甘薯抗茎线虫病基因的AFLP标记的开发

以甘薯抗茎线虫病品种徐781和感茎线虫病品种徐薯18的杂交F1分离群体的186株单株为材料,利用分离群体分组分析法（BSA法）和AFLP技术,在抗感池中共筛选了800对AFLP引物,结果表明其中245对引物具有多态性。用这245对引物检测两亲本以及建池单株,发现引物组合E2M23和E33M20分别在抗病单株中扩增出1条在感病单株中未出现的特异条带,长度分别约为500 bp和200 bp,认为这2个AFLP标记与甘薯抗茎线虫病基因连锁,分别命名为E2M23500和E33M20200。根据这2个AFLP标记对F1代186个单株的扩增结果,经Mapmaker 3.0软件分析,发现这2个分子标记与抗茎线虫病基因位于同一连锁群并紧密连锁,它们与抗茎线虫病基因间的遗传距离分别为6.94 cM和11.1 cM。用这2个分子标记对10个中国甘薯主栽品种进行检测,所得结果与常规方法鉴定结果完全一致,表明2个分子标记可用于甘薯抗茎线虫病分子标记辅助育种。     

甘薯抗茎线虫病基因AFLP标记的开发

以甘薯(Ipomoea batatas)抗茎线虫病品种徐781和感茎线虫病品种徐薯18杂交F1分离群体的186株单株为材料,利用分离群体分组分析法(BSA法)和AFLP技术,在抗感池中共筛选了800对AFLP引物,结果表明,其中245对引物具有多态性.用这245对引物检测两亲本以及建池单株,发现引物组合E2M23和E33M20分别在抗病单株中扩增出l条在感病单株中未出现的特异条带,长度分别约为500和200 bp,认为这2个AFLP标记与甘薯抗茎线虫病基因连锁,分别命名为E2M23500和E33M20200.根据这2个AFLP标记对F1代186个单株的扩增结果,经Mapmaker 3.0软件分析,发现这2个分子标记与抗茎线虫病基因位于同一连锁群并紧密连锁,它们与抗茎线虫病基因间的遗传距离分别为6.9和11.1 cM.用这2个分子标记对10个中国甘薯主栽品种进行检测,所得结果与常规方法鉴定结果完全一致,表明2个分子标记可用于甘薯抗茎线虫病分子标记辅助育种.     

甘薯肌醇-1-磷酸合成酶基因的克隆及序列分析

甘薯(Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.)新品系农大603是从感茎线虫(Ditylenchus destructor)病品种徐薯18的辐照后代中获得的一个抗茎线虫病的突变体。以农大603和徐薯18块根的mRNA为模板，根据植物抗线虫病基因NBS保守氨基酸序列设计引物，进行 RT-PCR分析，发现农大603的肌醇-1-磷酸合成酶(Myo inositol-1-phosphate synthase , MIPS)基因的表达量高于徐薯18。采用3'RACE技术扩增出MIPS基因的3'末端cDNA。根据植物MIPS基因 5'端一段保守的氨基酸序列设计兼并引物，并与3'端的特异引物组合，扩增出该基因的5'端cDNA序列。DNA序列比对表明，甘薯MIPS基因与大豆(Glycine max)、番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum )的MIPS基因同源性较高，分别达83.63 %和83.89 %。甘薯MIPS基因全长cDNA的克隆，有利于进一步研究该基因与抗甘薯茎线虫病的关系。     

田间鉴定结合分子标记筛选葡萄抗白粉病材料

为明确葡萄白粉病田间鉴定适宜条件,并筛选有效的葡萄抗白粉病分子标记探针,选取8个栽培葡萄品种(秋红宝、早黑宝、晚黑宝、无核翠宝、丽红宝、晶红宝、夏黑、克瑞森无核)与2个野生葡萄品种(北冰红和河津-1)为试材,设置不同温度梯度(4、20、24、28、32、36℃),采用针刺注射法对葡萄叶片进行白粉病菌人工活体侵染,琼脂玻片法对白粉病菌孢子进行萌发培养,观测其萌发及侵染动态,并将田间自然鉴定和苗期分子标记(葡萄抗白粉病RAPD标记OPW02-1756、SCAR标记SCO11-914)辅助选择技术相结合,对10个葡萄品种进行白粉病抗性鉴定分级及比对分析。结果表明,葡萄白粉病菌孢子萌发的较适宜温度为32℃;在各参试葡萄品种中,北冰红和河津-1为高抗品种(HR),秋红宝和晚黑宝为高感品种(HS),其他为中抗品种(MR);葡萄抗白粉病RAPD标记OPW02-1756适用于秋红宝、早黑宝、晚黑宝、晶红宝、丽红宝、无核翠宝、夏黑、克瑞森无核和河津-1的抗白粉病检测,不适用于北冰红;葡萄抗白粉病SCAR标记SCO11-914适用于北冰红和河津-1的抗白粉病检测,不适用于秋红宝、早黑宝、晚黑宝、晶红宝、丽红宝、无核翠宝、夏黑、克瑞森无核;而二者均适用于检测河津-1。本研究结果为葡萄抗白粉病育种和杂种鉴定提供了一定的材料基础和理论依据。     

甘薯茎线虫诱导抑制差减杂交cDNA文库的构建及表达序列标签分析

以甘薯(Ipomoea batatas(L.)Lam.)抗茎线虫病品种鲁薯3号为材料,利用抑制差减杂交(suppression subtractive hybridization,SSH)技术,构建了甘薯茎线虫诱导的甘薯块根cDNA文库.从中筛选出1379个阳性克隆进行测序,用CAP3软件聚类拼接,得到185个unique EST.Blast2Go比对ESTs,并进行GO功能分类,结果发现151条非重复序列与已知基因同源性很高,占全部非重复序列的81.6%.已知功能的EST涉及植物的能量代谢、信号转导、抗病防卫、蛋白质合成等多方面.通过对已知功能的基因进行分析,推测促分裂原活化蛋白激酶、丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶、过氧化氢酶、几丁质酶、葡聚糖酶等可能参与甘薯接种茎线虫后相关的抗性反应.实时荧光定量PCR分析结果表明,与抗茎线虫病相关的4个基因在甘薯接种线虫后不同时间点具有不同的表达模式.     

