夏灌对内蒙古河套灌区土壤中磷元素迁移的影响

磷作为植物生长必需的元素之一,是引起水体富营养化的重要因素。通过对内蒙古河套灌区2008年夏灌前后农田灌、排水和地下水以及土壤中不同形态磷含量和土壤含水率的分析测定,借助SPSS13.0软件对监测结果进行统计分析,研究夏灌期间灌区土壤中磷元素的迁移规律及其影响因素。结果表明：夏灌后,土壤含水率仅表层有明显增加,且夏灌前后土壤含水率与土层深度显著相关（相关系数分别为0.751和0.770）,土壤中有效磷含量和土壤含水率显著相关（Sig.为0.009）;夏灌期间,不同土层深度处的磷元素含量差异显著,作物类型和种植方式对磷元素在土壤中的分布无显著影响;夏灌会造成土壤中磷元素向地下水迁移,且流失形态主要为可溶性磷。该文可为灌区科学合理的水肥管理以及控制磷流失提供依据。     

水分胁迫下AM真菌对甘草生长的影响

利用盆栽试验研究了水分胁迫下接种摩西球囊霉（Glomus mosseae）对甘草（Glycyrrhiza inflata）生长和抗旱性的影响。结果表明,土壤含水量对AM真菌接种效果有显著影响;不同水分条件下,接种AM真菌显著提高了甘草菌根侵染率和全株黄酮以及氮、磷含量。水分胁迫30 d,接种株POD活性和MDA含量显著降低,而土壤含水量为60%和80%时,接种株可溶性蛋白含量显著降低;水分胁迫60d,接种株SOD活性和可溶性蛋白含量显著降低,土壤含水量为60%和80%时,接种株POD活性和可溶性糖含量显著升高,接种株叶绿素含量只在土壤含水量为60 %时显著升高。以胁迫60d土壤含水量为60 %时接种效果最佳。AM真菌可能通过提高宿主植物根系对土壤水分和矿质元素吸收以及改善植物体内生理活动、调节保护酶活性以提高其抗旱性,促进宿主植物生长。     

土壤--泡桐体系中的养分含量及其在丛枝病发生中的作用

本文用对经和分析方法研究了土壤与泡桐叶中养分含量、相互关系及其在丛枝病发生中的作用。土壤中磷、铜、锌、铁和钾的比值呈极显著的正相关（r=0.918^**），表明土壤养分含量的多寡对泡桐丛枝病的发生起着十分重要的作用。土壤低的磷和高的铜含量以及磷钾、磷铜、磷锌、铜锌、铁铜和铁锰等元素间的拮抗作用，使得泡桐树体内钾和铜的含量过高，磷和锰的含量偏低，树体正常生长所需的磷钾、铜锰、铁锰比遭到破坏，引起代谢紊乱，导致泡桐树的抗病能力下降而患上丛枝病。     

南阳烤烟矿质元素及化学成分次适宜因子与土壤生态因子的典型相关分析

为了解南阳烤烟矿质元素及主要化学成分次适宜因子及其与土壤生态因子的关系,选取代表南阳不同生态类型的13个样点的土壤样品和烟叶样品,以及2个津巴布韦、14个巴西的优质烟样,测定烟样矿质元素及化学成分与土壤生态因子.对优质烟与南阳烤烟间矿质元素及主要化学成分指标的比较表明,南阳烤烟矿质元素及主要化学成分次适宜因子为磷、钾、钙、钠、烟碱、总糖、还原糖、淀粉.对次适宜因子与土壤生态因子进行典型相关分析的结果表明,在一定范围内,随着土壤锌含量提高,烟叶还原糖呈显著增加趋势而烟碱呈显著减少趋势:土壤氨化菌数减少、硝化菌数增加,烟叶烟碱显著增加而总糖、淀粉、磷含量显著减少;随土壤放线菌数减少、解钾菌数增加,烟叶还原糖含量增加;随土壤铜含量提高,烟叶钙、钠含量减少;随土壤硝化菌数减少、真菌数增加,烟叶钙含量呈增加趋势而钠含量呈减少趋势.改良土壤特别是改良土壤微生物性状可望改善烟叶质量.     

