生物炭对黄土区土壤水分入渗、蒸发及硝态氮淋溶的影响

为了揭示生物炭对黄土区不同质地土壤水分入渗、蒸发特性及硝态氮淋溶的影响规律及差异,该研究选取黄土区3种典型土壤(风沙土、黄绵土和黑垆土),设置质量分数0、0.5%、1%、2%、3%和5%共6个比例的生物炭梯度,进行室内土柱模拟试验。结果表明:湿润锋进程与累积入渗量受生物炭添加量及土壤质地的影响。随着生物炭添加量的增大,风沙土和黑垆土的水分入渗速度和累积入渗量逐渐降低(P0.05);黄绵土水分入渗和累积入渗量呈先增大后减缓的趋势(P0.05)。生物炭未显著影响试验条件下黄绵土和黑垆土的累积蒸发量(30 d),但显著改变了风沙土的蒸发特征,抑制前期蒸发。不同生物炭添加量下,3种土壤的湿润锋运移距离与运移时间均符合幂函数关系;Philip入渗模型可描述添加生物炭土壤水分入渗变化过程。生物炭可减少黄土区3种质地土壤的硝态氮淋溶量,表明适量生物炭添加能够增强土壤氮素固持能力,降低硝态氮淋失及环境风险。该研究结果表明,生物炭作为一种土壤改良剂能够提高土壤持水性和降低硝态氮淋失,有利于黄土高原旱地作物的生长;同时该研究可为农田选择合理生物炭施用量提供科学参考。     

不同秸秆生物炭对土壤水分入渗和蒸发的影响

探究不同秸秆生物炭对土壤入渗和蒸发的影响,对于秸秆废弃物的资源化利用和水土资源高效利用具有重要意义。选取3种秸秆(油菜、藜麦和马铃薯)为原料制备生物炭,采用室内土柱模拟方法,探究不同材料生物炭对土壤湿润过程、累积入渗量和蒸发过程的影响。结果表明:不同材料生物炭下的土壤入渗和蒸发过程存在显著差异。马铃薯杆炭显著促进了湿润锋的运移,而藜麦杆和油菜杆炭在中后期减缓了湿润锋的运移速度。添加生物炭处理均提高了土壤早期的入渗速率,降低了土壤后期的稳定入渗速率,其中马铃薯杆炭表现最好,促进了早期入渗,而且后期入渗降低少,在入渗55 min时,马铃薯杆炭累积入渗67.8 mm,比对照提高41.8%。在模拟施炭土壤的入渗过程方面,Kostiakov模型表现最优。施炭对于前期土壤蒸发无显著影响,但显著提高了后期的土壤蒸发量。蒸发30天后,马铃薯杆、油菜杆和藜麦杆炭累积蒸发量分别比CK高5.2%,9.2%和10.2%。马铃薯杆生物炭能显著提高土壤的入渗能力。研究结果为青海省东部农区选择合适的生物炭种类提供了科学依据。     

生物炭添加对宁夏中部旱区土壤水分入渗及持水性的影响

为探讨生物炭含量对宁夏中部旱区土壤水分入渗及持水性的影响,采用室内一维垂直入渗法与张力计法,对生物炭添加量为0%(CK)、1%(B1)、2%(B2)、3%(B3)和4%(B4)的土壤入渗速率、湿润锋、累积入渗量及持水性进行研究。结果表明,随着生物炭含量增加,初始入渗速率、稳定入渗速率和平均入渗速率逐渐减小;120 min时,与对照相比,B1、B2、B3和B4的湿润锋分别减少15%、21%、24%和26%,累积入渗量分别减少5.32%、10.95%、13.47%和19.11%,即生物炭含量增加湿润锋进程减缓和累积入渗量减小;利用Kostiakov、Philip、通用经验和Horton模型对土壤水分入渗过程进行模拟,发现Kostiakov模型最适合描述研究区不同含量生物炭的土壤水分入渗过程。van Genuchten模型较好的拟合了生物炭添加后土壤水分特征曲线,当土壤含水量为25%时,B1、B2、B3和B4的土壤水吸力比CK增加了42%、75%、100%和163%。研究表明生物炭添加可以明显提高旱区土壤持水和保水性能,对旱作农业的发展有积极作用。     

