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1.
徐华  蔡祖聪  八木一行 《土壤》2006,38(6):671-675
通过盆栽和培养试验研究了不同水分历史水稻土CH4产生、氧化及排放间的相互影响。水稻土CH4产生、氧化和排放皆受土壤水分历史条件的强烈影响,非水稻生长期土壤水分含量越高,随后水稻生长期CH4排放量越大,产生和氧化能力也越强。无论是水稻生长期平均值还是季节变化,CH4排放皆受CH4产生的显著影响。CH4产生量和排放量的相对差值很好地说明了各处理间土壤CH4氧化潜力的差异。水稻土CH4排放通量主要受CH4产生率,而不是CH4氧化潜力的影响,但CH4氧化能牵制CH4产生率对CH4排放通量的影响,水稻土这种自然调节CH4排放量的特性对减少稻田CH4排放具有重要的意义。  相似文献   

2.
黔中地区水稻土的含硒量及其对糙米硒含量的影响   总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7  
李娟  龙健  汪境仁 《土壤通报》2005,36(4):571-574
通过贵州开阳县水稻土硒含量特征和该区水稻硒含量之间关系的调查研究表明:开阳县水稻土水溶性硒含量高于一般水稻土水溶性硒的临界值(0.01μgg-1),这与该区的成土母质、地形等因素有关。富硒水稻土使水稻对硒的吸收增加,该县出产的稻米硒含量普遍比贵州省其它地区高,平均含硒量高于粮食硒的正常含量范围(0.04~0.07μgg-1)。水稻地上各部分含硒量存在差异,糠、秸秆中的含硒量高于糙米,糙米含硒量与土壤硒含量的相关性达极显著水平(r=0.7861*,P<0.05)。  相似文献   

3.
易利用态有机物质对水稻土甲烷排放的激发作用   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
为探讨外源有机物质对淹水稻田土壤CH4排放的激发作用,对比不同外源有机物质对土壤CH4排放的贡献差别,本研究选取3种标记的易利用态有机物(葡萄糖、乙酸和草酸)分别加入水稻土,进行了为期1个月的培养。结果表明:培养30 d后不同处理CH4的累计排放量差异显著(P0.05),其中,乙酸葡萄糖草酸对照;双因素方差分析结果显示,外源有机物质的添加加速了土壤易利用态有机质的矿化(即产生正激发效应);不同处理条件下激发作用产生的CH4分别占各处理CH4总累计排放量的73.3%(葡萄糖处理)、71.5%(乙酸处理)和40.9%(草酸处理),且CH4排放量与CH4激发效应之间极显著正相关关系说明土壤CH4排放主要要来自于土壤原有机质的分解,外源有机物质可能主要对土壤微生物活性及代谢途径有影响。  相似文献   

4.
索慧慧  林颖  赵苗苗  王坤  曲东 《水土保持学报》2019,33(2):155-161,271
为了探究生物炭对土壤中溶解性有机质(DOM)的影响,采用向水稻土中添加生物炭的厌氧泥浆培养试验,分析添加生物炭后对不同培养阶段的厌氧泥浆中水溶性有机碳(DOC)含量、DOM组成、荧光光谱特性及土壤中Fe(III)还原特征的影响。结果表明:添加生物炭可增加水稻土中DOC含量及影响紫外光谱特征值(SUVA_(254)),引起DOM组分种类和相对含量变化,不同类型土壤间的变化存在差异,酸性水稻土中的作用更为明显。水稻土中Fe(III)的还原效率在添加生物炭下得到促进,同时对土壤的初始pH也产生一定影响。相关分析结果揭示添加生物炭可通过调节SUVA_(254)、DOM组成和体系pH,从而影响厌氧水稻土中的硝酸盐还原、铁还原及产甲烷过程。  相似文献   