低磷条件下植物根系形态反应及其调控机制

磷是植物必需营养元素之一,土壤中磷有效性低,限制作物生长发育。磷肥施用量逐年增加,但是磷矿资源面临耗竭。植物根系形态变化对于植物适应低磷胁迫,提高植物对土壤磷的吸收利用具有重要意义。本文从植物根系构型、根冠比、初生根、根毛、侧根等方面综述了植物适应低磷胁迫的根系形态变化特征。低磷条件下,植物根系构型发生改变,普遍抑制主根生长,刺激侧根发育起始与伸长,诱导根毛形成。同时,分析了转录因子、植物激素、蔗糖以及关键基因等对低磷条件下植物根系生长发育的生理与分子调控机制,低磷胁迫下转录因子ZAT6和MYB62参与调控初生根生长,BHLH32和PHR调控根毛形成发育,WRKY75对侧根发育有抑制作用。研究表明,在低磷条件下,赤霉素、细胞分裂素、生长素和乙烯对初生根发育起着调控作用,而根毛的生长发育与赤霉素、生长素和乙烯有关,侧根发育过程中生长素作用明显。一些基因如LPR1、LPR2、LPR3以及PDR2参与调控低磷胁迫下植物初生根的发育。低磷胁迫下光合产物蔗糖对植物根毛和侧根发育有影响。     

植物根际促生菌辅助红麻修复铅污染土壤

通过盆栽实验研究土壤Pb浓度对经济作物红麻（Hibiscuscannabinus）生长、富集及转运Pb的影响,并将具有较强Pb抗性的植物根际促生菌（PGPR）DBM1（Arthrobactersp．）接种至红麻根际,考察Pb胁迫下PGPR对红麻的促生作用,以探索利用PGPR辅助重金属耐性植物红麻对Pb污染土壤进行植物稳定修复的可行性。结果表明,土壤Pb浓度和接菌处理均显著影响红麻的生长。红麻对Pb具有较高耐性,可通过将Ph富集在根部,并抑制其向地上部转移,从而在中低Pb（Pb400和Pb800处理）污染土壤中良好定植和生长。土壤Pb浓度达到1600mg·kg^-1时,红麻生长开始受到Ph胁迫的抑制,红麻通过自身胁迫抵抗机制缓解Pb毒性。接种DBM1可有效促进红麻的生长,提高红麻叶绿素含量。DBM1对红麻的促生作用是由胁迫诱导的特性,在高Pb胁迫下促生效果更显著。因此,可利用植物根际促生茵DBM1辅助红麻对高Pb污染土壤进行植物稳定修复,在促进红麻生长的同时,有效抑制Pb向红麻地上部的转移。     

铝对荞麦铝和其它营养元素运输的影响

铝胁迫下铝和其它元素的吸收、运输和分布是铝毒害的基础。采用土培法。研究荞麦（Fagopyrum esculentum Moench）在不同的铝浓度水平下对铝的吸收和运输，以及铝胁迫对氮、磷、钾、钙、镁、钠、锌、铜、铁、锰等元素的吸收和运输的影响。结果表明：在铝胁迫下，养麦植株铝含量迅速上升，而其他元素的吸收均受到一定的阻碍影响，在植株各部的含量均有所下降；花期荞麦与真叶期相比，地上部分的铝含量及根部含量均大幅下降，植株的其他元素含量同阳增加，表明铝胁迫得到缓解，可见养麦作为一种铝积累植物对铝毒有较强的适应能力。     

外源油菜素内酯对番茄铜胁迫的缓解效应

采用营养液水培的方法,以改良毛粉802F1 番茄为材料,研究外源2,4表油菜素内酯（2,4EBR,简称EBR）对铜胁迫下番茄抗氧化酶系统及生长发育的影响。结果表明:与铜胁迫处理相比,外源EBR处理能显著激活铜胁迫下抗氧化酶系统［过氧化物酶（POD）、超氧化物岐化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）］和根系活力,使丙二醛含量明显降低,叶绿素含量和生物量显著升高;铜胁迫显著提高了番茄铜含量（尤其是根系）,而外施EBR能够显著降低铜胁迫下番茄叶片和根系铜的含量,提高带有相同电荷的竞争性离子Fe、Zn、Mn含量,利于养分平衡,维持番茄正常的生长代谢。     

