适宜滴灌施肥量促进河西春玉米根系生长提高产量

针对河西地区水资源短缺、作物水肥利用效率低等问题,研究不同滴灌施肥条件下河西地区春玉米根系生长与产量对水肥的响应关系,以期探索提高水肥利用效率的滴灌施肥模式。利用2 a的田间小区试验,以春玉米"强盛51号"为试验材料,设置4个灌水水平,2015年和2016年分别为I_(60)(60%ET_c)、I_(75)(75%ET_c)、I_(90)(90%ET_c)、I_(105)(105%ET_c)和I_(60)(60%ET_c)、I_(80)(80%ET_c)、I_(100)(100%ET_c)、I_(120)(120%ET_c),ET_c为玉米需水量;4个N-P_2O_5-K_2O施肥水平(kg/hm~2):F_(60)(60-30-30)、F_(120)(120-60-60)、F_(180)(180-90-90)和F_(240)(240-120-120),共16个处理。在生育期内对春玉米的根长、根表面积、根质量、根体积、根长密度进行观测,并统计地上部干物质量和产量。结果表明:灌水量为105%ET_c(2015年)和100%ET_c(2016年)与施肥量180-90-90 kg/hm~2组合的处理根长、根表面积、根质量、根体积均较高;相关性分析显示,各生育期根系特征参数与产量和地上部干物质量相关系数按大小排序表现出灌浆期大喇叭口期成熟期小喇叭口期的规律;在河西地区膜下滴灌施肥条件下,综合考虑根系生长、节水节肥及高产等因素,该地区灌水量90%ET_c~100%ET_c、180-90-90(N-P_2O_5-K_2O)kg/hm~2处理为最佳滴灌施肥策略。     

滴灌施肥水平对宁夏春玉米产量和水肥利用效率的影响

为探讨不同滴灌施肥水平对春玉米产量及水肥利用效率的影响,应用滴灌施肥技术于2016和2017年在宁夏旱作节水科技园区试验站开展大田春玉米小区试验。以"先玉335"为试验材料,设置4个灌水水平(D_(75):75%ET_c、D_(90):90%ET_c、D_(105):105%ET_c、D_(120):120%ET_c,ET_c为玉米需水量)和4个N-P_2O_5-K_2O施肥水平:2016年为60-30-30 kg/hm~2(F_(60))、120-60-60 kg/hm~2(F_(120))、180-90-90 kg/hm~2(F_(180))、240-120-120 kg/hm~2(F_(240)),2017年为150-70-70 kg/hm~2(F_(150))、225-110-110 kg/hm~2(F_(225))、300-150-150 kg/hm~2(F_(300))、375-180-180 kg/hm~2(F_(375)),以1个充分灌水(120%ET_c)无肥为对照(CK),共17个处理。研究不同水肥供应对春玉米株高、茎粗、叶面积指数(leaf area index,LAI)、地上部干物质累积量和产量的影响,并分析其水肥利用效率。2 a试验结果表明:灌水量和施肥量单因素对玉米株高、茎粗、LAI都有显著或极显著的影响,灌水量和施肥量耦合效应对玉米株高有极显著的影响;灌水量和施肥量对玉米成熟期地上部干物质的影响随着2 a施肥梯度的不同而有所差异,在低肥梯度的2016年,灌水量和施肥量对地上部干物质累积有显著的影响,其中D_(120)F_(180)处理籽粒地上部干物质最大,为12 691 kg/hm~2,在高肥梯度的2017年,随着灌水量和施肥量的增加,75%ET_c和105%ET_c处理的地上部干物质累积量有先增加后减小的趋势,D_(90)F_(300)处理下籽粒地上部干物质累积量最大,为14 912 kg/hm~2;在低肥梯度的2016年,灌水施肥量对春玉米产量有显著影响,D_(120)F_(240)处理产量最高,为14 400 kg/hm~2,而在高肥梯度的2017年,D_(90)F_(300)处理玉米产量最高,为16 884 kg/hm~2;2 a试验结果表明灌水量和施肥量对春玉米水分利用效率和肥料偏生产力都有极显著影响。基于春玉米产量和水分利用效率最大值的95%为置信区间优化水肥管理方案,兼顾节水节肥,推荐灌水量在323~446 mm、N-P_2O_5-K_2O施肥量在210-104-104~325-163-163 kg/hm~2。该研究结果对宁夏春玉米滴灌施肥管理具有重要指导意义。     

