基于SWAT模型的东北水稻灌区水文及面源污染过程模拟

灌区水文过程对于面源污染物的迁移、转化起到了重要的驱动作用。为揭示东北水稻灌区的水文及面源污染过程,该文在多年试验的基础上,运用修正的SWAT模型对其开展了模拟研究。2009-2011年在吉林省前郭灌区针对水稻生育期及冻融期内的灌区水文过程和农田面源污染物迁移、转化过程开展了系统的监测与试验。水稻生育期内,各级排水系统表现出不同的水文过程:末级排水沟中,由田间通过表层渗流进入排水沟的高浓度的水被灌溉退水所稀释,汇流排水沟的槽蓄量则在很大程度上影响了排水过程及污染物的对流和掺混过程。根据水稻灌区水文特性,以汇流排水沟为子流域,分别采用非稳定渗流公式和马斯京根法描述子流域中稻田向排水沟的渗流排水过程以及向子流域出口的排水汇流过程。试验和模拟结果表明:铵氮(NH4+)、硝氮(NO3-)和化学需氧量(COD)的浓度变化主要取决于排水过程,表层渗流和深层渗流过程决定了排水沟中NH4+和NO3-浓度过程,而排水沟中COD浓度还受到灌溉退水的影响。采用溴(Br-)作为示踪剂,通过测定土壤含水率、温度及示踪剂浓度变化,研究了冻结期的水文过程和面源污染物迁移过程,示踪试验结果显示,冻融期土壤中水流运动受到土壤基质势、温度势及重力势的影响,冻土中平衡状态下基质势为土壤温度的函数,土壤中污染物渗出通量与水分渗出通量表现出线性关系。基于水稻灌区下垫面产汇流特性和冻融期土壤对于灌区水文过程以及面源污染物迁移的影响机理,在SWAT模型模块修订的基础上,模拟了东北地区水稻灌区面源污染迁移流失过程,模拟流量、NH4+、NO3-、COD浓度与实测值符合较好,表明改进的模型能够用于东北地区水稻灌区的水文及面源污染过程模拟。     

高寒草地植被与土壤水源涵养功能的时空耦合关系

探究草地植被格局与土壤水源涵养功能的关系,对于评价和有效利用土壤及草地植被资源起着重要的作用。以黄河源区的高寒草地生态系统为研究对象,运用MODIS数据构建土壤水源涵养功能模型并探究其时空变化特征,明确草地植被的时空变化规律,以耦合协调度理论为基础探讨二者耦合关系的季节性变化和空间分布特征。结果表明：(1)2000—2021年土壤水源涵养功能指数和综合植被指数在各个季节上均呈增加趋势,22年的季平均值表现为夏季和秋季高于春季和冬季;(2)2000—2021年各个季节土壤水源涵养功能—植被(SWCF—VEG)的耦合协调度基本上均呈增加趋势,同时各土层深度耦合协调度值的空间分布差异明显,且在季节上表现为夏季>秋季>春季>冬季;(3)2000—2021年季节上各草地类型的SWCF—VEG耦合协调度均为增加趋势;各季节温性草原不同土层深度耦合协调度的平均值均最大,且夏季、秋季和冬季各草地类型的值均表现为10—20 cm>0—10 cm;各草地类型不同季节的耦合协调发展类型各异。研究结果为黄河源区草地植被与土壤水源涵养功能的耦合关系提供高效定量的时空分析方法,可为草地植被...     

