土坡面的径流特性及侵蚀特征。结果表明:(1)随雨强增大,各坡面径流率呈稳定增长—波动的变化趋势,且土质坡面径流率整体小于2种含砾石坡面;偏土质、偏石质坡面累计产流量较土质坡面增加了0.49,0.37倍;(2)1.0~3.0 mm/min雨强下,土质坡面侵蚀速率在0.16~5.4 g/(m^2·s)范围内波动,整体呈稳定—波动增加的变化趋势;偏土质和偏石质坡面分别为0.16~5.4,0.06~0.74 g/(m^2·s),前者侵蚀速率变化范围大且波动剧烈,后者变化范围小且稳定;随砾石含量的增加,各坡面累计侵蚀量呈先增后减的变化趋势,偏土质坡面侵蚀量较土质坡面增加2.5倍,偏石质坡面较其减少了0.9倍;(3)土质、偏土质和偏石质坡面的侵蚀速率与径流率分别呈极显著正相关幂函数、线性函数和线性函数关系。研究结果可为桂西北岩溶区弃渣场水土流失治理提供一定的科学依据。     

连续降雨下岩溶区含砾石石灰土坡面径流产沙特征

为明确砾石含量对岩溶区石灰土工程堆积体坡面径流产沙特征的影响，以土质坡面为对照，采用室内模拟降雨试验方法，研究了递增型降雨（0.5—1.0—2.0—2.5—3.0 mm/min）条件下偏土质（砾石含量30%）和偏石质（砾石含量70%）石灰土坡面的径流特性及侵蚀特征。结果表明：（1）0.5 mm/min雨强下，土质、偏土质和偏石质坡面均未产流；随雨强增大，各坡面径流率呈稳定增长—波动的变化趋势，且土质坡面径流率整体小于两种含砾石坡面；偏土质和偏石质坡面产流量较土质坡面增加了0.49倍和0.37倍；（2）1.0～3.0 mm/min雨强下，土质坡面侵蚀速率变化范围为0.16～5.4 g/(m2?s)，整体呈稳定—波动增加的变化趋势；偏土质和偏石质坡面分别为0.16～5.4 g/(m2?s)和0.06～0.74 g/(m2?s)，前者侵蚀速率变化范围大且波动剧烈，后者变化范围小且稳定；随砾石含量的增加，各坡面侵蚀量呈先增后减的变化趋势，偏土质坡面侵蚀量较土质坡面增加了2.5倍，而偏石质坡面则较其减少了0.9倍；（3）各砾石含量坡面侵蚀速率与径流率均呈极显著正相关（P＜0.01，n=76），土质坡面相关性最好，径流率对侵蚀速率具有显著影响；土质、偏土质和偏石质坡面的侵蚀速率与径流率分别呈极显著幂函数、线性函数和线性函数关系；结果可为桂西北岩溶区弃渣场水土治理提供一定的科学依据。     

不同砾石类型对工程堆积体侵蚀规律的影响

以工程堆积体中坡顶平台有车碾压形态为基本下垫面,在模拟不同降雨强度条件下对含有2种不同粒径的砾石类型堆积体的侵蚀产沙规律进行研究。结果表明:砾石类型的不同对工程堆积体坡面产流产沙的机制影响不大,即不同砾石类型的工程堆积体的径流率、侵蚀速率以及径流含沙量随降雨时间的延续表现出极其相似的规律;但是从量上来说,大石块堆积体的平均径流率以及平均产沙率均要比小石块堆积体的大(当降雨强度为2.5mm/min时,大石块堆积体的平均径流率是小石块的1.14倍;当降雨强度为1.0mm/min时,大石块堆积体的平均侵蚀速率是小石块的1.21倍);同时对大小石块堆积体总产沙量和总径流量进行分析发现其差值均与降雨强度呈明显的线性关系。     