不同有机物料对黄土高原治沟造地土壤水分运移的影响

为了改善黄土高原治沟造地土壤结构较差的问题,采用一维定水头土柱模拟试验,探讨了不同有机物料(生物有机肥、粉碎秸秆、50%粉碎秸秆+50%生物有机肥、尿素、对照)对治沟造地土壤湿润锋推移、累积入渗量、入渗速率和土壤水分蒸发特征的影响,并采用Green-Ampt模型、Philip模型和Kostiakov模型拟合分析土壤水分入渗规律。结果表明:(1)粉碎秸秆与有机肥均降低了土壤水分移动速率,增强了土壤持水能力;粉碎秸秆同时降低了土壤稳定入渗速率,与对照相比减小了17.65%;(2)湿润锋推进深度与累积入渗量呈良好的线性关系;通过对3种入渗模型拟合发现,Philip模型和Kostiakov模型的拟合效果较好,符合黄土高原治沟造地土壤入渗率和时间的动态关系;(3)土壤水分蒸发过程中,添加粉碎秸秆具有阻截和蓄积土壤水分,提高土壤含水量的积极作用。     

残膜对土壤水分入渗和蒸发的影响及不确定性分析

为探究残膜对土壤水分入渗和蒸发过程的影响规律,通过室内土柱试验,设置6个残膜量水平(0、80、160、320、640和1 280 kg/hm2),研究了残膜对湿润锋运移、土壤水分分布、累积入渗量和累积蒸发量及其不确定性的影响。结果表明:随残膜量增加,湿润锋垂直运移速率和累积入渗量逐渐减小;残膜量80 kg/hm2时,湿润锋运移速率大幅下降;累积蒸发量随残膜量增加而递减而蒸发系数呈递增趋势,土壤保水能力减弱;随残膜量增加,0~10和20~45 cm含水率呈降低趋势,而土壤水分的变异系数呈增加趋势,残膜加剧了土壤水分垂直分布的变异性,残膜量320 kg/hm2的处理会出现表土层"板结"现象;基于Gibbs抽样算法分析表明,Kostiakov入渗模型和Rose蒸发模型各参数的95%后验置信区间上下限的差值和标准差均随残膜量增加而增大,累积入渗量和累积蒸发量的95%后验置信区间面积呈增大趋势,土壤累积入渗量和累积蒸发量的不确定性随残膜增多而增强。该研究可探明残膜污染区的土壤水分运动规律,并为提高Kostiakov模型、Rose模型的模拟效率和模拟精度提供参考。     

生物炭和PAM共施对黄绵土水分入渗和蒸发的影响

采用二因素三水平(生物炭用量分别为干土重的0,2%和4%,聚丙烯酰胺用量分别为干土重的0,0.02‰和0.04‰)完全试验方案设计,研究了两种土壤结构调理剂生物炭和聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)共施对黄绵土水分入渗和土壤蒸发的影响。结果表明:(1)生物炭施用后对Philip模型的稳渗率(A)和Horton模型的衰减指数(β)有显著影响,2%生物炭添加对A和β影响不大,但4%生物炭添加显著降低A,显著增加了β;施用PAM对Kostiakov模型的参数K,Philip模型的吸渗率(S)和Horton模型中的稳定入渗率(if)与初始入渗率(i0)有显著影响,0.02‰PAM添加对这些参数无显著影响,但0.04‰PAM添加显著降低K,S,if和i0。生物炭和PAM共施对3种入渗模型的大多数参数存在显著交互作用。所有处理中,以2%生物炭+0.02‰PAM增加入渗的效果为最好;(2)生物炭、PAM及二者交互作用对蒸发速率和累积蒸发量影响均不显著,表明生物炭和PAM单施或共施对黄绵土蒸发影响不大。     