公路两边农田环境污染及其防治

本文通过对公路两边农田环境污染的考察，给出模拟估算排放源强、大气污染物分布、土壤铅污染分布的三个模式，在此基础上分析了农作物对污染的反应，提出了防治措施和建议。     

根际施肥调控对油菜硝酸盐含量的影响研究

利用盆栽试验,测定了肥料周围不同距离处土壤中NH4+与NO3-增量的变化,验证不同施肥方式对小油菜产量与NO3-含量的影响。结果发现,通过肥料在土壤中的扩散作用,肥料氮对土壤NH4+与NO3-增量的影响范围主要是在距肥料4cm内,但集中施肥与酸性根际肥(Ph1.0～2.0)的显著差异则是在2cm内;后者的NH4+扩散与硝化作用都较前者弱。其中,在距肥料1cm处,集中施肥的土壤NH4+增量于施肥一周后达最大值,而酸性根际肥则在两周后,且两者NH4+增量差异显著;在2cm处,二者土壤NH4+增量达最大值的时间都较1cm处晚一周,且前者显著低于后者,而后者土壤的NO3-增量都低于前者。在盆栽试验中,酸性根际肥使小油菜的土壤NH4+含量显著提高,而NO3-含量却很低。与集中施肥比较,土壤NH4+含量提高13%,NO3-含量降低72%～89%,小油菜的硝酸盐累积量降低了28%,小油菜产量增加39%。     

亚热带典型农业小流域井水水质季节 变化与空间分布特征

井水是亚热带农业区域农民的饮用水源,其水质状况直接影响到当地农民的身体健康。本文选取亚热带典型农业小流域中井水铵态氮(NH4+-N)、硝态氮(NO3--N)、总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)为研究对象,采用地统计学方法,分析其季节变化和空间分布特征。结果表明,研究区农户井水中NH4+-N、NO3--N、TN和TP含量在全年4个季节的平均值分别为0.05~0.10 mg(N)·L-1、3.0~4.9 mg(N)·L-1、3.4~5.1 mg(N)·L-1和0.03~0.17 mg(P)·L-1,超标率分别为2.3%、10.4%、9.5%和7.9%。在季节动态变化上,NH4+-N在全年变化不显著(P0.05),这主要与土壤的吸附有关;而NO3--N、TN和TP均在夏季达到最高,春季最低,并且两个季节之间的变化具有显著性(P0.05),这主要与农业施肥活动和降水条件有关。在空间变异性上,NH4+-N、NO3--N、TN和TP含量在各季节的块金值与基台值的比值都为0,并且各变量在各季节的变程各不相同,说明这4个变量在各季节分别在不同尺度范围内表现出较强的空间自相关性。在空间分布上,NH4+-N、NO3--N、TN和TP含量都具有斑块状分布,而斑块的位置、大小和形状各不相同。NO3--N和TN在全年的空间分布与研究区地形和土地利用方式有关,在东南部和西南部地势较低的水稻种植区含量较高,而在北部地势较高的林地含量较低。而NH4+-N和TP的空间变异系数高于NO3--N和TN,这主要是由于NH4+-N易被土壤吸附,而磷素在土壤中易被固定,迁移较困难,导致NH4+-N和TP在不同地方的含量差异比较大。地形、水文气候条件、土壤类型、土地利用方式和农业施肥等是造成亚热带农业区域井水水质季节动态变化和空间分布格局差异的主要因素。     

奶牛场恶臭污染物扩散规律研究

以山东省某县中等规模的3个奶牛养殖场为试验场地,以臭气浓度为监测指标,在下风向距恶臭排放源不同距离处设置采样点,对规模化奶牛养殖场恶臭污染物的下风向扩散规律及影响扩散规律的部分气象因素进行了研究,并通过数据回归得出了恶臭污染物水平扩散模型。结果表明,奶牛场恶臭污染物的排放浓度随距离的增加迅速减小,通过线性回归得出下风向同一高度处的臭气浓度与监测点距排放源的距离呈指数函数关系;对于气象条件,在27～37℃,风速小于5.4 m.s-1的范围内,风速、空气温度和空气相对湿度对恶臭污染物扩散规律的影响均显著,其中温度和风速对恶臭污染物扩散规律的影响较空气相对湿度大。     

