Development of poultry rapid overnight field identification test (PROFIT)

A poultry rapid overnight field identification test (PROFIT) has been developed as a screening test which is practical, economical, and easy to perform and interpret for use in field environments to determine the presence of poultry tissue (chicken and turkey) in raw whole tissue or ground/formulated meat products. The basis of the test is an agar-gel immunodiffusion technique used with a printed template pattern and stabilized reagent paper discs. The test shows adequate sensitivity and specificity for its intended purpose. Key components are stable for at least 1 year if they are stored at refrigerator conditions. The design of the test is such that it can be made commercially available as a complete, stable, test kit suitable for use by any type of inspection program concerned with verification of poultry species in meat and/or poultry products that are subject to regulatory or quality controls.     

Development of a rapid equine serological test (REST) by modified agar-gel immunodiffusion

A rapid equine serological test (REST) has been developed for detection of horse meat in a wide variety of raw meat products. The test is an adaptation of previously developed field screening immunodiffusion tests for beef, poultry, pork, and sheep detection. Results show that the REST test was specific, sensitive, and accurate in the analysis of 101 samples.     

Development of porcine rapid identification method (PRIME) by modified agar-gel immunodiffusion

A porcine rapid identification method (PRIME) has been developed for detection of pork in a wide variety of meat products. The test is an adaptation of previously developed field screening immunodiffusion tests for beef and poultry detection. The PRIME test was demonstrated to be specific, sensitive, and accurate in the analysis of samples in the laboratory and in a commercial meat processing establishment.     

Development of serological ovine field test (SOFT) by modified agar-gel immunodiffusion

A serological ovine field test (SOFT) has been developed for detection of lamb or sheep tissue in a wide variety of raw meat products. The test is an adaptation of previously developed field screening immunodiffusion tests for beef, poultry, and pork detection. The SOFT test was demonstrated to be specific, sensitive, and accurate in the analysis of 104 samples.     

基于骨蛋白拉曼光谱特异性的肉骨粉种属鉴别方法

为了快速检测肉骨粉的种属来源,该研究开发了一种简便、可靠、科学、高效的肉骨粉种属鉴别方法。以87个肉骨粉(猪,鸡,牛和羊肉骨粉)为研究对象,利用拉曼光谱技术,结合化学计量学方法,建立了基于骨蛋白拉曼光谱特性的肉骨粉种属鉴别分析方法与模型。研究结果表明:根据偏最小二乘判别分析(PartialLeastSquaresDiscriminant Analysis,PLS-DA)模型,发现鸡和哺乳动物(猪,牛和羊)肉骨粉主要在1 659、2 930、2 852、1 246和1 455 cm-1附近的特征谱带具有差异性;猪和反刍动物(牛和羊)肉骨粉主要是在2 852、1 659和1 246 cm-1附近的特征谱带具有差异性;牛和羊肉骨粉主要是在878、853、2 930、2 852、1 246、1 455和1 659 cm-1附近的特征谱带具有差异性,并且PLS-DA模型鉴别肉骨粉的灵敏度和特异度均大于93.8%。研究结果可以丰富肉骨粉种属鉴别方法体系以及为开发便携式拉曼光谱仪提供参考。     

Changing pesticide technology in meat and poultry products

In response to consumer concerns about pesticide residues in meat and poultry, a National Residue Program was introduced in the 1960s. Rapidly developing analytical methods and instrument capability resulted in a laboratory-based program of sufficient size and technical capability to quantitatively determine an increasing number of pesticides. In 1985, at the request of the Food Safety and Inspection Service, the National Academy of Sciences evaluated the program and recommended that more emphasis be placed on preventing residues and providing a higher degree of safety to consumers. In response, FSIS made a commitment to increase and improve capability to test for more residues, including pesticides, and to develop or purchase rapid test systems to facilitate the planned expansion of the National Residue Program. Such systems are now being evaluated and integrated into the program. Factors important for acceptability of rapid tests are reviewed in detail.     

Improved hydrophobic grid membrane filter method, using EF-18 agar, for detection of Salmonella in foods: collaborative study

A collaborative study was carried out in 30 laboratories to validate improvements to the official final action hydrophobic grid membrane filter (HGMF) screening method for Salmonella in foods, 985.42, by comparing the performance of the improved HGMF method against that of the AOAC/BAM conventional culture method. Six products were included in the collaborative study: milk chocolate, raw deboned poultry meat, black pepper, soy flour, egg yolk powder, and nonfat dry milk. The raw deboned poultry meat was naturally contaminated with Salmonella, and the remaining 5 products were each inoculated in advance with low levels of individual Salmonella serotypes. The AOAC/BAM method produced 11 false negative results and the improved HGMF method produced 18 false negative results. The improved HGMF Salmonella method has been approved interim official first action for all foods to replace the HGMF official final action method, 985.42.     