生物炭添加对黄绵土水分补给和消退的影响

[目的]明确雨季生物炭添加对黄绵土储水、保水能力的影响,为科学利用生物炭改良黄土高原地区土壤以及确定合理的生物炭施用量提供基本理论支持。[方法]采用多层一体式土壤水分温度测量系统(JDTS-01)对黄土高原地区土壤水分进行野外定点观测,并使用烘干法对监测数据进行校正,研究黄绵土0—40 cm土层水分动态变化与补给、消退情况。基于双变量相关分析探讨了不同生物炭添加量下土壤水分补给和消退变化的影响因素及其相对重要性。[结果](1)整体上生物炭添加能在一定程度上增加土壤水分含量,低生物炭添加量增加了深层土壤水分,而高生物炭添加量增加了表层土壤水分,2.5%左右的生物炭添加量可能是影响土壤水分入渗和蒸发的拐点。(2)添加生物炭后,0—20 cm土层水分补给量增大,20—40 cm土层水分补给量减小。降雨带来的水分补给能够很大程度上滞留在土壤耕层,添加生物炭量较大时土壤水分补给效果更好;0—20 cm土层中添加生物炭处理的水分消退更快,而不添加生物炭的土壤水分入渗土层更深。(3)生物炭添加可以促进黄绵土土壤水分补给,减弱土壤水分消退,有利于降雨后土壤储水。[结论]生物炭添加能够改善黄土高原地区土...     

保水剂对土壤水分垂直入渗特征的影响

为了探明保水剂对土壤水分入渗性能及变化过程的影响,该文通过室内积水入渗试验,比较分析了保水剂作用下土壤水分的入渗率、累积入渗量及湿润锋等的动态变化。结果表明：保水剂对入渗率的影响具有稳定性和一致性。上层混施（0～10 cm）和层施（5 cm）保水剂会限制土壤水分向下运移,30 min后累积入渗量分别比对照显著减少了17.3%～36.6%和5.5%～46.6%;而且随着保水剂用量增加,抑制效应增大。相比较而言,这种减缓入渗的程度在保水剂层施,且用量为0.1%时更为明显。下层（10～20 cm）混施和层施（10 cm和15 cm）保水剂对土壤水分入渗的抑制是有限的,约比对照降低了4.9%～11.9%;但当保水剂层施量为0.1%时,土壤水分入渗反而会随着入渗进程而增加,累积入渗量可达到对照的1.1倍。层施保水剂后,保水剂层及保水剂下层土壤含水率会普遍增加1.1～1.9倍。     

不同生物炭施加量的土壤水分入渗及其分布特性

为了揭示生物炭施加到黑土区土壤后形成的特殊双层土壤结构对土壤水分入渗及其分布的影响,该研究采取室内与田间试验相结合的方法,探讨了积水入渗条件下不同生物炭施加量(0、10、20、40和80 t/hm~2)的土壤水分入渗特性,并建立了生物炭-土壤双层土壤结构水分分布模型,对不同生物炭施加量的农田土壤水分分布进行了模拟。结果显示,生物炭-土壤双层结构土壤水分入渗过程表现为斜率由大变小的两段非线性曲线,转折点为入渗锋面到达生物炭-土壤交界面后暂停继续下渗,上层土壤质量含水率累积到界面含水率超过临界含水率42.5%的时间;生物炭的施加使土壤入渗率、饱和导水率和临界吸力与对照相比提高的比例范围分别为21.95%~112.20%、14.29%~52.38%和13.75~78.69%,同时也可显著增强上、下层土壤的持水性能。在上层土壤厚度为20 cm时,影响临界吸力的因素只有生物炭的施加量,且其与施炭量的相关性大于土壤入渗率和饱和导水率;施用生物炭条件下的土壤水分分布规律可以用本研究所建立的生物炭-土壤双层土壤结构水分分布模型来表达。研究表明,生物炭添加能够改善黑土区土壤持水能力和水分入渗特性,有利于作物生长,减少地表径流和水土流失;同时也为生物炭在黑土区农业生产上的应用选择合理施加量提供科学参考。     