沟灌肥液入渗硝态氮运移特性数值模拟及影响因素分析

为探明沟灌肥液(硝酸钾,KNO3)入渗特性,选取杨凌区砂壤土和黏壤土作为供试土壤,以室内试验资料为基础,对不同肥液浓度条件下的土壤水力特性参数与溶质运移参数进行了反演,并模拟分析了不同因素对沟灌肥液入渗过程中硝态氮(NO3--N)的运移规律。结果表明:肥液浓度变化对土壤水力特性参数有一定的影响,其中土壤饱和含水率θs、形状系数n、饱和导水率Ks随肥液浓度的增大呈增加趋势,但进气吸力倒数a值则呈现减小趋势;采用反演所得参数对沟灌肥液入渗过程进行了模拟,其中不同位置处土壤水分和NO3--N模拟值与实测值相对误差绝对值均值最高分别为6.52%和11.49%,说明反演所得土壤水力特性参数和溶质运移参数是可靠的;土壤初始含水率和肥液浓度对NO3--N分布的影响较显著,其中NO3--N分布范围随着土壤初始含水率和肥液浓度的增大而增大;沟中水深和沟底宽对NO3--N竖直向分布影响较小,但对水平向分布影响较大,其水平向分布范围随着沟中水深和沟底宽的增大而增大。研究结果可为农田沟灌施肥系统的设计与管理提供理论依据。     

土壤改良剂聚丙烯酰胺对紫色土物理性质及其空间变异的影响

聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)作为一种良好的土壤改良剂.对土壤结构的改善及其土壤对水分和养分的保持发挥了巨大作用,为了研究PAM对紫色土物理性质及其空间变异的影响.进行了野外径流小区试验.试验采用PAM的4种施用模式,包括A模式(浓度为30 g/m~3PAM液施)、B模式(浓度为60 g/m~3PAM液施)、C模式(浓度为30g/m~3PAM液施结合添加剂)、D模式(浓度为60 g/m~3PAM液施结合添加剂),并对紫色土坡面及其不同坡位的土壤水稳性团聚体、机械组成、容重、初始含水率以及土壤渗透率进行了测定.结果表明,C模式对促进>0.25mm水稳性土壤团聚体形成最明显,增大了23.87%,而相同模式下的不同坡位>0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量的增量排序均为:上坡>中坡>下坡;4种模式在坡面及其不同坡位都促进了土壤中砂粒、粘粒的增加和粉粒和土壤容重的减少,其促进作用为:C模式>B模式>A模式>D模式;在坡面位置C模式分别提高初渗速率和稳渗速率1.790 mm/min和0.701 mm/min,同一模式下,土壤稳渗率的增量表现为:上坡>中坡>下坡.因此适当浓度的PAM结合添加剂的方式对紫色土物理性质的改良效果最好.     

恒电荷土壤与可变电荷土壤对Cl~-和NO_3~-吸附的差异及其机理

对 3种可变电荷土壤和 4种恒电荷土壤在不同 pH、不同浓度、不同相伴阴阳离子下混合体系中Cl-和NO3-的吸附进行了测定。结果表明 ,在Cl-和NO3- 共存体系中 ,Cl-比例增大使可变电荷土壤Na+吸附量及OH-释放量增加 ,而对恒电荷土壤影响不大。Cl-和NO3-吸附量随平衡Cl-和NO3-浓度增加而增大 ,随pH升高而减少。但恒电荷土壤在上述各种条件下对Cl-和NO3-吸附均相同 ,而可变电荷土壤对Cl-吸附量大于NO3-的吸附量 ;NO3-、Cl-的选择系数为 0.51～0.78,Cl-和NO3-的相对吸附量分别为56.9%和 43.1%。在不同相伴阳离子下 ,可变电荷土壤平衡溶液Cl-/NO3-比值均小于 1,且为Na+K+Ca2+Mg2+Fe3+;而恒电荷土壤Cl-/NO3-比值为 1左右 ,且不受阳离子类型的影响。由此认为 ,Cl-和NO3-在两类土壤中均以电性吸附为主 ,恒电荷土壤对Cl-和NO3-的亲合力及吸附机理相同 ;而可变电荷土壤对Cl-的亲合力 NO3- ,Cl-存在着专性吸附     