5.
水稻土中铁还原与无机磷有效性的关系   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
曹宁  曲东 《土壤通报》2007,38(3):504-507
采集我国吉林省吉林市(1号)、四川省邛崃市(2号)、江西省安福县(3号)及广东省雷州半岛(4号)等地区的四种典型水稻土,通过模拟厌氧培养试验,研究在厌氧还原条件下不同水稻土中Fe(II)产生量、有效性磷浓度及A l-P、Fe-P和O-P等无机磷形态变化情况。结果表明,淹水后四种水稻土中Fe(II)含量均有不同程度的增加,土壤有效磷浓度也呈现相同的变化趋势。淹水60天后在1、2、3、4号土壤中,Fe(II)的净增加量分别为5.5mg g-1,4.3mg g-1,2.1mg g-1和3.7mg g-1;有效磷的增加量分别为50 mg kg-1,18.6 mg kg-1,23 mg kg-1和12.4 mg kg-1。厌氧培养30天内土壤Fe(II)产生量与有效磷浓度的变化呈极显著的相关关系。在1、2、3、4号土壤中,Fe(II)与有效磷的相关系数依次为0.9679、0.9744、0.8949和0.7501。  相似文献   

6.
五氯酚在长期定位施肥土壤中的残留动态   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0  
王诗生  卞永荣  王芳  杨兴伦  李忠佩  蒋新 《土壤》2009,41(3):442-447
研究好氧和厌氧条件下五氯酚 (PCP) 在长期不施肥 (CK),施无机肥尿素 (N),施有机肥 (OM)和无机有机肥配施 (N+OM) 4 种处理土壤中的残留动态.结果表明,无论在好氧或厌氧条件下,PCP 在土壤中的消解均遵循一级动力学方程.在好氧条件下,PCP 在 CK、N、OM 和 N+OM 4 种处理土壤中半衰期分别为 26.9、27.7、21.5、20.6 天,在厌氧条件下,PCP 的半衰期分别为 30.8、32.2、27.1、25.9 天.表明无论在好氧或厌氧条件下,长期单施有机肥或无机有机肥配施显著加速 PCP 在土壤中的消解,原因可能是长期单施有机肥或无机有机肥配施能显著提高土壤有机质含量和微生物活性,加速 PCP 在土壤中的消解.好氧条件下 PCP 的消解速率显著高于厌氧条件.  相似文献   

7.
炉渣与生物炭配施对稻田土壤性质及微生物特征的影响   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
稻田土壤微生物种类多、数量大,是土壤有机碳矿化的驱动者和有机碳库的固持者。以福州平原稻田为试验样地,分别施加生物炭、炉渣、生物炭+炉渣3种处理,测定分析不同处理对稻田土壤理化性质、微生物数量及有机碳含量的影响,旨在探究稻田土壤微生物在土壤碳库稳定方面的作用。结果表明:(1)炉渣与生物炭施加能够增加稻田土壤微生物数量,提高土壤真菌/细菌比值,有利于土壤碳库稳定性,其中混合施加效果更为显著。(2)3种施加处理均使早稻拔节期真菌数量及真菌/细菌比值显著升高,其中真菌/细菌比值分别提高0.016,0.015,0.018,同时使晚稻乳熟期厌氧细菌数量显著增加。生物炭单一施加及混施处理使晚稻拔节期好氧细菌数量显著升高。混施处理使早稻乳熟期好氧细菌数量显著升高(p<0.05)。(3)炉渣施加处理显著提高了早稻乳熟期土壤DOC的含量,生物炭施加处理显著提高早稻乳熟期土壤SOC含量,混施处理使早稻拔节期土壤SOC含量显著升高,使晚稻拔节期土壤DOC显著升高(p<0.05),并且早、晚稻拔节期有机碳含量显著高于乳熟期。(4)稻田土壤理化性质、微生物数量及有机碳含量三者相互影响,早稻土壤pH与土壤MBC含量呈显著负相关,与真菌数量呈极显著正相关(p<0.01)。晚稻土壤含水量与DOC、好氧细菌、厌氧细菌、真菌呈正相关。MBC与厌氧细菌呈显著负相关(p<0.05)。  相似文献   