施肥对日光温室香瓜茄根系生长及形态的影响

为探究香瓜茄各生育时期根系生长动态及其对施肥的响应,本研究在施肥和不施肥条件下,借助微根管技术原位观察香瓜茄生长期间根系形态特征参数,即根长密度(RLD)、根表面积密度(RSAD)、根直径(RD)、根体积密度(RVD)和根尖数(NRT)的变化,同期测定植株生物量和单果重。结果表明,香瓜茄根系生物量、RLD、RSAD、RVD和NRT均随着生育进程显著增加,但相对增长率呈先增大后降低的趋势,于伸蔓期达到峰值。开花坐果期,根干重日均增幅最大,分别为177.5 mg·株~(-1)·d~(-1)(有机肥)和117.5 mg·株~(-1)·d~(-1)(不施肥),在此期间RLD、RSAD和NRT在土壤剖面中的分布由上层为主转为下层为主。施用有机肥条件下,香瓜茄各生育时期(苗期除外)根冠比、根生物量、RLD、RSAD、NRT(成熟期除外)均显著高于不施肥处理,根生物量和形态特征参数的相对增长率也显著高于不施肥处理。施肥条件下,上层土壤中香瓜茄RLD、RSAD和NRT均明显高于不施肥处理。2种处理下,香瓜茄根系生物量和根系形态特征参数间呈极显著正相关。施肥条件下,根系形态特征参数与产量构成因素呈负相关,不施肥处理的根形态参数与产量性状相关性不显著。伸蔓期至开花结果期为香瓜茄根系生长最快的时期,施用有机肥使香瓜茄根系生长速率更高,快速生长时期更集中,上层土壤中的分布比例更大;不施肥处理使香瓜茄根系持续生长时期更长,向下生长更明显。本研究结果为香瓜茄温室科学施肥提供了理论依据。     

接触施用包膜控释肥对玉米产量、根系分布和土壤残留无机氮的影响

采用田间小区试验,研究了习惯施肥与接触施用包膜控释肥料对夏玉米生长、产量、根系分布和土壤无机氮残留的影响。结果表明,接触施用包膜控释肥料没有抑制玉米的出苗和幼苗生长;减氮1/3的控释肥处理(N 120kg/hm2)与习惯施肥处理(N180 kg/hm2)的玉米产量没有差异。在0—30 cm土层,与对照和习惯施肥处理相比,接触施用控释肥增加了距茎基部0—10 cm区域内玉米根长密度的分布,占总根长的59%~64%;玉米收获后,减量控释肥处理土壤剖面各个土层Nmin含量与对照相比无显著增加,习惯施肥和全量控释肥处理(N 180 kg/hm2)在60—90、90—120 cm土层的Nmin累积显著高于对照。综合考虑玉米生长、产量以及根系分布和氮素淋失风险,本试验条件下,接触施用控释肥N120 kg/hm2是夏玉米季较为理想的选择。     