地下水埋深对污灌氯离子地下水环境影响试验研究

地下水埋深是影响污灌污染物在土壤-地下水系统中运移特性的主要因素之一。通过室内污水入渗试验,研究了不同地下水埋深条件下污灌污染物氯离子在土壤中的运移特性及对地下水环境的影响。研究结果表明:地下水埋深的不同,导致了土壤内水分分布的差异,同时造成了污灌污染物迁移路径的不同,从而影响了污灌污染物在土壤-地下水系统中的运移特性。土壤氯离子增量随地下水埋深增加而增大,地下水中氯离子浓度随地下水埋深增加而减少,埋深越浅,氯离子污染地下水环境的程度越大。     

The relative effectiveness of NOx and VOC strategies in reducing Northeast U.S. ozone concentrations

This investigation was conducted to compare the relative benefits of controlling emissions of VOC vs. NO_x for reducing tropospheric O₃ (smog) concentrations in the Northeast United States. Because of the nonlinear nature of O₃ photochemistry, controls on NO_x emissions could actually result in increases in O₃ depending on the relative amount of VOC present and meteorological conditions. The Regional Oxidant Model (ROM) was used as the tool for estimating the impacts of different VOC and NO₃ strategies. Scenarios simulated include a future baseline and separate strategies with controls on just NO, just VOC, and a combination of VOC and NO_x controls. The results indicate that in general, NO_x controls are more beneficial across the region than VOC controls. However, for several large urban areas, NO_x controls were predicted to result in higher O₃ than VOC controls. Also, the relative benefits of VOC and NO_x controls varied from day-to-day suggesting a dependency on meteorological conditions. Given the variable nature of the effects of NO_x controls, additional modeling using more spatially resolved models is warranted to identify specific strategies for attainment of the ozone NAAQS in individual areas.     

The role of nitrogen oxides in oxidant production as predicted by the Regional Acid Deposition Model (RADM)

Regional oxidant distributions produced under various atmospheric conditions and emission scenarios are investigated using the Regional Acid Deposition Model (RADM). RADM is a complex, evolving three-dimensional Eulerian model that describes the chemistry, transport and deposition of tropospheric trace species including SO₂, sulfate, NO _x and volatile organic compounds as well as O₃, other major oxidants and acids. The model calculates the short-term temporal evolution of atmospheric trace gas concentrations and their deposition on the regional scale. This study is focused on oxidant production in the eastern United States and southeastern Canada. The influence of atmospheric conditions is explored by comparing three characteristic winter, summer and spring/fall cases. Base-case 1985 emissions of SO _x , NO _x , volatile organic compounds (VOCs), NH₃ and CO are specified using the comprehensive pollutant emissions inventory developed as part of the National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP). The perturbed case, which represents projected anthropogenic emission changes for 2010, indicates changes in daily total 80 km grid average NO _x emissions ranging from increases of 75% to decreases of 45% and VOC emission changes ranging from increases of 65% to decreases of 20%. The largest NO _x emission changes occur in the northeast, and the largest VOC changes occur in the Gulf Coast area. Ground level grid average midday O₃ concentrations for the 1985 emission cases are highest (on the order of 70 to 100 ppb) in the New York City and Houston metropolitan areas for the summer and spring cases; the summer case also indicates relatively high grid average O₃ concentrations of greater than 80 ppb in the southeast. Winter case values are much lower than summer O₃ values throughout the region, with highs of 40 to 50 ppb occurring in the southeast and the Great Lakes area. Changes in NO _x and other emissions under the complex 2010 emissions scenario for the summer case result in maximum O₃ concentration reductions of 10% in the Houston area and increases in O₃ of a few percent in some rural areas of the southeast. This study underscores the need for more comprehensive assessment of the complex relationships among regional emission changes, oxidant production and atmospheric conditions.     