工程堆积体流速及产沙特征对坡长及砾石作用响应

随着经济社会的高速发展以及工程建设项目的快速递增,大量生产建设项目扰动地表并破坏原地貌植被,大范围且不平衡的挖填活动使得多余的土石混合堆积,尤其在山区工程建设形成的多余土石混合介质,堆积在沟道和河道上游及边坡,在强降雨条件下易发生严重水土流失,甚至造成滑坡、泥石流等灾害。以人为重塑工程堆积体为研究对象(坡度25°),通过模拟降雨试验,开展极端降雨条件下(降雨强度为2.5 mm/min)不同坡长(3,5,6.5,12 m)及砾石质量分数(0,10%,20%,30%)共同作用对堆积体流速空间分布特征及产沙特性影响的研究。结果表明：(1)坡长12 m时流速在降雨全过程始终处于波动状态,随砾石质量分数增大,波动幅度减小,而坡长3,5,6.5 m下的流速随产流历时呈先递增后趋于稳定的变化趋势。中下坡位平均流速是中上坡位的1.12～1.54倍,随着坡长增大,平均流速递增17.81%～335.94%,含砾石堆积体平均流速较纯土堆积体降低22.88%～54.67%,砾石质量分数比坡长对流速影响更显著。(2)纯土堆积体平均侵蚀速率随坡长显著增大,递增幅度达7.88%～87.67%,而含砾石堆积体随坡长增...     

含砾石锥状工程堆积体侵蚀水动力学特性和细沟形态特征

采用人工模拟降雨的方法,以陕西关中地区的重质土壤和工程中常见的破口石为试验材料,模拟散乱锥状工程堆积体的堆积过程和堆积形态,研究了不同砾石质量含量(0,10%,20%,30%,40%)散乱锥状工程堆积体在不同降雨强度下(1.0,1.5,2.0,2.5mm/min)的侵蚀水动力学特性和细沟形态特征。结果表明:(1)流速和径流强度随雨强的增加而增大,随砾石含量的增加而减小,雨强和砾石对两者均有显著影响,其中雨强的影响较大,起控制性作用;(2)坡面径流处于层流、缓流的状态,雷诺数和弗劳德数随雨强的增加而增大,随砾石含量的增加而减小;(3)剥蚀率随雨强的增加呈指数型增大,相同降雨强度下,随砾石含量的增加线性减小,径流剪切力、水流功率、单位水流功率、过水断面单位能与剥蚀率显著相关且呈幂函数的关系,其中水流功率相关性最好,拟合优度最高,是描述侵蚀动力机制的最优因子;(4)随着降雨强度的增加,细沟出现的时间提前,沟宽、沟深、沟长和细沟密度逐渐增加,雨强相同时,随着砾石含量的增加,细沟出现的时间推迟,且逐渐变窄、变浅,细沟下切侵蚀减弱。     

Comparing surface erosion processes in four soils from the Loess Plateau under extreme rainfall events

This research aims to improve erosion control practice in the Loess Plateau, by studying the surface erosion processes, including splash, sheet/interrill and rill erosion in four contrasting soils under high rainfall intensity (120 mm h⁻¹) with three-scale indoor artificial experiments. Four contrasting soils as sandy loam, sandy clay loam, clay loam and loamy clay were collected from different parts of the Loess Plateau. The results showed that sediment load was significantly impacted by soil properties in all three sub-processes. Splash rate (4.0–21.6 g m⁻²∙min⁻¹) was highest in sandy loam from the north part of the Loess Plateau and showed a negative power relation with the mean weight diameter of aggregates after 20 min of rainfall duration. The average sediment load by sheet/interrill erosion (6.94–42.86 g m⁻²∙min⁻¹) was highest in clay loam from middle part of the Loess Plateau, and the stable sediment load after 20 min showed a positive power relation with the silt content in soil. The average sediment load increased dramatically by rill and interrill erosion (21.03–432.16 g m⁻²∙min⁻¹), which was highest in loamy clay from south part of the Loess Plateau. The average sediment load after the occurrence of rill showed a positive power relation with clay content and a negative power relation with soil organic matter content. The impacts of slope gradient on the runoff rate and sediment load also changed with soil properties. The critical factors varied for different processes, which were the aggregate size for splash erosion, the content of silt particles and slope gradient for sheet/interrill erosion, and the content of clay particles, soil organic matter and slope gradient for rill erosion. Based on the results of the experiments, specific erosion control practices were proposed by targeting certain erosion processes in areas with different soil texture and different distribution of slope gradient. The findings from this study should support the improvement of erosion prediction and cropland management in different regions of the Loess Plateau.     