Detection of poultry and pork in cooked and canned meat foods by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) are described for the detection of poultry and pork in cooked and canned meat foods. These assays are based on species-specific, polyclonal antibodies raised against heat-resistant antigens. The heat-resistant antigens were isolated from raw skeletal muscle tissue of pork and chicken and were found to be immunoreactive even after heating to 120 degrees C for 15 min. The poultry ELISA could detect chicken or turkey at the 126 ppm level, and the pork ELISA could detect pork at the 250 ppm level. Samples of frankfurters, bolognas, pressed meats, canned baby foods, and canned spreads were prepared by simple aqueous extractions.     

Automated methods for determination of fat and moisture in meat and poultry products: collaborative study

A collaborative study was conducted to compare automated methods for rapid determination of fat and moisture in meat and poultry products with the official AOAC solvent extraction and forced-air oven methods, respectively. Fourteen products were tested, with fat and moisture contents ranging from 2 to 43% and 44 to 74%, respectively. Eight of the collaborating laboratories analyzed the products by using a moisture/fat analyzer; 4 laboratories used the AOAC methods. Standard deviations for within-laboratory repeatability, between-laboratory reproducibility, and bias for each product indicated that the rapid methods were acceptable. The moisture/fat analyzer methods have been adopted official first action for fat and moisture analyses in meat and poultry products.     

Rapid methods for determination of meat composition

Rapid analytical procedures are needed to determine the total protein, moisture, and fat content of meat and poultry products. During the past 5 years, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) has been studying various methods involving instrumentation that test for these constituents either in combination or separately. The studies are initiated on request of the Department or the instrumentation manufacturer and are conducted at the manufacturers' facilities using 2 sets of samples preanalyzed by conventional means. One set, with values, is used for calibration purposes, the other set is tested as unknown samples. The resultant data are evaluated statistically vs the conventional test results. Most studies show the usefulness of these rapid tests for product quality control, but some fall short of regulatory requirements because of unacceptable bias or variability. Typical within-product standard deviations obtained in rapid methods instrumentation tests have ranged from 0.47 to 0.67 for percent total protein, 0.73 to 1.71 for moisture, and 0.41 to 1.14 for fat. For conventional methods, the acceptable USDA performance criteria for repeatability are standard deviations of less than 0.24 for protein, 0.46 for moisture, and 0.63 for fat. Improvements in instrumentation are being made and studies continue.     

Evaluation of analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by the QuEChERS method and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and their formation in poultry meat as affected by marinating and frying

The objectives of this research were to develop a method for the determination of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in poultry meat by combining the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) method with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and study their formation during marinating and frying. The recoveries of 16 PAHs ranged from 94.5 to 104% in blank samples and from 71.2 to 104% in poultry meat samples. The quantitation limits of 16 PAHs were from 0.02 to 1 ng/mL, with the intraday variability being from 2.4 to 6.6% [percent relative standard deviation (RSD%)] and interday variability being from 3.3 to 7.1% (RSD%). Most PAHs followed a time-dependent increase over a 24 h marinating period, with naphthalene being generated in the largest amount. Among the various poultry meat, chicken gizzard produced the highest level of total PAHs after 24 h of marinating. A similar tendency was observed for most PAHs during frying of poultry meat, but a high amount of total PAHs was shown in duck drumstick after 15 min of frying.     

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in U.S. Meat and poultry from two statistically designed surveys showing trends and levels from 2002 to 2008

Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) body burdens in the general U.S. population have been linked to the consumption of red meat and poultry. Exposure estimates have also indicated that meat products are a major contributor to PBDE dietary intake. To establish solid estimates of PBDE concentrations in domestic meat and poultry, samples from two statistically designed surveys of U.S. meat and poultry were analyzed for PBDEs. The two surveys were conducted in 2002-2003 and 2007-2008, between which times the manufacturing of penta-BDE and octa-BDE formulations had ceased in the United States (December 2004). Thus, the data provided an opportunity to observe prevalence and concentration trends that may have occurred during this time frame and to compare the mean PBDE levels among the meat and poultry industries. On the basis of composite samples, the average sum of the seven most prevalent PBDEs (BDE-28, -47, -99, -100, -153, -154, and -183) decreased by >60% from 1.95 ng/g lipid in 2002-2003 to 0.72 ng/g lipid in 2007-2008 for meat and poultry. PBDEs measured in individual samples in 2008 showed that beef samples had the lowest PBDE levels followed by hogs and chickens and then by turkeys. The PBDE congener pattern was the same for both surveys and resembled the penta-BDE formulation with BDE-47 and -99 accounting for 30 and 40% of the total, respectively. On the basis of the data from the two surveys, it appears that PBDE levels in U.S. meat and poultry have declined since manufacturing ceased; however, exposure pathways of PBDEs to livestock are still not known.     

