运用红边参数估算叶片叶绿素含量

Soil samples collected from several sites along an altitudinal transect on the eastern slope of the Tibetan Plateau were analyzed for hexachlorobenzenes(HCHs) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes(DDTs).The results showed that HCHs and DDTs were found in the soil samples from the remote high altitude areas away from source regions,which confirmed the long-range atmospheric transport phenomenon of these organochlorine pesticides(OCPs) insecticides.The OCP concentrations in the soils had a significant negative correlation with altitude;they showed a trend to increase with decreasing altitude,but the increase was not continuous,being interrupted at some moderate-altitude sites on the transect.The distances from the source region,landforms,soil properties,and physical-chemical properties of OCPs were more important than total organic carbon content to the distribution of OCPs in soils disturbed by human activities.An analysis of the compositions of HCH isomers and DDTs revealed predominantly low ratios of α-HCH to γ-HCH,ranging from 0.06 to 4.79,which suggested current lindane inputs.On the other hand,low p,p-DDT/p,p-DDE and o,p-DDT/p,p-DDT ratios were observed,indicating mainly aged historical DDT residues in the study area.     

Assessment,Composition and Possible Source of Organochlorine Pesticides in Surface Soils from rmqi,China

Twenty-eight surface soil samples from 5 functional zones(park, traffic roadside, business/residential area, rural area, and industrial area) of¨Ur¨umqi, China were collected and analyzed for the concentrations of 14 organochlorine pesticides(OCPs), such as 3 isomers of hexachlorocyclohexane(HCHs)(α-HCH, β-HCH, and γ-HCH), 4 dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes(DDTs)(p, p′-DDT and its metabolites p, p′-DDD(1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane) and p, p′-DDE(1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chorophenyl)ethylene), and o, p′-DDT), and methoxychlor, aiming to survey the residue levels and compositions of these 14 OCPs, to identify possible sources of the OCPs, and to assess their potential risks to human health and the environment in surface soils of¨Ur¨umqi. The concentrations ranged from non-detected to 30.86 μg kg-1for HCHs(sum of α-, β-, and γ-HCH), from non-detected to 40.03 μg kg-1for DDTs(sum of p, p′-DDT, p, p′-DDD, p, p′-DDE, and o, p′-DDT), and from non-detected to 11.95 μg kg-1for methoxychlor. The total concentrations of the OCPs ranged from 16.40 to 84.86 μg kg-1, with a mean of 41.89 ± 16.25 μg kg-1. According to the measured concentrations and occurrence rates of the 14 OCPs, DDTs, HCHs, and methoxychlor were the most dominant compounds. Among the 5 functional zones, the total concentration of OCPs was in the order of rural area traffic roadside park business/residential area industrial area. The different compositions of DDTs and HCHs indicated that the residues of these compounds in most soil samples originated from historical application, besides slight recent introduction at some sampling sites. The results of Pearson correlation analysis showed that soil total organic carbon played an important role in the residue levels of HCHs, but such relationships were not found with DDTs or other OCPs. The soil quality of¨Ur¨umqi was classified as Class I based on the guidelines of the Chinese Environmental Quality Standard for Soil(GB15618-1995), indicating that the residue levels of OCPs have little risks to the environment and human health in the study area.     

太湖地区农田土壤中氯代持久性有机污染物的残留和输入

Selected persistent organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), including 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT)and its principal metabolites 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene (DDE) and 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDD), hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and its isomers (α-, β, γ-, and δ-HCH), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), endosulfan, dieldrin, and endrin were quantified to determine current levels of organochlorine pesticides, to assess the ecotoxicological potential, and to distinguish previous and current inputs in agricultural soils from the Taihu Lake region.Gas chromatography equipped with a 63Ni electron-capture detector (GC-ECD) system was employed. Thirteen OCPs were detectable in all soil samples, with DDTs being the main residues, and HCHs had the second highest level of OCP residues. Although OCP residual levels were lower than those in 1990s, the residual levels for most of the DDTs and some of HCHs were still higher than the national environmental standards for agricultural soils. The ratios of DDT/DDE and γ-/α-HCH in twelve soils indicated that new inputs could be present in the soils. Thus, efforts should be made to completely ban the production of OCPs and their use in agriculture so as to reduce the threat of OCPs to food quality and human health.     