不同施氮量对甘薯氮素吸收与分配的影响

应用15 N示踪手段,设置4个氮水平(0,100,200,400mg/kg),研究不同施氮量对2个甘薯品种(徐32和徐22)干物质积累及15 N吸收与分配的影响。结果表明:增加氮肥用量可以显著提高甘薯各部位的吸氮量和干物质累积量。在一定范围内,2个品种的块根产量随施氮量的增加显著增加,但过多施氮(400mg/kg)会导致徐22产量下降。2个甘薯品种在不同氮水平下,其生长前期15 N主要分配到地上部,之后(移栽后75d)大量转移到块根,收获期15 N分配率为块根叶片茎蔓或叶柄纤维根。两个甘薯品种对15 N的吸收分配不同,高氮用量下短蔓品种(徐32)块根的15 N吸收量和分配率均高于长蔓品种(徐22)。     

甘薯抗薯瘟病的苯丙烷类代谢研究

甘薯瘟病是甘薯的重要病害, 严重影响甘薯的品质和产量.本试验在甘薯苗期, 通过剪叶法接菌研究甘薯抗感病品种苯丙烷类代谢的变化规律.结果表明: 甘薯抗感病品种接菌后PAL、POD活性均有所提高, 且提高速度与品种抗性呈正相关; 抗病品种接菌后木质素和绿原酸含量显著增加, 感病品种接菌后绿原酸、总酚和类黄酮含量波动较大, 木质素含量降低.相关性分析表明, 接菌后木质素和绿原酸的积累与甘薯品种抗病性密切相关.接菌后PAL、POD活性迅速提高并积累木质素和绿原酸等抗病物质是甘薯抗薯瘟病的苯丙烷类代谢基础, 在抗病品种鉴定方面有一定的参考价值.     

甘薯离体诱变与抗盐突变体鉴定

为了获得甘薯抗盐突变体材料，本研究以平阳霉素(PYM)为诱变剂处理徐薯18的茎段获得甘薯突变体植株，并在NaCI培养基中筛选抗盐突变株系。结果表明，1.00 mg·L^-1 PYM为徐薯18茎段诱变处理14 d后的半致死浓度。将徐薯18茎段接种至含不同浓度NaCl的MS培养基，结果表明125 mmol·L^-1NaCl为抗盐突变体的筛选浓度。最后，将经1.00 mg·L^-1 PYM处理14 d后的甘薯植株的茎段接种到含125 mmol·L^-1 NaCl的MS培养基，通过生根率筛选抗盐植株。盐胁迫下生根率最高的3株诱变植株的根长、株高、根鲜重、地上部鲜重、总鲜重、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量等指标的测定结果表明，这3株诱变植株的各形态和生理指标均显著优于诱变亲本徐薯18。隶属函数分析结果表明，这3株诱变植株的抗盐性均显著高于诱变亲本。与诱变亲本徐薯18相比，盐胁迫下3株突变体中的抗盐相关基因IbSOD、IbPOD、IbAPX和IbSOS的表...     

一个与水稻条纹叶枯病抗性基因紧密连锁的分子标记的鉴定

针对水稻条纹叶枯病粳型(Oryza sativa ssp. japonica)抗源镇稻88尚无可供育种利用的分子标记的现状,以镇稻88和感病品种武育粳3号配组构建F2作图群体。在采用单分蘖鉴定和苗期接种鉴定方法对F2群体和F2:3家系分别进行抗性遗传分析的基础上,通过标记分析表明,RAPD标记OPO11与镇稻88中抗性基因紧密连锁,表现为共分离。使用该标记对徐稻3号等3个镇稻88衍生抗性品种进行分析,结果表明,RAPD标记OPO11可应用于镇稻88与武育粳3号组合及其衍生组合的分子标记辅助选择。     

普通野生稻稻褐飞虱抗性在水稻改良中的利用研究

本文报道了普通野生稻稻褐飞虱抗源的杂交利用技术及其获得的一大批抗性创新种质和育种品系。研究了杂交后代性状分离、不同杂交方式、抗性鉴定时期和花药培养的抗性育种效果，证明了复交和回交方式、花药培养获得纯合体、以及早期(F2)抗性鉴定是在育种上利用的关键技术措施。本项目还配制了大量(293个)杂交组合，进行稻褐飞虱抗性创新品系的选育工作，对选育出的493个遗传稳定品系进行抗性鉴定、运用RAPD标记对筛选出的143份抗性育种品系进行分子标记多态性分析，从中首次获得了一大批(120份)具有DNA分子标记多态性(遗传多样性)的抗性创新种质，为今后培育抗性品种打下基础。研究还初步培育出5个具有生产应用价值的高产(或优质)抗稻褐飞虱育种品系和杂交稻组合。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.