Chromatographic methods for determination of macrolide antibiotic residues in tissues and milk of food-producing animals

Tylosin, an antibiotic developed specifically for agricultural use, and erythromycin are the main macrolide antibiotics used in animal production. Two-dimensional thin layer chromatography has been used for detection of tylosin in poultry meat, eggs, and milk and for erythromycin in poultry meat. Detection limits reported are, for tylosin, 0.1 ppm in poultry meat, 0.05 ppm in egg, and 0.01 ppm in milk, and for erythromycin, 0.25 ppm in poultry meat. Liquid chromatography (LC) has also been used for determination of tylosin in milk, blood, and tissues of animals. Samples (milk, blood serum, or tissue homogenates in water or pH 2.2 buffer) were deproteinized with acetonitrile, tylosin was partitioned into methylene chloride, and the extracts were concentrated and dissolved in acetonitrile. Chromatography was done on a reverse phase end-capped C18 column using 0.002-0.005 M ammonium dihydrogen phosphate-acetonitrile-methanol (10 + 60 + 30-5 + 80 + 15). Solvent composition was varied with the type of sample analyzed. The method will detect 0.1 ppm tylosin in tissues and less in milk and blood serum. The LC method was more sensitive than microbiological assays for detection of tylosin in tissues of treated swine; recoveries of tylosin by the LC method were frequently several-fold higher.     

Development of USDA-FSIS method for isolation of Listeria monocytogenes from raw meat and poultry

A method was developed specifically to detect naturally occurring Listeria monocytogenes in meat because the traditional cold enrichment procedure was extremely slow and other procedures were ineffective. This method could identify beta-hemolytic Listeria colonies in 3-4 days. The use of a 2-stage enrichment, highly selective LPM agar, and a thin-layer horse blood agar plate for the detection of beta-hemolytic Listeria isolates are the important steps of this method. L. monocytogenes was recovered from 20 of 41 samples of frozen ground beef, 12 of 23 samples of pork sausage, and 7 of 22 samples of poultry. These results indicate that L. monocytogenes is common in raw meat and that this method is effective for its recovery.     

基于组成特性的肉骨粉种属鉴别标志性变量挖掘

为了全面表征不同种属肉骨粉的组成特性，并进一步挖掘肉骨粉种属鉴别标志性变量，研究基于166个来源可靠的不同种属肉骨粉样本（猪、鸡、牛、羊源），从基本组分、元素组成、脂肪酸组成和氨基酸组成4个方面全面获取物料组成特性信息。对比分析不同种属肉骨粉的69个组成变量，其中31个组成变量在种属间差异性显著（P<0.05）。主成分分析（Principal Component Analysis，PCA）结合偏最小二乘判别分析（Partial Least Square-Discriminant Analysis，PLS-DA）对肉骨粉种属间特异性进行探索性分析。结果表明，元素组成和脂肪酸组成可以为猪、鸡、牛、羊肉骨粉提供特异性组成标志变量；氨基酸组成是反刍动物肉骨粉的特异性组成标志变量来源。综合PLS-DA和单因素方差分析结果，以VIP值大于1，P<0.05为指标，研究获取了不同种属肉骨粉之间的特异性组成标志变量，分别为：C10∶0、C18∶0、C18∶2n6c（猪肉骨粉）；Ca、K、Zn、C18∶0、C18∶2n6c（鸡肉骨粉）；Sr、C14∶1、C17∶0、C17∶1、C18∶0、C18∶2n6t（牛肉骨粉）；H、Mg、Sr、C10∶0、C16∶0、C17∶0、C17∶1、C18∶0（羊肉骨粉）；Sr、Ba、C14∶1、C17∶0、C15∶0、C17∶1、C18∶0、C18∶2n6t、C18∶2n6c、丝氨酸（反刍动物肉骨粉）；K、Zn、C18∶0、C18∶2n6c（哺乳动物肉骨粉）。该研究可以为肉骨粉种属鉴别方法及其多元应用机理分析提供数据支持，并可以为肉骨粉多元应用细化至不同种属提供理论基础。     

纳米级兔骨粉球磨法制备工艺优化

为了探索兔骨精深加工的新方法,提高兔骨的利用率和附加值,该文以70日龄伊拉兔的脊骨、肋骨和腿骨为试验原料(其中脊骨和肋骨的总质量与腿骨的质量比为4∶1),经高压蒸煮、蛋白酶酶解、胶体磨研磨、真空冷冻干燥、标准筛过筛、球磨机球磨等处理,采用动态光散射的方法对兔骨粉的平均粒径和分布系数(PDI,particle dispersion index)进行测量,在单因素试验的基础上,用响应面法优化球磨法制备纳米级兔骨粉的工艺参数,并建立二次回归方程。最终得到球磨法的最佳制备工艺为:球磨转速558 r/min,球磨时间4.7 h,球料比为3.66∶1,在此条件下进行3次验证试验,得出兔骨粉的平均粒径为(502.5±11.7)nm,PDI为0.497±0.021,与预测值的相对误差均低于5%,表明回归模型有效。研究结果对兔骨和其他畜禽骨的精深加工具有一定的参考价值。     