蚯蚓对赤红壤草被恢复影响的试验研究

生态修复是南方红壤丘陵区土地退化治理的有效手段之一,但现有研究较少关注土壤动物在生态修复过程中的作用。以退化的赤红壤为研究对象,基于盆栽试验,采用全因子设计方法模拟多种生态系统(裸土vs.黑麦草)×蚯蚓(不接种vs.接种蚯蚓)×水分(湿润vs.干旱),以揭示蚯蚓对干旱条件下退化土壤植被修复前后土壤理化性质和植被生产力的调控作用。结果表明：蚯蚓显著提高了湿润和干旱条件下黑麦草生物量。蚯蚓对土壤有机碳影响不显著,蚯蚓活动提高了裸土生态系统土壤总氮、硝态氮、铵态氮含量,以及黑麦草生态系统土壤速效磷含量。干旱胁迫降低黑麦草生物量,对土壤有机碳影响不显著,但显著改善蚯蚓存在土壤的pH值。黑麦草生物量与土壤总磷、硝态氮、铵态氮和速效磷显著正相关。偏最小二乘路径分析表明蚯蚓活动显著提高土壤全量和速效养分含量,湿润条件下速效养分对植被生物量具有显著正效应,干旱条件下其作用不显著。综上,蚯蚓活动改善土壤肥力状况,促进植被生长,蚯蚓活动可缓解干旱对植被生长的不利影响。研究结果对深入认识蚯蚓对生态系统作用具有重要意义,为退化土地生态修复管理提供科学依据。     

双城市土壤重金属空间分异及影响因子分析

采用地理信息系统（GIS）和地统计学相结合的方法,研究了黑龙江省双城市的土壤全量铜、锌、铅、镍、镉5种重金属元素的空间分异规律及其影响因子。结果表明：研究区土壤锌、镍、镉具有强烈的空间相关性,表明这3种元素受土壤内在属性影响较大;而铜、铅具有中等强度的空间相关性,表明这2种元素由土壤内在属性和人为因素共同起作用。镉、铅、铜较锌、镍的变程小,说明前3种重金属元素含量可能主要受到较小尺度因子的影响。研究区土壤各重金属元素空间分异规律如下：铜和镍呈东高西低的趋势,铅呈南高北低的趋势,而锌和镉分别表现为块状分布和岛状分布的特点。影响重金属元素空间分布的影响因子主要有自然因素（土壤类型、高程、土壤理化性质等）和人为因素（乡镇、道路、各种工厂等）。     

铜胁迫对植物生长发育影响与植物耐铜机制的研究进展

铜(Cu)是植物生长发育必需的微量营养元素,在光合作用、呼吸作用、抗氧化系统及激素信号转导等多种生理过程中发挥至关重要的作用,其在植物体内含量过高或不足均会影响植物的正常生理代谢。近年来由于含铜杀菌剂的广泛使用及工业含铜污染物的排放,铜污染对植物生长发育的危害备受关注。研究铜离子对植物生长发育的影响以及植物响应铜胁迫的分子机制,对人们了解植物的耐铜性和铜污染区的植物修复具有重大意义。本文从植物对铜离子的吸收转运及积累,铜胁迫对植物生长发育的影响及植物对铜胁迫的抗性机制3个方面,系统总结了国内外关于植物铜胁迫的研究进展,并提出了需要进一步加强铜胁迫分子调控机制及植物修复方面的研究。     

Silicon alleviates long-term copper toxicity and influences gene expression in Nicotiana tabacum

Silicon (Si) is beneficial for plant growth and aids in stress tolerance. In this study, the effects of Si on long-term copper (Cu) toxicity in the low Si accumulator Nicotiana tabacum were evaluated. Silicon supplementation alleviated growth inhibition in roots and shoots of N. tabacum exposed to Cu toxicity. Alleviation of Cu toxicity correlated with increased Si accumulation in roots and leaves, suggesting N. tabacum contains a stress-regulated mechanism for Si transport. Root Cu concentration decreased in Si-supplemented plants exposed to Cu toxicity. Interestingly, Copper Transporter 1 (COPT1) expression decreased in roots of Si-supplemented plants exposed to Cu toxicity, which may contribute to Cu uptake reduction. Decreases in ethylene (ET) biosynthetic gene expression were previously implicated in Si-mediated stress alleviation. In the present study, Si-mediated alleviation of Cu toxicity corresponded with increased ET biosynthetic gene expression.     