膜下滴灌水肥耦合促进番茄养分吸收及生长

研究膜下滴灌不同水肥调控措施对日光温室番茄生长、产量、养分吸收利用的影响,为温室番茄水肥科学管理提供依据。设灌水(W)和施肥(F:N-P2O5-K2O)2因素,以常规沟灌施肥(W1:100%ET0,F1:240-120-150kg/hm2,ET0为参考作物蒸发蒸腾量)为对照(Control,CK),3个滴灌水量(W1:100%ET0、W2:75%ET0、W3:50%ET0)和3个施肥水平(F1:240-120-150 kg/hm2、F2:180-90-112.5 kg/hm2、F3:120-60-75 kg/hm2)。结果表明,滴灌施肥(W1F1)比CK处理的干物质量、产量和肥料偏生产力(PFP,partial factor productivity of fertilizer)分别增加60.0%、46.9%和47.0%,氮、磷和钾吸收量是CK的1.82~2.41、1.56~2.03和1.36~1.90倍。滴灌施肥下,W1F2干物质量最大(9 258.3 kg/hm2),W1和W2较W3增产19.0%和6.5%,F1和F2较F3增产18.3%和12.9%。生育期内,植株氮、磷和钾吸收量均随灌水量和施肥量的增加而增大(第二果膨大期,F2处理磷和钾吸收量最大除外),灌水量越大,养分利用效率(NUE,nutrient use efficiency)越小,吸收效率(UPE,nutrient uptake efficiency)和PFP越大,施肥量越大,NUE、UPE及PFP均减小。综合分析,滴灌施肥增产效果明显,W1F2(100%ET0,N-P2O5-K2O为180-90-112.5 kg/hm2)处理干物质量最大,有较大的增产潜力,UPE和PFP较高,是适宜的灌水施肥组合。     

适宜灌水施氮方式利于玉米根系生长提高产量

为研究不同灌水方式和施氮方式对玉米根系生长分布的影响,2011年在大田条件下采用垄植沟灌技术,设交替灌水、固定灌水、均匀灌水和交替施氮、固定施氮、均匀施氮2因素3水平的随机完全组合试验方案。分抽雄期、灌浆期和成熟期对0~100 cm土层监测植株正下方、植株正南侧和植株正北侧的根系生长状况。结果表明,灌水方式对各位置根长及根系总量影响均达显著水平,施氮方式只对植株南侧根长和根系总干质量影响显著,二者的交互作用只对植株北侧根长和总根长影响显著。交替灌水均匀施氮在监测时期内维持了较大总根长,并使得灌浆期植株不同位置根长、总根量(总根干质量除外)均较大,并最终获得较大的产量(11 524 kg/hm2)。而固定灌水固定施氮总根长最小,产量最低。各处理下0~40 cm土层根长所占整个土层根长比例均较高,该比值以交替灌水均匀施氮最大。对比发现,根系生长分布对灌水方式更加敏感,通过不同灌水与施氮调控玉米根系生长分布应集中在0~40 cm土层,交替灌水均匀施氮最有利于根系的生长和产量的提高,为垄植沟灌下较好的灌水施氮方式。该研究为通过不同灌水施氮方式调控作物根系生长并获得高产提供了一定理论依据。     

碳酸氢根与水肥同层对玉米幼苗生长和吸收养分的影响

把水分(NaHCO3溶液或纯水)供应于底施了铵态或硝态N肥的土层内,以研究HCO3-及水肥供应方式对石灰性土壤上玉米生长及养分吸收的影响。结果表明,在限制灌水量的条件下,在土壤上层供应HCO3-显著抑制根系生长,但在下层供应对生长无明显影响;当施用不同形态N素时,HCO3-对N素吸收并无明显影响;此外,供应HCO3-溶液能明显提高灌水土层的土壤pH。总体来看,在供试条件下,HCO3-对玉米幼苗生长量、根系分布及养分吸收量的影响均较为有限,而后三者主要受施肥灌水层次的影响,即:在土壤上层施肥灌水,幼苗生长量显著降低;而在下层施肥灌水是一种节水节肥的水肥供应方式。但下层施肥灌水不利于植株的直立性。因为下层施肥灌水时根系主要分布在下层,在上层分布数量极少;而上层施肥灌水根系在上下两层中的分布无明显差异;下层施肥灌水的玉米植株,其N、P、K吸收量远高于上层施肥灌水的植株。     