Estimation of source-receptor matrices for deposition of NOx-N

The contributions of the anthropogenic sources of NO_x from various combinations of contiguous U.S. states or Canadian provinces to integrated deposition across selected states or provinces are estimated with the Advanced Statistical Trajectory Regional Air Pollution (ASTRAP) model. The model assumes linearity between emissions and deposition, and uses the same parameterization methods, although with different rates, as in simulations of transport and deposition of SO_X. Vertical distributions of emissions for the two classes of pollutants are substantially different in the gridded inventories used in simulations, with a weighted mean effective emission height of 160 m for NO_X and 310 m for SO_X. This might be expected to lead to an effective transport distance before deposition shorter for NO_X than for SO_X. However, the calculated fraction of NO_X emissions deposited within the contiguous United States and Canada south of 60 deg N (57%) is not greatly different from the fraction calculated for SOX emissions (54%). This suggests that there may be compensating factors in the horizontal distribution of NO_X emissions, and in the lower dry deposition velocities for NO/NO₂ than for SO₂ in ASTRAP.     

Natural emissions of oxidant precursors

This paper provides an overview of the sources, the estimation methodology, and the relative amounts of natural hydrocarbon and NO_x emissions. The most recent estimate of natural nonmethane hydrocarbon (NMHC) emissions for the United States is 28 Tg yr^?1. This compares with 20 Tg yr^?1 for anthropogenic NMHC sources. The southeastern and southcentral portions of the United States account for approximately 43% of the annual U.S. natural NMHC estimate. These emissions exhibit strong diurnal and seasonal dependencies related to temperature, solar radiation, and active biomass. Forests are the primary vegetative source of hydrocarbons. The major sources of natural NO_X emissions in North America are biomass burning, lightning, and microbial activity in soil. We present a comparison of hourly gridded NO_X emissions from lightning, soil, and man-made sources for the northeastern United States. We also provide results from preliminary investigations of the sensitivity of O₃ predictions from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Regional Oxidant Model to natural NMHC and nitric oxide emissions.     

Acidifying emissions in The Netherlands

The emission of acidifying compounds to air in the Netherlands, expressed as acidifying equivalents, consisted in 1992 mainly of NO_X (45%), NH₃ (35%) and SO₂ (20%). Transportation, agriculture and large combustion plants each contributed about 30% to the national total emission of acidifying compounds. The emissions from transportation activities mainly consisted of NO_X, while in agriculture NH₃ emission strongly dominated. Combustion processes in large combustion plants resulted both in SO₂ emissions (especially from refineries) and NO_X emissions (especially from public power plants). The total emission of acidifying substances decreases steadily in the Netherlands. The emission in 1992 was 24% lower than in 1985. It is expected to decrease further in future. The emission levels in 1992 and 1993 still are more than twice as high as the emission objective for the year 2000, set by Dutch environmental policy.     

Nitrification and denitrification as sources of atmospheric nitrous oxide – role of oxidizable carbon and applied nitrogen

Laboratory incubation experiments were conducted to study the influence of easily oxidizable C (glucose) and mineral N (NH₄⁺ and NO₃^-) on N₂O emission, evolution of CO₂ and consumption of O₂. A flush of N₂O was always observed during the first few hours after the start of soil incubation, which was significantly higher with NH₄⁺ compared to NO₃^- applications. The increase in N₂O emission was attributed mainly to enhanced soil respiration and subsequent O₂ limitation at the microsite level. Application of NH₄⁺ helped to develop denitrifying populations since subsequent additions of NO₃^- and a C source significantly enhanced N₂O emissions. In soils treated with NH₄⁺, N₂O emissions declined rapidly, which was related to decreasing concentrations of easily oxidizable C. Addition of glucose in different amounts and pre-incubation of soil for different lengths of time (to create variation in the amount of easily oxidizable C) changed the pattern of N₂O emissions, which was ascribed to changes in soil respiration.     

