新农村建设中发展生态农业的思考

我国的生态农业经过20余年的实践,在理论研究、试验示范、推广普及等方面已经取得了一些成绩,但不能否认,生态农业建设还仅停留在试点的层面,远远没有成为我国农业发展的主流生产模式。反思过去,政府这么多年不间断的资金、科技和政策投入,其主要障碍因素是什么?如何将生态农业建设推向一个新的发展阶段,这是新农村建设中一个值得探讨的问题。通过研究剖析了生态农业基础研究薄弱、项目设计过大过全、服务水平和能力建设不足和产业化水平低等制约我国生态农业建设发展的主要因素,提出了加强生态农业基础理论创新研究、开展不同类型地区高效生态农业示范户(场)模式研究与示范、建立科学的生态农业政策激励机制和生态补偿机制、完善生态农业保障体系建设和大力推进生态农业产业化经营等新时期进一步发展生态农业的对策和政策建议。     

论生态农业和农业产业化的关系

论述了中国生态农业的含义及其在我国农业可持续发展中所占的战略地位和意义;探讨了生态农业和农业产业化的关系,提出农业产业化生态农业的重要内容和突破口,农业产业化不能代替生态农业。     

推行生态农业建设的障碍分析与对策

建设生态农业是实现我国农业可持续发展的必然选择 ,但现阶段我国要全面推行生态农业 ,还存在诸多障碍因素 ,因此要加强生态农业的宣传教育和技术培训 ,加大人才培养和科研推广力度 ,建立生态农业信息网络 ,规范农村和农产品市场 ,健全法律法规制度 ,以促进生态农业建设快速健康发展。     

对生态农业建设问题的探讨

把现代农业建立在合理的基础上,已经提到世界农业发展的日程。我国怎么办?生态农业的出现,从理论和实践上为我们指出了一条比较切合实际的出路。但是,生态农业作为一个新的事物,在理论上和实践上毕竟还很年轻,很不完善,人们对生态农业的概念和内涵在认识上还不尽一致,有关生态农业的科学设计和内在机制等问题,在我国学术界还处于开始研究阶段。本文作者宋谦就生态农业的概念及内涵等问题作了阐述,值得生态农业的建设者和水保工作者一读。     

大力发展生态农业 促进我国农业可持续发展

简介了可持续发展和我国生态农业的概念,论述了发展生态农业的必要性和可能性,指出我国生态农业是可持续发展战略的重要组成部分,是具有中国特色的农业可持续发展模式。并提出了存在的问题及其发展对策。     

实行种养结合 促进生态农业发展

本文阐述了种植、养殖业在生态农业建设中的地位及作用,提出了以种植业为基础,以养殖业为纽带,实行种植养殖相结合,推进农副产品深加工为主要内容的生态农业建设基本思路。     

我国加入WTO后农业对策与生态农业发展趋势

阐述了我国加入世界贸易组织 (WTO)后农业面临的主要问题和生态农业发展趋势 ,指出我国农业发展的对策。     

生态农业示范户结构模式与效益探析

生态农业示范户是中西部地区农村实现小康目标的重要形式，本文根据陕西省生态农业的建设实践，总结和分析了该省生态农业的基本构成单元－生态户的发展现状及其物征。从地域生态，产业结构和经营方式三个方面研究了该省生态农业示范户的生产结构模式，分析了生态户进行生态农业和庭院经济开发所产生的经济，社会和生态效益，并得出对发展生态农业有益的启示。     

中国生态农业制度的构建

中国生态农业的制度构建可以分为指导如何进行生态农业建设的农业绿色行动清单制度和指导如何认定生态农业的生态农业认证制度。生态农业认证制度主要考察农业表现出来的结果是否符合资源匹配、生态友好、环境保护和食品安全等关键判别标准。农业绿色行动清单则是指导开展生态农业建设时,对农业生态系统结构、功能、输入和输出实施有效调控的一系列可选择措施。生态农业制度的构建需要遵循原则清晰、指标简洁、因地制宜、操作容易、激励有效、核查方便的方法。文章论述了生态农业认证制度构建的指标体系、核查方法、信息公开、诚信记录、激励措施、认证程序等,还探讨了农业绿色行动清单制度的分类系统、内容表述、经济支持和运行程序等。     