华中南部某些土壤针铁矿的形态

The morphologies of goethites in latosol, red soils, yellow-brown soil and the paddy soils developed from red soils were studied in comparison with the morphology of synthetic goethite by means of the X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis. The synthetic goethite displayed acicular particles elongated in the c-direction. The goethites in the latosol, red soils and yellow-brown soil were platy particles stretched in two directions or isodimensional particles, and those in the paddy soils from red soils were acicular, short columnar, platy or isodimensional particles. Various morphologies of the goethites probably suggested their different dominant crystal faces, surface charge distribution and surface adsorption characteristics.     

蒸腾潜能的模型研究及估算中国土壤湿度状况

The morphologies of goethites in latosol,red soils,yellow-brown soil and the paddy soils developed from red soils were studied in comparison with the morphology of synthetic goethite by means of the X-ray diffration,transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis.The synthetic goethite displayed acicular particles elongated in the c-direction.The goethites in the latosol,red soils and yellowbrown soil were platy particles stretched in two directions or isodimensional particles,and those in the paddy soils from red soils were acicular,short columnar,palty or isodimensional particles,Various morphologies of the goethites probably suggested their different dominant crystal faces,surface charge distribution and surface adsorption characteristics.     

茶树土壤的某些生物地球化学特性

Characteristics of the element abundance, material cycling, element budget in tea soils were discussed based on investigations of six tea plantations and the adjacent waste lands in the Three Gorges region. The plantations have different soil-forming parent materials, but similar landforms, and the same tea variety and close ages. The results showed that tea growing could increased the contents of organic matter, total and available N, P, Al and Mn; the elements enriched by tea trees were in the following descending sequence: P>Ca>K>Mn>Mg>Zn>Al>Fe; elements returned through litter of tea were in the sequence of Ca>Mn>P>Zn>Mg>K>Al>Fe; in the nutrient budget of the soil-tea system, P and K were in deficit, whereas Al, Ca, Fe and Mn in surplus.     

中国云南省滇池盆地东南区由于土地利用方式的变化（从水田变为旱地或温室土壤）导致土壤理化性质的变化研究

Paddy fields in the southeastern basin of Dianchi Lake have rapidly changed to greenhouses since 1999. A total of 61 surface soil samples, including 43 greenhouse soils, 12 upland soils, and 6 paddy soils, were collected from a flat lowland area mainly used for agricultural production fields in the southeastern basin of Dianchi Lake. Analyses of the soil samples indicated that the greenhouse soils were characterized by a lower organic matter content, lower pH, and higher soluble nutrients than the paddy soils in the area. The lower organic matter content of the greenhouse soils was ascribed to environmental or management factors rather than the clay content of the soil. Accumulation of soluble nutrients, especially inorganic N, was due to over-application of fertilizers, which also caused soil acidification. The average amount of readily available N, P, and K accumulated in the greenhouse soils was estimated to be equal to or higher than the annual input of these nutrients as a fertilizer, indicating that a reduction in fertilizer application was possible and recommended. In contrast, a very low available Si content was observed in the paddy soils, suggesting the need for Si application for rice production.     

1950--2010年间中国茶园碳储量的演变特征

Tea(Camellia sinensis),an economically important crop grown in mountain regions,has been planted for thousands of years in South China.Tea plantations can potentially act as carbon(C) sink in local agrosystems due to their high plant biomass and provide soil conservation service.To assess the contribution of tea plantations to C sequestration,the chronosequence variations of C storage were assessed in the plants and soils(0-20 cm) of tea plantations in China from 1950 to 2010,and then the inter-annual and decadal variabilities of total C storage were estimated.Total C stocks in tea plants and soils in 2010 were 34.4 and 93.45 Tg,respectively.Carbon sequestration from 1950 to 2010 was 30.6 and 39.0 Tg in the plants and soils,respectively.The highest C sequestration happened during the 1980 s and the lowest during the 1950 s.The decadal average C sequestration rate ranged from 20.4 to 113.9 g m~(-2) year~(-1) in the standing tea plants,and from 54.6 to 98.8 g m~(-2) year~(-1) in soils during the period of 1950 to 2010.The average ratio of C storage in soils to that in plants was 3.00 ± 0.35 before 1970 and 2.44 ± 0.18 after 1970.The results suggested that tea plantation ecosystems made an important contribution to the C sinks in Chinese tea-producing regions.     