Effects of Boron Stress on copper enzyme activity in tomato

Moderate B deficiency in plants has been reported to enhance Cu deficiency by keeping these plants in the vegetative growth stage. In this study, ascorbate oxidase activity was used as an index of the effect of B stress on Cu activity. When T3238FER (B‐inefficient) and Rutgers (B‐efficient) tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were grown in nutrient solutions at various B levels, B‐stressed plants had higher ascorbic acid oxidase activity than B‐sufficient plants. This activity was significantly higher in T3238FER than in Rutgers. Ascorbic acid oxidase activity may be directly or indirectly related to the role of B in plant growth and may be responsible for the more efficient use of B by Rutgers than by T3238FER tomato.     

Acute and chronic effect of copper on levels of reduced and oxidized glutathione and nutrient uptake of tomato plants

Phytotoxicity due to copper (Cu) is generally associated with visible symptoms such as a decrease in plant shoot and root growth and chlorosis. The application of low levels of Cu or plant exposure to the metal for short periods can affect several cell processes, involving changes in the levels of metabolites related to the plant antioxidative response. The purpose of this study was to compare the response of the reduced and oxidized glutathione system and Cu uptake in tomato plants exposed to phytotoxic levels of Cu in hydroponic culture. Attention was centered on establishing whether determination of the levels of both peptides in plants exposed for a short period of time (acute treatment) compared with exposure for an extended period (chronic treatment) could be used as an early indicator of Cu stress in tomato plants. For the acute treatment, the plants were exposed to 0.4, 9, and 36 μM Cu for 48 h, and for the chronic treatment to 0.4, 3, and 12 μM Cu for 28 d. Results indicate that plants subjected to the chronic treatment showed toxicity symptoms, among them chlorosis and a drastic decrease of the aerial part and root biomass, an effect that was not observed in the plants subjected to the acute treatment. Moreover, Cu applied to the plant, either in the acute or in the chronic treatment, modified the levels of reduced and oxidized glutathione in shoots and roots. The most noticeable effect was observed on the concentration of reduced glutathione in roots, where the concentration of this peptide decreased as the Cu concentration increased, and this effect was independent of the morphological changes undergone by the root and of the time of Cu application. The similarity of the responses to the acute and the chronic treatments indicates that assessment of the redox state of glutathione in the roots of plants exposed to copper, especially the change in levels of reduced glutathione, may represent a good indicator of the early plant response to stress due to excessive Cu supply.     

Effects of drought stress on concentration of macro- and micro-nutrients in Castor (Ricinus communis L.) plant

This study evaluated effects of drought stress on the concentrations of mineral elements in the leaves of different ecotypes of castor plant. The experimental design was a split-plot randomized complete block with three replications. It was carried out at Fozveh Agricultural Research Station located 20 km from Esfahan, Iran in 2014. The main plot was four levels of water stress (30%, 45%, 60%, and 75% moisture content) and the sub-plot was six castor plant ecotypes (Esfahan, Ardestan, Arak, Naein, Yazd, and Ahwaz). The potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) contents were measured and found to be significantly affected by drought stress. Drought stress increased K, Ca and Na contents and decreased Fe, Cu, Zn, and Mg contents of the plants. Various ecotypes of castor plant showed different reactions to drought stress and the Fe concentration varied significantly by the castor plant ecotypes. Interaction between water stress and ecotypes was significant only for Cu and Zn. Understanding the element concentrations under drought stress can be useful for predicting growth and development of castor plants.     