8.
淹水与风干过程中土壤有效磷含量变化研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
新鲜土壤在风干过程中,随着水分含量的减少,土壤中磷的有效性产生显著变化。本文选取了4种水稻土(沙溪庙组、遂宁组、黄壤、自流井组),分别测定鲜样和风干后的样品有效磷含量。结果表明:鲜样有效磷含量高于风干样品,风干后样品的有效磷含量减少程度与土壤的基本性质(水分状况、pH值、有机质)有关,比较发现:与鲜样的水分系数呈负相关、与pH值和有机质含量呈正相关,在各影响因素中水分含量>pH>有机质。  相似文献   

9.
尿素施用对稻田土壤甲烷产生、氧化及排放的影响   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
张广斌  马静  马二登  徐华  蔡祖聪 《土壤》2010,42(2):178-183
通过田间和培养试验研究了不施尿素(N0kg/hm2)和施用尿素(N300kg/hm2)对水稻生长期稻田土壤CH4产生潜力、氧化潜力和排放通量的影响。结果表明,水稻全生育期内,施用尿素降低土壤CH4产生潜力,并推迟其达到最大值的时间;尿素作为基肥和穗肥施用抑制土壤CH4氧化,而作为分蘖肥施用短暂地促进然后抑制土壤CH4氧化;施用尿素降低稻田CH4排放量。施用尿素通过同时影响CH4产生潜力和氧化潜力来影响稻田CH4排放。  相似文献   

10.
以东北潮棕壤为供试土壤,通过室外水稻盆栽试验,研究不同水分管理模式下氮肥和秸秆配施对稻田CH4排放的影响。在长期淹水(CF)和干湿交替(AWD)两种水分管理模式的基础上,设置无氮肥对照(CK)、单施秸秆(S)、单施尿素(U)、尿素+秸秆(US)4个处理,对水稻整个生长季CH4排放进行监测,并测定不同生育期间土壤微生物量碳(MBC)含量以及收获后水稻产量。结果显示:AWD模式下CH4累积排放量低于CF模式;两种水分模式下CK与U处理CH4累积排放无显著差异,添加秸秆处理(S,US)CH4累积排放量显著增加。CF模式下US处理CH4累积排放量显著高于S处理,但在AWD模式下正好相反。AWD模式在降低CH4排放的同时并未显著降低水稻产量,尿素的施用显著增加了水稻产量,秸秆还田虽然对水稻产量无显著影响,但它显著提高了土壤微生物量碳含量,有助于培肥地力。与CF模式相比,AWD模式显著降低了CH4排放,同时,US处理施在降低CH4排放和保证水稻产量的同时,增加土壤MBC含量,有助于培肥地力。因此,AWD模式是东北潮棕壤发育的水田中较为优异的水分管理模式,U和US处理是较为优异的施肥措施。  相似文献   

11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响   总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0  
【目的】以富士(Fuji)、 秦冠(Qinguan)嫁接在平邑甜茶(Malus hupehensis Rehd.)上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水(ZZ)、 低氮正常水(DZ)、 正常氮干旱(ZG)、 低氮干旱(DG)。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮(6 mmol/L NO-3-N)、 低氮(0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N)、 正常供水(保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%)、 干旱处理(保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%)。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量(茎和叶)、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水(ZZ)>低氮正常水(DZ)>正常氮干旱(ZG)>低氮干旱(DG),并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水(ZZ)>低氮正常水(DZ)>正常氮干旱(ZG)>低氮干旱(DG); 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶>根>茎,磷元素则是根>叶>茎;光合氮素利用效率(PNUE)和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水(DZ)处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱(DG)处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。  相似文献   

12.
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.  相似文献   

13.
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,  相似文献   

14.
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.  相似文献   

15.
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.  相似文献   

16.
Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.  相似文献   

17.
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.  相似文献   

18.
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,  相似文献   

19.
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,  相似文献   

20.
李聃枫  朱春梧 《土壤》2020,52(3):561-566
自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。  相似文献   

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