Poultry Residual Composts: Materials Balance and Crop Response

This paper discusses compost production yields as a percent of raw product mix using poultry litter, poultry processing plant dissolved air flotation skimmings, sawdust, wood chips and ground yard debris. Three different mixes were used and identified as Mixes 1, 2 and 3. Mixes 1 and 2 were produced using windrows and a windrow turner and Mix 3 was made using a covered in-channel compost turner. Mixes 1 and 2 were poultry litter compost with a screened mass yield of 80 and 77 percent, respectively. Mix 3 was a dissolved air flotation compost with a screened mass yield of 40 percent. Results from plant experiments show poultry litter compost can be used successfully in potting mixes for poinsettia and chrysanthemum production. A compost produced from dissolved air flotation skimmings, a poultry processing waste, can be used in field corn production but had little influence in the production of soybeans.     

Multitest system for biochemical identification of Salmonella, Escherichia coli, and other Enterobacteriaceae isolated from foods: collaborative study

Nine laboratories evaluated the ability of the MICRO-ID test system to correctly identify members of the Enterobacteriaceae. A total of 78 isolates representing 11 genera of enterics that had been previously isolated from foods were used in the collaborative study. The collaborators streaked each isolate on plate count agar and incubated the plates overnight at 35 degrees C to check purity of the isolates. Then they proceeded with the method in which an isolated colony is transferred to a plate count agar slant and is incubated 18-24 h at 35 degrees C. Growth from the slant is emulsified in 3.5 mL physiological saline to a density comparable to a McFarland No. 2 tube and is then used to inoculate the test (MICRO-ID) strip. The strip is incubated 4 h at 35 degrees C and the reactions are read and recorded. Isolates are identified by using an octal code and the test kit manual. The system correctly identified 98.8% of the Salmonella isolates, 97.7% of the E. coli isolates, and 84.6% of the other 9 enteric genera tested. The system has been approved interim official first action as an alternative to conventional biochemical tests (1) for presumptive generic identification of food-borne Salmonella and for screening and elimination of non-Salmonella isolates; (2) for identification of E. coli from foods; and (3) for presumptive generic identification of other Enterobacteriaceae isolated from foods.     

Dose and duration effect of alpha-tocopheryl acetate supplementation on chicken meat fatty acid composition, tocopherol content, and oxidative status

The effects of dietary alpha-tocopheryl acetate (alpha-TA) doses (75, 150, and 225 mg/kg) and the duration of this supplementation (0, 10, 21, 32, and 43 days prior to slaughter) on fatty acid composition, alpha-tocopherol content, and oxidative status were studied either in raw or in cooked dark chicken meat with its skin. With regard to fatty acid composition, raw meat was affected by both dietary factors. Various polyunsaturated fatty acids decreased as a result of higher alpha-TA doses, whereas these fatty acids increased with longer supplementation periods. Cooked meat showed similar trends for the duration of alpha-TA supplementation. On the other hand, alpha-tocopherol content in raw and cooked meat increased as a result of the dose and duration of alpha-TA supplementation. Formation of lipid hydroperoxides and thiobarbituric acid values of these meats were also influenced by these two dietary factors, and the dietary combination of 150 mg/kg of alpha-TA during the last 32 days was optimal in terms of supplementation costs and meat oxidative stability.     

Identification of Chinese alligators (Alligator sinensis) meat by diagnostic PCR of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene

With the commercial farming and exploitation of Chinese alligators (Alligator sinensis), illegal and inappropriately labeled Chinese alligator meat has appeared in markets. To prevent the illegal hunting and commerce for Chinese alligators, it will be important to develop an expedient and practical method for the identification of Chinese alligator meat. In this study, a pair of the species-specific PCR primers (Alli-M and Alli-R) was designed using sequence variations of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) cytochrome b gene between Chinese alligators and other crocodilians. By the multiplex PCR of using the species-specific primers and 12S rRNA universal primers L1091 and H1478, 31 samples (27 meat samples, 4 skin samples) were identified. The result of amplification displayed that only the fresh and the cooked meat samples from the Chinese alligator could be amplified with two bands. We also present a case of identification of a crocodilian body part found in a local market using the newly developed primers. The specific primers designed in this study could be widely used for the rapid and accurate identification of not only alligator meat but also other commercial products from Chinese alligator.