北京地区菜园土壤磷素积累的剖面特征及对环境的潜在影响

Profile characteristics of accumulated P in 10 representative soils of vegetable fields in suburban districts of Beijing were investigated. Bioavailability of the accumuIated P and its potential effect on the environment were studied in a greenhouse pot experiment and a soil column experiment. The results showed that theconcentration of Olsen-P in the 0-20 cm soil samples of the vegetable fields ranged from 22.1 to 358.0 mg kg^-1, which was 2 to 10 times higher than that of the crop fields in the suburbs of Beijing. Most of theexcessive phosphorus was accumulated in the topsoils. The longer the soils cultivated with vegetables, thehigher the soil total P, Olsen-P and organic matter concentration. Accumulated P in the soils from vegetablefields had higher bioavailability. Application of phosphorus fertilizer could not increase the dry weights ofcucumbers, Chinese cabbage, and rape seedlings continuously planted. The soil column study showed high P concentration (> 0.6 mg L^-1) in the leachates from the columns of the vegetable field soils with high accumulated P, which has a potential effect on the groundwater and natural water quality.     

土壤微食物网对旱改水不同稻作年限土地利用变化的响应

Land use changes affect belowground ecosystems.During the past few decades,land use in Northeast China has changed considerably,and the area of paddy fields has increased rapidly from upland.In this study,soil characteristics and soil biotic community in paddy fields with different years of rice cultivation were measured to examine the effects of land use change from upland to paddy fields on soil micro-food web.The upland maize fields were selected as control and the microbial community composition was characterized using phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) analysis.The microbial biomass (total PLFA),bacteria biomass,and fungi biomass were higher in the 20-40-year (late-stage) than 1-10-year (early-stage) paddy fields.The abundances of total nematodes and bacterivores were lower in the early-stage than late-stage paddy fields.The abundance of herbivores was the highest in the early-stage paddy fields but that of omnivore-predators was the highest in the late-stage paddy fields.Structural equation model indicated that soil food web was developed and structured after 20 years of paddy cultivation.Our results suggested that soil micro-food web may be a good indicator for soil development and stabilization of paddy fields following land use change.     

福州地区不同土地利用类型土壤中六六六和滴滴涕的残留特征

采集福州地区106个表层土壤样品,运用气相色谱-电子捕获检测器（GC-μECD）,分析了不同土地类型土壤中六六六（HCHs）和滴滴涕（DDTs）残留水平、组成特征及来源。结果表明,福州土壤HCHs总浓度为0.581～66.9μg·kg-1,DDTs总浓度为0.782～110μg·kg-1。不同土地利用类型土壤中HCHs残留量为未利用地〉水田〉旱田〉草地〉林地。4种HCHs异构体中,草地、旱田和林地土壤中分别以α-HCH、β-HCH和γ-HCH相对含量最高,水田和未利用地土壤中δ-HCH含量最高。不同土地利用类型土壤中DDTs残留量为未利用地〉旱田〉水田〉林地〉草地,除未利用地土壤中相对含量最高的同系物是p,p′-DDD外,其余4种类型土壤中均是p,p′-DDE相对含量最高。来源分析表明,福州可能有林丹（主要成分为γ-HCH）输入,草地可能还有工业HCHs的输入;未利用地、旱田、林地土壤还存在新的DDTs输入,水田和草地土壤近期无工业DDTs输入;旱田、水田、未利用地可能还有少量三氯杀螨醇的使用或输入。     

海南省瓜菜田土壤中有机氯农药残留及生态风险分析

采用气相色谱法检测了海南瓜菜田的33个表层土壤样品中18种有机氯(OCPs)农药残留,并对其进行污染来源分析和初步生态风险评价。结果表明:(1)土壤中的OCPs检出率为90.9%,最高残留量为17.37 ng·g-1,平均值为2.30 ng·g-1;(2)18种OCPs均有检出,六六六(HCHs)、滴滴涕(DDTs)、硫丹类农药的检出率较高,分别为63.6%、57.6%、54.5%;(3)DDTs是主要残留物质,占总OCPs残留量的54.6%,18.2%的土样可能有DDTs新的输入,土壤中HCHs主要来源于过去使用的林丹;(4)与国内其他地区土壤和国家《土壤环境质量标准》(GB 15618—1995)一级标准相比,海南省瓜菜田土壤DDTs和HCHs残留量处于较低水平,生态风险也较低。     