Effects of intra-storm variations in rainfall intensity on interrill runoff and erosion

Five simulated rainstorms, each with a different rainfall intensity pattern but all delivering the same total kinetic energy to the soil surface, were applied to three different soils in a laboratory flume. The storm patterns were: constant rainfall intensity, increasing intensity, decreasing intensity, increasing then decreasing intensity and decreasing then increasing intensity. The three soils were: a clay loam, a sandy loam and a sandy soil. No differences in total runoff were observed that were consistent across the three soil types. However, consistent differences were observed in the amount and size distribution of the eroded sediment. In particular, the constant-intensity storm yielded an average soil loss of 75% of the varying-intensity storms, and the eroded sediment from the constant-intensity storms had a lower clay content than that from the varying-intensity storms. In contrast to the differences in amount and size distribution of eroded sediment, splashed sediment exhibited much smaller differences. Interrill erosion rates are widely assumed to vary with rainfall intensity to the power 2, but this relationship has been obtained from experiments over a range of rainfall intensities, but in which rainfall intensity has been constant in each experiment. The experiments reported here, undertaken using variable rainfall intensity within each experiment, indicates an exponent of 2.55. The experiments demonstrate that the assumption that a given rainfall intensity falling on a given soil for a given amount of time will result in a given amount of runoff and erosion is unsound. They point to the need for a greater understanding of the processes of interrill sediment detachment and transport in order to model successfully erosion under temporally varying rainfall.     

2种扰动土壤工程堆积体坡面泥沙运移特征比对研究

为探究不同土壤类型对工程堆积体坡面侵蚀泥沙搬运的影响,选取构筑堆积体的2种扰动土壤,设定4个放水梯度(8,12,16,20 L/min)在32°条件下进行野外冲刷试验。结果表明:2种坡面产流产沙率均随冲刷延时呈"多峰多谷"变化;较扰动风沙土堆积体,扰动红壤堆积体产流产沙率均随流量增加上升速率较缓;流量20 L/min时,重力在扰动风沙土堆积体坡面侵蚀中发挥主导作用;各放水梯度下2种堆积体坡面累积产沙量与累积径流量均呈极显著线性关系(P0.01,R~20.99);随流量增大,搬运泥沙颗粒组成均接近原状土,扰动风沙土坡面径流搬运泥沙颗粒以砂粒为主( 60%),扰动红壤坡面径流搬运泥沙颗粒各组分比例相对均匀(各组分含量为24%～41%)。该研究结果可为不同土壤类型堆积体坡面水土流失防控措施科学配置提供理论依据。     

排土场平台-边坡系统沟蚀形态演变与产沙特征

排土场是露天采矿区主要泥沙来源的人造地貌之一,控制排土场土壤侵蚀对矿区高质量发展具有重要意义。该研究采用野外放水冲刷试验,研究排土场平台-边坡系统沟蚀演变及产沙特征。结果表明：1）沟蚀演变中的主导侵蚀方式存在阶段性转变,侵蚀沟形态发育特征也呈阶段性差异,平台侵蚀沟经过沟头形成阶段,溯源-拓宽阶段和稳定阶段等3个发育演变阶段;边坡侵蚀沟依次经历覆土层下切阶段,覆土层拓宽阶段,红土层下切阶段和沟蚀减缓阶段。2）边坡是平台-边坡系统主要沙源,其累积产沙量占平台-边坡系统的88.15%～90.16%;覆土层下切阶段和红土层下切阶段是边坡的主要产沙阶段,其累积产沙量分别占边坡的29.72%～53.36%和19.06%～48.88%。3）径流功率是平台和边坡侵蚀速率响应的较优参数,在平台沟蚀的溯源-拓宽阶段和稳定阶段为线性响应;在边坡沟蚀的覆土层下切阶段和红土层下切阶段为指数响应,在红土层拓宽阶段和沟蚀减缓阶段为线性响应。模型建立中需进一步考虑此种响应规律随沟蚀发育演变产生的变化,研究结果可为排土场水土保持措施布设和科学认识沟蚀过程与特征提供参考。     