Seasonal variations in indirect N<Subscript>2</Subscript>O emissions from an agricultural headwater ditch

Agricultural headwater ditches are an important source of indirect agricultural nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions, but their contribution is difficult to quantify. In the present study, the static chamber-gas chromatography technique was used for measurement of N₂O emissions from vegetated (V, the whole ditch ecosystem) and non-vegetated (NV, the sediment-water interface only) zones in an agricultural headwater ditch in the Central Sichuan Basin in Southwestern China during 2014–2015. Annual N₂O emissions from the agricultural headwater ditch were similar to direct N₂O emissions from an adjacent N-fertilized purple soil cropland, suggesting nitrogen (N)-enriched ditches are important anthropogenic N₂O sources. Mean cumulative N₂O emissions during summer and autumn were higher than those in spring and winter. Overlying water nitrate (NO₃ ^?-N) concentration and sediment-water interface temperature were primary factors affecting seasonal N₂O emissions. Heavy precipitation transported NO₃ ^?-N from cropland and increase NO₃ ^?-N in the agricultural headwater ditch water, and subsequently stimulate N₂O emissions. A literature review of EF_5r (the indirect N₂O emission factor for rivers) revealed a mean value of 0.23%, similar to our values (0.27%), and also the default value (0.25%) proposed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. The number of studies on indirect N₂O emissions remains limited, and more in situ measurements are needed to have more accurate values of EF_5r.     

优化施肥下华北冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系农田反硝化损失与N2O排放特征

在田间条件下,应用乙炔抑制-原状土柱培养法测定优化施肥下华北冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系土壤反硝化和N2O的排放特征。研究表明:冬小麦和夏玉米整个生育期反硝化速率和N2O排放通量均表现出明显的季节性变化,且均与土壤水分和无机氮浓度呈显著正相关。小麦季和玉米季的反硝化损失量及N2O排放量均表现出随施肥量的降低而降低,夏玉米季的反硝化损失量和N2O排放量均高于小麦季。小麦季的反硝化损失量和N2O排放量习惯施肥处理是氮肥减量后移处理的1.62和1.67倍,玉米季分别为2.01和2.00倍。氮肥减量后移可能是通过改变土壤无机氮浓度而降低反硝化损失量和N2O排放量。     

Trends and uncertainties in volatile organic compound emissions from anthropogenic sources

This paper discusses trends and uncertainties in the anthropogenic emission inventory for VOC. EPA's trend analysis indicates that emissions increased almost across the board until about 1970. After 1970, emissions continued to increase for industrial solvents, but declined for transportation, nonindustrial solvents, and combustion and waste disposal. With the current emphasis on using grid models to define NO_x and VOC control strategies, the uncertainty of emission inventories is becoming increasingly important. However, the volume of data in an emissions inventory makes the detailed assessment of uncertainty difficult if not impossible.     

Using the Landfarming Technique to Remediate Soils Contaminated with Hexachlorocyclohexane Isomers

The purpose of the present study is to simulate concentrations of ozone and its precursors (NO and NO₂) in an area under the influence of the Candiota coal-fired power station by applying numerical models. The photochemical simulations were conducted during two distinct periods: in summer (from 24 to 26 January 2003) and in winter (from 10 to 12 August, 2004). With the RAMS atmospheric model (Regional Atmospheric Modelling System) we obtained meteorological fields to initialize the CIT photochemical model. The emission data were based on the AP-42 and only compounds emitted during coal burning were considered. The simulated results revealed high ozone levels in warmer periods, being related to high temperatures and water vapor concentrations. The simulated concentrations are located far from the emitting source, favoring reaction and mixing time between precursors to form ozone. Simulated winds of small intensity favored ozone transport, mixing and accumulation in areas far from the emitting source.