不同改良剂对河套灌区盐碱土入渗特性及水盐分布的影响

为对比研究改良剂对河套灌区盐碱土入渗特性及水盐分布的影响,设置对照组及2种施用水平(1%和2%)下的2种改良剂(生物炭和脱硫石膏)共5组处理,进行室内土柱试验。结果表明：(1)相比于对照组,1%施用量的生物炭能使入渗时间延缓8.9%,抑制水分入渗,降低相同时间内的土壤累积入渗量,2%施用量的生物炭对水分入渗过程起到先抑制后促进的作用,能使入渗时间缩短35.6%,2种施用量的脱硫石膏都能使入渗时间缩短91.1%,促进水分入渗,提高相同时间内的累积入渗量;只有2%施用量的生物炭使最终的累积入渗量大幅增加62.8%。(2)湿润锋运移距离与时间呈幂函数关系,用Kostiakov模型对累积入渗量和时间的关系拟合相对于Philip模型效果更好。(3)相比于对照组,只有1%施用量的生物炭使入渗后的土壤含水率降低2.7%,其余各处理均出现不同程度的增加;2种施用量的生物炭分别使入渗后的土壤含盐量显著降低28.5%和52.0%,但2种施用量的脱硫石膏分别使土壤表层含盐量显著提高184.3%和403.7%,其中2%施用量处理使土壤整体平均含盐量显著提高73.0%。综合考虑各处理改良后的入渗特性、土壤含水率...     

Effects of biochar application on phreatic water evaporation and water-salt distribution in coastal saline soil

A 35-day simulated evaporation experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of biochar application on phreatic water evaporation and water-salt distribution in coastal saline soil. Three biochar rates (0, 1%, and 5%; w/w) were applied to 65-cm-long soil columns. Results showed that applying the low biochar application rate effectively inhibited soil water evaporation. The 1% biochar treatment resulted in 4.4% lower cumulative soil water evaporation compared with the control, while it caused salt accumulation in the surface soil. By contrast, the high biochar application rate had little effect on cumulative soil water evaporation. Nonetheless, the 5% biochar treatment significantly increased the soil water-holding capacity while decreasing sodium adsorption ratio and salinity in the surface soil. In conclusion, applying a higher biochar rate (e.g., 5%) could improve salt water-distribution in the coastal saline soil under the experimental conditions.     

Evaluating the Impact of Combined Application of Biochar and Compost on Hydro-physical Properties of Loamy Sand Soil

ABSTRACT

Biochar, compost and their combination are important organic amendment materials for improving the hydro-physical properties of sandy soils. Series of soil columns experiments were conducted for investigating the application effects of date palm biochar and compost on evaporation, moisture distribution, infiltration, sorptivity (Sp), saturated hydraulic conductivity (K_sat) and water holding capacity (WHC) at application rates of 1%, 2%, 3% and 4% (10, 20, 30 and 40 g kg^?1). The columns were filled manually with air-dried soil with 35 cm depth and the thickness of surface amended layer was 10 cm (T10) and 20 cm (T20) from soil surface at bulk density of 1400 kg m^?3. The results showed that the behavior of soil moisture distribution was influenced by application of biochar, compost and biochar-compost mixture. Moreover, in the amended layer T10, applying biochar at rate of 1%, 2%, 3% and 4% reduced significantly cumulative evaporation by 5.8%, 10.8%, 12.8% and 16.1%, respectively. Meanwhile, the reduction for the biochar-compost mixture at application rates of 1%, 2%, 3% and 4% was 10%, 12.2%, 14.5% and 20%, respectively. In layer T20, applying biochar at rate of 1%, 2%, 3% and 4% reduced cumulative evaporation by 10.24%, 13.0%, 18.3% and 21.5% but this reduction amounted to 18.2%, 21%, 23% and 24% for the biochar-compost mixture, respectively. It was generally observed that the highest application rate (4%) for applied amendments was the most effective impact on Sp, K_sat and WHC compared with other rates.     