施肥深度对生土地玉米根系及根际土壤 肥力垂直分布的影响

为探明施肥深度对生土地玉米(Zea mays L.)地上部生产力、根系及根际土壤肥力的影响,连续2年以黄土母质生土为供试土壤,采用根管土柱法,以不施肥为对照,研究不同深度(0~20 cm、60~80 cm、100~120 cm、140~160 cm和180~200 cm)施用生物有机肥对玉米地上部生产力及根重、根际土壤酶活性、根际土壤养分含量垂直分布的影响。结果表明:1)在0~200 cm土层范围内,随施肥深度的加深,玉米地上部生产力、总根重等指标均呈先增加后减少的规律。施肥深度在100~120 cm处的玉米总根重(52.3 g)及地上部生产力(361.0 g)最大。2)所有施肥深度的根重垂直分布均呈"T"型,以0~20 cm耕层根重最大,占总根重的50%左右,随根系下延,根重明显递减(P0.05)。施肥深度100~120 cm可以获得最大总根重和0~40 cm耕层根重(27.19 g)。根系N、P和K养分积累适中,平均分别为6.60 g·kg~(-1)、2.38 g·kg~(-1)和8.16 g·kg~(-1)。3)施肥明显提高根际土壤酶活性和养分含量。施肥深度为60~80 cm,0~200 cm土层根际土壤脲酶活性较高,介于0.108~0.354 mg(NH3-N)·g~(-1)(soil)·24h~(~(-1));施肥深度为140~160 cm时,0~200 cm土层根际土壤蔗糖酶活性和速效磷含量较高,分别为12.9~19.6 mg(glucose)·g~(-1)(soil)·24h~(-1)和4.31~6.02 mg·kg~(-1);施肥深度180~200 cm,0~200 cm土层根际土壤有机质含量较高,介于5.55~7.14 g·kg~(-1);施肥深度小于100 cm或大于120 cm,0~20 cm土层根际土壤碱性磷酸酶活性和碱解氮含量较高,分别0.497 mg(phenol)·g~(-1)(soil)·24h~(-1)和25.4 mg·kg~(-1)。4)相关分析表明,在生土地上,不同施肥深度处理下,玉米根重、根系NPK营养、根际土壤酶活性及根际土壤NPK营养密切相关。5)根据FACTOR过程和CLUSTER聚类分析,优化得出改良黄土母质生土地玉米冠-根-土系统的适合施肥深度范围为60~160 cm。本研究结果为通过施肥加快生土熟化提供了新的思路。     

三峡库区5种耐水淹植物根系增强土壤抗侵蚀效能研究

考察了三峡库区嘉陵江岸5种耐水淹植物的根系在土壤表层(0-30 cm)的分布特征,从抗冲性和抗蚀性两个方面明确了它们对土壤抗侵蚀的增强效能,并对其根长密度(RLD,root length density)进行了分析。研究发现:(1)狗牙根、空心莲子草、牛鞭草和野古草的根系生物量主要分布在土壤上表层(0-10 cm),荻根系生物量在土壤表层分布比较均匀;(2)狗牙根、牛鞭草和野古草的RLD及D(直径)≤1 mm RLD在土壤上表层分布较多,荻和空心莲子草的RLD及D≤1 mm RLD在上、中表层(10-20 cm)之间无显著差异;(3)5种耐水淹植物的根系对土壤抗冲性和抗蚀性都有显著的增强效应;(4)土壤抗冲性增强值,抗蚀性增强系数与5种耐水淹植物的RLD及D≤1 mm RLD关系密切,符合线性回归。结果表明,5种耐水淹植物均能在三峡库区消落区植被构建中发挥较强的抗侵蚀效应,其中荻的增强效应最明显;RLD,特别是D≤1 mm RLD能很好地表征植物根系对土壤抗侵蚀能力的增强效能。     