福建茶园土壤六六六和滴滴涕残留水平及来源分析

采用现场采样及室内测试方法,分析了福建茶园土壤中六六六（HCHs）和滴滴涕（DDTs）类有机氯农药（OCPs）的分布、组成和来源。结果表明,∑HCHs和∑DDTs浓度分别为0.251-1.120 ng.g^-1和0.210-2.406 ng.g^-1,属于清洁背景范围;漳浦、福鼎和福州茶园土壤∑OCPs浓度显著高于其他样点。除福州外,其他样点HCH同系物中γ-HCH相对含量最高,占HCHs总量的26.3%-76.3%。DDTs中以o,p′-DDT相对含量最高,为34.7%-60.8%。0-15 cm土壤HCHs和DDTs浓度（分别为0.593 ng.g^-1和1.340 ng.g^-1）均高于15-30 cm（0.451 ng.g^-1和0.862 ng.g^-1）。除福州β-（/α＋γ）-HCH和α-/γ-HCH值较高外,其他样点均较低,表明福州HCHs为历史污染,其他样点均存在HCHs新输入,并可能存在林丹的使用或输入;除福鼎p,p′-DDE/p,p′-DDT值较高外,其他样点均较低,表明除福鼎外其他样点均有DDTs的新输入;o,p′-DDT/p,p′-DDT值均较高,表明可能有大量三氯杀螨醇的使用或输入。     

福建茶园茶叶中六六六和滴滴涕残留水平及来源分析

运用气相色谱-电子捕获检测器（GC-μECD）分析了福建茶园茶叶中六六六（HCHs）和滴滴涕（DDTs）等有机氯农药（OCPs）的分布、组成和来源。结果表明,∑OCPs浓度为0.764～10.561ng.g-1,永泰最高,福鼎最低,一般而言,老叶中∑OCPs浓度高于嫩叶;∑HCHs浓度为0.373～7.427ng.g-1,永泰最高,政和最低,老叶中HCHs浓度显著高于嫩叶;茶叶中HCHs同系物以γ-HCH为主,占总量的51.3%～94.1%;α-/γ-HCH表明所有茶园均存在林丹的使用或输入,β-（/α＋γ）-HCH表明所有茶园均非HCHs历史污染,可能存在HCHs其他新的来源。∑DDTs浓度为0.123～5.168ng.g-1,政和最高,福鼎最低,老叶和嫩叶中无显著差异;与土壤类似,茶叶中DDTs同系物以p,p′-DDT和o,p′-DDT为主,两者之和占总量的67.3%～96.0%;p,p′-DDE/p,p′-DDT表明,除福鼎、永泰和安溪外,其他茶园均存在工业DDTs的使用或输入;o,p′-DDT/p,p′-DDT表明,除政和外,其他茶园均存在大量的三氯杀螨醇的使用或输入,以安溪较为严重。     

环鄱阳湖区蔬菜地土壤中有机氯农药分布特征及生态风险评价

利用GC-ECD对环鄱阳湖区11个县市蔬菜地土壤中有机氯农药测定的数据,研究蔬菜地土壤中有机氯农药残留状况,并进行生态风险评价。结果显示,蔬菜地土壤中HCHs、DDTs、氯丹和六氯苯均有检出,且DDTs、HCHs的残留量较高,总有机氯农药含量范围为2.39～47.28μg·kg-1。从整体上分析,处于工业分布区域的土壤中有机氯农药含量高于其他区域。有机氯农药组成特征研究表明,该地区土壤中除个别采样点有机氯农药主要来自于早期残留外,大部分地区有新的污染源输入。与国内其他地区蔬菜地土壤相比,环鄱阳湖区蔬菜地土壤中有机氯农药含量较低。生态风险分析显示,环鄱阳湖区蔬菜地土壤中HCHs残留对于土壤生物的风险较低,而DDTs可能对鸟类和土壤生物具有一定的生态风险。     