Effects of conocarpus biochar on hydraulic properties of calcareous sandy soil: influence of particle size and application depth

A laboratory column experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of 400°C biochar at application rate of 15 g kg^?1 (21.9 t ha^?1) with different particle sizes (<0.5 mm (S₁), 0.5–1 mm (S₂) and 1–2 mm (S₃)) and application depths (0–2 cm depth (D₀), 4–6 cm depth (D₅) and 8–10 cm depth (D₁₀)) on hydro-physical properties of sandy loam soil. The results indicated that applying biochar decreased the waterfront and saturated hydraulic conductivity of sandy loam soil. The cumulative evaporation was the highest and amounted to 40.9 mm in the non-treated soil, but it recorded the lowest amount of 32.2–35.5 mm in the biochar-treated soil. Applying biochar caused significant increases in the amount of conserved and retained water with the highest amount of water conserved in soil treated with S₂ biochar at D₅. Moreover, the cumulative water infiltration through the soil was significantly reduced by S₁ and S₂ biochars at D₀. The values of saturated hydraulic conductivity for biochar treatments were significantly lower than those for the control, with the lowest values for S₁ at D₀ and D₅. These results suggest positive improvement for the hydro-properties of coarse-textured soils following biochar addition, especially with finer particles of biochar.     

Effect of biochar amendment on water infiltration in a coastal saline soil

Purpose

Increasing data have shown that biochar amendment can improve soil fertility and crop production, but there is little knowledge about whether biochar amendment can improve water infiltration in saline soils. We hypothesized that biochar amendment could promote water infiltration in saline soil. The aims of this study were to evaluate the effects of biochar amendment on water infiltration and find the suitable amendment rate and particle size of biochar as a saline soil conditioner.

Materials and methods

We measured water infiltration parameters in a coastal saline soil (silty loam) amended with non-sieved biochar at different rates (0.5, 1, 2, 5, and 10%, w/w) or sieved biochar of different particle sizes (≤?0.25 mm, 0.25–1 mm, and 1–2 mm) at 1 and 10% (w/w).

Results and discussion

Compared with the control, amending non-sieved biochar at 10% significantly decreased water infiltration into the saline soil (P?<?0.05). In contrast, sieved biochar of ≤?0.25 mm significantly improved water infiltration capacity, irrespective of the amendment rate. Sieved biochar of 1–2 mm was less effective to improve soil porosity and when amended at 10%, it even reduced the water infiltration capacity. The Philip model (R²?=?0.983–0.999) had a better goodness-of-fit than the Green-Ampt model (R²?=?0.506–0.923) for simulation of cumulative infiltration.

Conclusions

Amending biochar sieved to a small particle size improved water infiltration capacity of the coastal saline soil compared with non-sieved biochar irrespective of the amendment rate. This study contributes toward improving the hydrological property of coastal saline soil and rationally applying biochar in the field.

     

几种保水材料对砂质潮土水分参数的影响

针对砂质潮土水分容量低、持水性差、渗透性强的问题,通过土柱试验比较几种保水材料与沙土培养前后对水分运动参数的改善效果。试验保水材料为:2%生物炭、2%秸秆和0.1%保水剂,施入方式包括2种:与沙土混匀和25 cm处铺层。结果表明:2%生物炭和2%秸秆与沙土混匀总入渗时间分别为各自铺层处理的1.88倍和1.66倍,入渗完成时入渗率降低;而0.1%保水剂在土柱中铺层比混匀延长1.82倍。不同土柱总入渗时间依次为保水剂铺层 > 保水剂混匀 > 秸秆混匀 > 生物炭混匀 > 不添加保水材料的对照（CK）＝秸秆铺层 > 生物炭铺层。混匀处理土柱培养30 d后,各土柱总入渗完成时间均大于培养前,其中生物炭与秸秆总入渗时间分别提高了2.88倍与1.50倍,极大改善沙土漏水。与CK相比,生物炭、秸秆和保水剂的饱和导水率分别降低了6.1%,22.3%,82.4%;培养30 d后分别降低了77.2%,10.5%,79.1%。综上,保水剂铺层施用效果好于混匀,而其余材料与沙土混匀效果较好;随施用时间延长,生物炭和秸秆对沙土水分参数的改善效果较为明显,本结果可以为砂质潮土渗透、持水能力的改良提供方法及数据参考。     