玉米深松分层施肥和小麦限水灌溉对土壤微生物量碳、氮及酶活性的影响

小麦—玉米两熟为华北平原主要种植制度,以玉米季深松分层施肥和常规施肥定位试验为基础,研究小麦开花期土壤微生物量碳(SMBC)、微生物量氮(SMBN)及酶活性对玉米季不同施肥方式和小麦不同灌水处理的响应。以冬小麦开花期农田土壤为研究对象,采用裂区试验设计,玉米季常规施肥(F1)和深松分层施肥(F2)为主区,小麦季3个灌溉处理为副区,分别为春季不灌水(W0)、春1水(拔节期灌水75 mm,W1)、春2水(拔节期和开花期灌水150 mm,W2)。结果表明:(1)玉米季深松施肥有利于提高氮、磷、钾的供应,改善土壤肥力,对小麦开花期耕层土壤理化性状影响显著。0—20,20—40 cm土层,F2W2处理土壤含水量和硝态氮含量显著高于其他处理,含水量受深松施肥和灌水的共同影响,而且互作效应显著;硝态氮受水分处理影响显著大于深松施肥因素。(2)SMBC和SMBN同时受深松施肥和灌水处理的共同影响,小麦季灌水处理可显著提高0—20 cm土层SMBC和SMBN含量,土壤含水量具有极显著影响(p<0.05),贡献率为78.3%;20—40 cm土层,玉米季施肥方式和小麦季灌水处理对SMBC和SMBN含量均有显著影响,且二者交互作用对SMBN影响显著,土壤含水量贡献率为86.3%。0—20 cm F2W2处理SMBN含量为94.16 mg/kg,显著高于其他处理;20—40 cm F2W2处理SMBN和SMBC含量分别为57.57,243.77 mg/kg,显著高于其他处理;SMBC和SMBN与有机碳、速效钾和硝态氮含量呈显著正相关,与土壤含水量呈极显著正相关。(3)玉米季相同施肥条件下,0—20 cm各处理土壤蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶活性均表现为W2＞W1＞W0,且差异显著;小麦季相同水分管理条件下,0—20 cm土层蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶活性F2处理最高,显著高于F1;0—20 cm土层蔗糖酶、碱性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶与速效钾和速效磷呈显著正相关,2个土层土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶活性与土壤含水量呈显著或极显著正相关关系。(4)F2W2处理小麦产量最高,养分携出量较其他处理显著提高,小麦产量和养分携出量与土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶活性和微生物量碳、氮含量均呈显著或极显著正相关。因此,小麦季灌溉拔节水和开花水结合玉米季分层深松施肥管理措施可有效促进土壤养分活化,提升土壤质量和保障土壤可持续生产。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Aircraft operations near concentrations of birds in Antarctica: The development of practical guidelines

Aircraft operations have the potential to disturb and to impact negatively on bird life. A gradient of increasing behavioural response is evident in birds when exposed to increasing aircraft stimulus. The most major disturbance is likely to lead to impacts on the health, breeding performance and survival of individual birds, and perhaps bird colonies. A process of revision to policies on aircraft operations contained in management plans for a number of specially protected areas in Antarctica by the United Kingdom, accompanied by consultations made within the scientific community through the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and with operational interests through the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programmes (COMNAP) resulted in new guidelines being adopted by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties in June 2004. The principal recommendations of the guidelines are that bird colonies should not be overflown below 2000 ft (∼610 m) above ground level and landings within 1/2 nautical mile (∼930 m) of bird colonies should be avoided wherever possible. These guidelines are less stringent and less specific than those that were recommended by the SCAR specialist group on birds, and represent a compromise to accommodate operational needs. While the adoption of clear and consistent guidelines for the operation of aircraft in Antarctica is welcome in that this provides practical advice that is likely to reduce incidences of close aircraft/bird encounters, there remains insufficient knowledge of the interactions between aircraft and birds in Antarctica, and the consequent impacts on individual birds and on bird populations. It is important, therefore, that the guidelines adopted are considered interim, and should be kept under scrutiny with revisions made as new and improved research results appear.     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.