模拟降雨条件下第四纪红黏土坡面侵蚀过程

通过室内模拟降雨试验,分析雨强和坡度对第四纪红黏土坡面侵蚀过程的影响,揭示南方红壤低山丘陵区第四纪红黏土坡面侵蚀机理。根据研究区地形和降雨特点,设计坡度10°,15°,20°,雨强1.0,1.5,2.0mm/min,研究两者对坡面侵蚀过程的影响。结果表明:(1)坡面初始产流时间随着坡度和雨强的增大而逐渐减小;同一雨强下,径流系数大小为20°15°10°。(2)不同试验处理条件下,坡度由10°增加到20°,坡面累积产沙量增加0.46~1.98倍;降雨强度由1.0mm/min增加到2.0mm/min,坡面累积产沙量增加1.37~3.85倍。(3)1.0,1.5mm/min雨强条件下,坡面侵蚀泥沙以0.25mm水稳性团聚体占优,2.0mm/min雨强条件下,坡面侵蚀泥沙0.25mm水稳性团聚体为主。(4)坡度与雨强对坡面径流系数、侵蚀率和累积产沙量影响极显著(P0.01),坡面累积径流量和累积产沙量构成幂函数模型。研究结果为揭示坡度与雨强对第四纪红黏土坡面侵蚀过程的作用机理提供参考。     

Effects of soil texture and gravel content on the infiltration and soil loss of spoil heaps under simulated rainfall

Purpose

Large spoil heaps formed during construction projects have caused serious soil erosion and threatened ecological security. The recent researches on soil erosion of spoil heaps are based on one or several soil types, which can only represent the soil texture category within the limited area, but cannot be used in other larger scale areas. Soil texture and gravel are the main factors affecting infiltration and erosion processes of spoil heaps.

Materials and methods

The runoff plot dimensions were 5.0 m?×?1.0 m?×?0.5 m (length × width × depth). A series of rainfall experiments with a constant rainfall intensity of 1.0 mm min^?1 and a slope gradient of 25° were conducted to investigate the effects of soil texture (sandy, loam, and clay) and gravel mass content (GC, 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%) on the infiltration and erosion processes. The gravels are divided into 3 classes according to particle size 2–14 mm (small), 14–25 mm (medium), 25–50 mm (large), and the mass ratios were 30%, 50%, and 20%. The duration of each rainfall event was 45 min after runoff out of the plot.

Results and discussion

Results showed that there was a critical GC (10%) improving or controlling infiltration and soil loss. Infiltration rate of sandy spoil heap (SSH) decreased within 45 min, but it decreased first and then stabilized for loam spoil heap (LSH) and clay spoil heap (CSH). Soil loss rate (SLR) of SSH stabilized first and then increased, while it decreased and then stabilized for LSH and CSH. SLR at early stage (0–18 min) was 0.08–0.23 times than it was at later stage (18–45 min) for SSH, but it was 2.06–5.06 times and 1.46–1.95 times for LSH and CSH, respectively. The soil texture had a more significant effect on SLR (P?< 0.05) than GC did. The effects of gravel on SLRs were dependent on soil texture.

Conclusions

The greater the GC was, the lower the SLR was for the spoil heaps. Special attention should be paid to the later stage during rainfall events for SSHs and the early stage for LSHs and CSHs when considering erosion protection measures.