Nutrient cycling and greenhouse gas emissions from soil amended with biochar-manure mixtures

Integrating biochar into cattle diets has recently emerged as a potential management practice for improving on-farm productivity.Yet,information concerning the cycling of biochar-manure mixtures is scarce.A 70-d incubation experiment was conducted within two surface(0–15 cm)Mollisols with contrasting textures,i.e.,sandy clay loam(Raymond)and clayey(Lethbridge),to evaluate the effects of biochar(3 Mg ha^-1)on cumulative greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions and related fertility attributes in the presence or absence of cattle manure(120 Mg ha^-1).Five treatments were included:i)non-amended soil(control,CK),ii)soil amended with pinewood biochar(B),iii)soil amended with beef cattle manure(M)(manure from cattle on a control diet),iv)soil amended with biochar-manure(BM)(manure from cattle on a control diet,with pinewood biochar added at 20 g kg^-1of diet dry matter),and v)soil amended with B and M at the aforementioned rates(B+M).A total of 40 soil columns were prepared and incubated at 21℃and 60%–80%water-holding capacity.On average,total CO₂fluxes increased by 2.2-and 3.8-fold under manure treatments(i.e.,M,BM,and B+M),within Raymond and Lethbridge soils,respectively,relative to CK and B.Similarly,total CH4 fluxes were the highest(P<0.05)in Raymond soil under B+M and BM relative to CK and B,and in Lethbridge soil under M and BM relative to CK and B.In Lethbridge soil,application of BM increased cumulative N₂O emissions by 1.8-fold relative to CK.After 70-d incubation,amendment with BM increased(P<0.05)PO_4-P and NO_3-N+NH_4-N availability in Raymond and Lethbridge soils compared with B.A similar pattern was observed for water-extractable organic carbon in both soils,with BM augmenting(P<0.05)the occurrence of labile carbon over CK and B.It can be concluded that biochar,manure,and/or biochar-manure have contrasting short-term effects on the biogeochemistry of Mollisols.At relatively low application rates,biochar does not necessarily counterbalance manure-derived inputs.Although BM did not mitigate the flux of GHGs over M,biochar-manure has the potential to recycle soil nutrients in semiarid drylands.     

生物质炭输入减少稻田痕量温室气体排放

为揭示不同水平生物质炭输入对稻田土壤理化性质、水稻产量及温室气体排放的影响,采用自制竹炭在4种不同施用水平下(0、10、20、40 t/hm2)输入稻田土壤,开展了水稻一个生长周期的田间试验。结果表明,生物质炭输入可显著提高土壤p H值和有机碳含量(P0.05),且有机碳含量增幅与生物质炭施用水平呈正比(相关系数为0.78,P0.01)。生物质炭施用可显著降低土壤容重(P0.05),最大降幅为0.25 g/cm3,土壤容重随着生物质炭施用量的增加而降低。不同处理水稻产量无显著性差异(P0.05)。CH4累积排放量与生物质炭施用量呈负相关性(相关系数为-0.24,P0.01),投加生物质炭可显著降低稻田CH4排放通量和累积排放量(P0.05),但过量施用生物质炭(超过20 t/hm2)并不能显著降低CH4累积排放量(P0.05)。相比对照处理(不输入生物质炭),生物质炭输入后一周内可显著性降低N2O排放通量(P0.05),并在排水烤田时升高,最终稳定于9.80 mg/(m2·h)。生物质炭输入可显著性降低N2O累积排放量(P0.05),但不同水平生物质炭输入处理之间差异不显著(P0.05)。该试验条件下,生物质炭施用量为20 t/hm2时可实现稻田稳产和固碳减排目标,该研究可为太湖地区苕溪流域稻田增汇和温室气体减排提供参考。