滇池流域农田土壤有机氯农药残留特征

在滇池流域农田,重点是滇池滨湖区和入滇河流柴河流域,选择不同土地利用类型、不同种植年限大棚采集土壤样品进行气相色谱（ECD）分析。结果表明,试区土壤中有机氯农药（OCPS）检出率为95.9%,OCPS的残留量范围、平均值分别为nd-63.4 μg·kg-1、6.3 μg·kg-1,以p,p′-DDE为主要残留物,98.3%的样点达到国家《土壤环境质量标准》一级标准（〈50 μg·kg-1）。与国内同类报道相比,滇池周边土壤中OCPS的残留较低。不同土地利用类型有机氯残留量排序为：设施栽培〉水稻田〉露天菜地〉荒草地〉坡耕地;不同大棚种植年限土壤中,棚龄长于15 a的 OCPS残留量要明显高于棚龄短于15 a的,而棚龄短于15 a的,土壤中OCPS含量差异不明显。     

不同土地利用方式下南亚热带赤红壤酸化特征

土地利用方式是影响土壤酸化的重要因素，研究不同土地利用方式下赤红壤酸化特征可为缓解和治理赤红壤区土壤酸化提供依据。本研究采集了4种土地利用方式(菜地、果园、水田、林地)的赤红壤区土壤样品，测定了表层(0～20 cm)和表下层(20～40cm)土壤的理化性状，结合田间调查和统计数据分析了不同土地利用方式下土壤酸化特征及成因。结果表明：果园表层土壤pH显著低于林地，果园表下层土壤p H显著低于水田和林地；菜地、果园土壤交换性Al³⁺含量显著高于水田和林地；果园表层土壤的盐基饱和度与阳离子交换量均显著低于自然林地，菜地表下层土壤盐基饱和度显著低于水田；与水田和林地相比，菜地和果园的酸化更严重，酸缓冲能力更低。不同土地利用下施肥、复种指数以及耕作方式上的差异可能是造成气候与母质相似地区土壤酸化差异的主要原因。     

Differential soil acidification caused by parent materials and land-use changes in the Pearl River Delta region

Soil acidification occurs widely across the world, which has been partly attributed to land-use change. However, measureable effect of land-use change as well as parent materials on soil acidification remains poorly understood. Here, a typical area with intensive land-use change in the Pearl River Delta of China was chosen for this study. Topsoil (0–20 cm) and subsoil (20–40 cm) samples (n = 169) under different land uses (paddy fields, vegetable lands and orchards) and parent materials (granite and alluvial sediment) were collected in 2020. Soil pH, exchangeable base cations, exchangeable acidity and pH buffering capacity were measured to evaluate the status of soil acidification. The change of soil pH over the last 15 years was evaluated via comparing with historical data (n = 329) in 2005. The results showed a higher exchangeable acidity and lower pH buffering capacity and exchangeable base cations of soils derived from granite compared with soils derived from alluvial sediment in 2020. In the last 15 years, significant soil acidification under different parent materials was observed under vegetable lands and orchards but not paddy fields. Faster pH decline was found under land-use change from paddy fields compared with the unchanged vegetable lands or orchards. Furthermore, stronger acidification under the same land-use change was observed for soils derived from granite compared with soils derived from alluvial sediment. These results indicate that land-use change induced soil acidification is dependent on parent materials. This study implies that cropping management such as suitable rotation operation may slow soil acidification, and measures including straw returning may ameliorate acidified soils.     

天津地区土壤环境中有机氯农药残留特征

通过对天津市辖区6种不同土地利用类型和2种灌溉类型的188个点位进行野外实地采样及定量分析,分析了天津市土壤环境中有机氯农药(OCPs)残留的空间分布特征及来源,系统研究了天津市六六六(HCHs)和滴滴涕(DDTs)各异构体单体在土壤中的残留水平、空间和剖面的分布特征,以及残留量今昔情况比较。结果表明:天津市土壤环境中HCHs和DDTs含量均可以达到国家一级标准。天津市HCHs污染空间分布特征为近郊区、滨海地区相对较重,市区次之,远郊区较轻;DDTs污染空间分布特征为近郊区、市区相对较重,远郊区次之,滨海地区较轻;不同的土壤利用类型中,城市绿地的OCPs残留量最高,清灌区和污灌区的OCPs残留量差异不大。剖面分析结果显示,有机氯农药的残留总量主要集中在0~30 cm的耕作层中。通过比较HCHs和DDTs的残留情况发现,DDTs的降解率高于HCHs,天津个别地区出现残留水平异常情况。