我国西部地区生态农业建设模式及产业化问题

西部地区总体上生态环境状况较差，是农业发展的主要障碍因素之一。本文结合西部各典型地区农业发展存在的生态问题，对该区生态农业建设工程模式取向及生态农业产业化问题进行了分析和探讨。     

Azospirillum — plant root associations: A review

Summary Bacteria of the genus Azospirillum are extensively studied for their plant-growth promoting effect following inoculation. Physiological and biochemical studies of these diazotrophic bacteria are now benefiting from recent breakthroughs in the development of genetic tools for Azospirilum. Moreover, the identification and cloning of Azospirillum genes involved in N₂ fixation, plant interaction, and phytohormone production have given new life to many research projects on Azospirillum. The finding that Azospirillum genes can complement specific mutations in other intensively studied rhizosphere bacteria like Rhizobia will certainly trigger the exploration of new areas in rhizosphere biology. Therefore a review of the Azospirillum-plant interactions is particularly timely.     

New data on the Zygentoma (Insecta, Apterygota) from Italy

The fauna of Zygentoma from Italy is reviewed and extended by new data. Ctenolepisma guadianica and Allacrotelsa kraepelini are new to Italy (the second one is also a new genus for this country). Neoasterolepisma crassipes is new to continental Italy and Atelura formicaria is new to Sicily. Neoasterolepisma angustothoracica (Grassi & Rovelli, 1890) n. comb., is redescribed.The Zygentoma fauna of Italy is composed of 24 species, 2 of Ateluridae (Atelura formicaria and Proatelurina pseudolepisma), 16 of Lepismatidae (Allacrotelsa kraepelini, Ctenolepisma algharbica, C. ciliata, C. guadianica, C. lineata, C. longicaudata, C. targionii, Lepisma chlorosoma, L. saccharina, Neoasterolepisma angustothoracica, N. balcanica, N. crassipes, N. wasmanni, Thermobia domestica, Tricholepisma aurea and T. gyriniformis) and 6 of Nicoletiidae (Coletinia maggi, C. setosula, C. subterranea, Coletinia sp. III, Lepidospora sp. and Nicoletia phytophila). A key to the identification of all these species is given.     

Prediction of saturated hydraulic conductivity of compacted soils using empirical scaling factors

A new empirical-based scaling method is introduced to predict saturated hydraulic conductivity (K _s ) of compacted soils. This method is an improvement of the former non-similar media concept (NSMC) model that is generalized for tilled and untilled conditions. In this method, geometric mean particle size diameter (d_g ), geometric standard deviation (σ _g ) and saturated soil water content (total porosity) are successfully incorporated in the empirical-based scaling factor of K _s . Results showed that the scaled model overestimated K _s by ～18%, whereas the NSMC model underestimated K _s by ～21%. However, the scaled model based on the similar media concept (SMC) failed to predict K _s . Because of the complexity and high uncertainty in determining the shape factor parameter in the NSMC model, it is suggested that the new scaled model might be used reliably in practical cases to predict K _s in the various layers of compacted soils irrespective of the tillage condition. Further assessment of the new scaling model in other areas, in which new collected data are available, is recommended.     

New ornamental Jatropha hybrids through interspecific hybridization

Interspecific hybridization has been successful between two economically important species of Jatropha, viz., J. curcas and J. integerrima. The interspecific hybrids exhibited morphological intermediacy for various vegetative characteristics but produced flowers with three distinct colours. Backcrossing of the F₁ hybrids resulted in a number of flower colours varying from dark pink through green to white enhancing the ornamental value of the genus. Hybridity was confirmed through PCR amplification using random primers. The various propagation methods for these new ornamental Jatrophas are discussed.     

谷豆覆膜条带种植技术及其光合水分变化研究

通过谷豆条带种植技术、谷子覆膜穴播栽培技术、大豆膜际条播栽培技术的进一步集成, 形成一套新的高产高效种植模式.该模式发挥了3种技术的优势, 能够充分利用自然光热资源, 明显改善谷子和大豆的光合、呼吸及水分交换环境.谷子光合速率(Pn)分别比普通条带谷子和单作谷子提高19.2%、32.4%, 气孔导度(Cleaf)分别提高6.3%、42.2%, 蒸腾速率(E)与单作谷子相近; 大豆光合速率分别比普通条带大豆和单作大豆提高5.6%、56.1%, 蒸腾速率分别提高3.1%、46.1%, 气孔导度分别提高31.3%、148.9%; 谷子水分利用效率(WUE)分别比普通条带谷子和单作谷子提高32.3%和31.9%, 大豆水分利用效率分别比普通条带大豆和单作大豆提高2.6%和7.0%.模式总产量显著高于单作大豆, 与单作谷子相近, 比普通谷豆条带种植模式高17.7%; 总效益比单作谷子增加1 413.75元·hm-2, 比单作大豆和普通谷豆条带种植模式分别增加2 242.5元·hm-2、1 542.0元·hm-2.模式具有显著的增产、增收、节水效果.     

New versus old scientific names in strawberries (Fragaria L.)

New Potentilla synonyms of the Fragaria species names are discussed and considered to be dispensable. Further unnecessary nomenclatural changes based on the argument to recognize monophyletic but not paraphyletic taxa should be avoided to maintain nomenclatural stability for global communication about plant genetic resources. The new combination Fragaria×rosea (Mabb.) K. Hammer et Pistrick is presented for the hybrid Potentilla palustris (L.) Scop. ×Fragaria×ananassa Duchesne ex Rozier.     

Mendeschilis a new genus of Microcoryphia (Insecta, Apterygota, Machilidae) from Spain

A new species and genus of Microcoryphia is described as a result of the detailed comparison of specimens from Italy and Spain which had been initially identified as Praemachilis excelsior. The new genus, named Mendeschilis has as its most important distinctive taxonomic characteristic the presence, in the male, of parameres in the VIII^th and IX^th urosternites, while Praemachilis (from Italy) has only one pair of parameres in the IX^th urosternite. Other anatomical characteristics which allow us to differentiate the new genus and the new species are described.     

Analysis of Genetic Variability in a Sample of the Durum Wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) Spanish Collection Based on Gliadin Markers

In this work gliadin proteins were used to analyse the genetic variability in a sample of the durum wheat Spanish collection conserved at the CRF-INIA. In total 38 different alleles were identified at the loci Gli-A1, Gli-A3, Gli-B5, Gli-B1, Gli-A2 and Gli-B2. All the gliadin loci were polymorphic, possessed large genetic diversity and small and large differentiation within and between varieties, respectively. The Gli-A2 and Gli-B2 loci were the most polymorphic, the most fixed within varieties and the most useful to distinguish among varieties. Alternatively, Gli-B1 locus presented the least genetic variability out of the four main loci Gli-A1, Gli-B1, Gli-A2 and Gli-B2. The Gli-B1 alleles coding for the gliadin γ-45, associated with good quality, had an accumulated frequency of 69.7%, showing that the Spanish germplasm could be a good source for breeding quality. The Spanish landraces studied showed new gliadin alleles not catalogued so far. These new alleles might be associated with specific Spanish environment factors. The large number of new alleles identified also indicates that durum wheat Spanish germplasm is rather unique.     

Market Research Reports: An Overlooked Resource for Agribusiness Libraries

ABSTRACT

In today's competitive agribusiness climate, agribusiness professionals, and students perform research to develop new products for the marketplace. While traditional search tools such as AGRICOLA and CAB Abstracts are important for research, the content in those databases is mostly scientific in nature. Market research reports are an excellent resource for understanding the marketplace and for aiding researchers in new product development. This article defines and explains the purpose of market research and, by using a case study of an agribusiness course at a research university, compares the content from four market research products.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Calamintha nepeta</Emphasis> (L.) Savi and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Micromeria thymifolia</Emphasis> (Scop.) Fritsch cultivated in Italy

Calamintha nepeta and Micromeria thymifolia have been traditionally used in the Mediterranean area as condiments and medicinal plants for a long time. Whereas in parts of Italy C. nepeta (special recipes have been developed in Lazio and Tuscany) is also an established garden plant showing different evolutionary products and their interaction among each other and the wild progenitor, M. thymifolia is being developed into a new crop plant. Both plants and their uses are described with regard to Italy. There is a marked tendency to broaden the use of condiments and spices which results in new crop plants which have to be documented and elaborated in further studies. Many species of Labiatae are predisposed to use by man and new items can be found even in areas which have to be considered as well studied.