Metal-induced oxidative stress impacting plant growth in contaminated soil is alleviated by microbial siderophores

High levels of metals impede plant growth by affecting physiological processes. Siderophores are microbial Fe-chelators that, however, bind other metals. This study evaluated plant growth in a soil containing elevated levels of metals, including Al, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, and U, using Streptomyces-derived cell-free supernatant containing siderophores and auxins. Cowpea plants in the soil were treated with the culture filtrate. Growth was measured and biochemical analyses such as chlorophyll contents, RNA and protein quantification, lipid membrane peroxidation, and anti-oxidative responses were conducted to evaluate oxidative stress in the plants. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to simulate competition for siderophore binding, and metal content of plants was determined spectroscopically. Whereas the metals inhibited plant growth, addition of siderophores improved growth. There was evidence of lipid peroxidation, an enhanced superoxide dismutase activity, and lowered chlorophyll, RNA, protein, carotenoid and residual indole acetic acid contents, especially in control plants. Siderophore competition assays between Al and Fe, and Fe and Cu suggested that trivalent metals are more competitive for siderophore binding than divalent ones. Compared to control plants, higher amounts of metals were obtained in siderophore-treated plants. Siderophores were able to supply plants with Fe in the presence of levels of metals, mainly Al, Cu, Mn, Ni and U that otherwise inhibit Fe acquisition. This led to enhanced chlorophyll content, circumventing lipid peroxidation effects on leaves. Siderophores lowered the formation of free radicals, thereby protecting microbial auxins from degradation and enabling them to enhance plant growth which in turn resulted in augmented metal uptake.     

棕壤中长期低剂量铜胁迫对苹果幼树的毒性效应

通过600d的土培试验,研究了棕壤中土壤环境质量二级标准附近的低剂量Cu长期胁迫对苹果幼树（藤木一号/八棱海棠）生长的毒害效应,并利用PAGE同工酶电泳研究了植株的保护性反应。结果表明,苹果树通过增强4条过氧化物酶（peroxidases,POD）同工酶的表达,弥补了6条POD同工酶活性的降低,使POD总活性显著增强（P〈0.05）,叶片细胞膜透性未出现显著变化（P〉0.05）,在一定程度上保护了机体免于长期胁迫致死;但是长期低剂量铜胁迫（160～320mg·kg-1）仍导致苹果树生长迟缓,春梢快速生长期推迟17～37d,土壤施加铜160和240mg·kg-1的苹果树生物量比对照分别降低25.87%和29.84%（P＆lt;0.01）,而且胁迫600d后所有铜处理植株根系均伴有感染真菌病害（白纹羽病）的间接毒害效应。表明长期的、即使是低剂量的铜胁迫仍会对苹果树生长造成显著的毒害效应,土壤铜含量在土壤环境质量标准（果园二级标准为150～200mg·kg-1）附近的果园重金属铜污染问题仍需引起进一步重视。     

Effect of salinity on metalloenzymes of oxygen metabolism in two leguminous plants

Abstract

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) pattern, catalase, Cyt c oxidase and fumarase activity were studied in leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris and Vigna unguiculata plants growth in two sodium chloride (NaCl) concentrations (35 mM and 100 mM). In bean plants growth with NaCl, leaf chloride (Cl^?) contents were higher than in control plants, and the same was found for sodium (Na⁺) and potassium (K⁺) contents, although to a lesser degree. In cowpea leaves, Na⁺ and Cl^? had a similar increase due to salt‐growth conditions. Under salinity, all changes in the antioxidant (SOD and catalase) enzymes levels were smaller in bean than in cowpea plants. In Phaseolus at 15 days growth, Cu, Zn‐SOD I showed an increase by the effect of salt treatment, but this induction did not occur at 30 days growth, and both Mn‐SOD and Cu, Zn‐SOD II did not show variations due to salt‐stress. In Vigna, Mn‐SOD was decreased by salinity but this was compensated by an increase in Cu, Zn‐SOD I activity in plants at 30 days growth, whereas in young leaves under saline conditions, both isozymes were also decreased. Likewise, there was a rise in cytochrome c oxidase and fumarase activity in leaves of NaCl‐treated plants compared to the control. The activity changes observed are discused in term of their possible relevance to plant sensitivity to saline conditions.     

大气O3浓度升高对麦田土壤重金属铜生物有效性和生理毒性的影响

在开放式空气O3浓度增加（FACE）平台下,采用盆栽试验,初步研究了O3浓度升高后麦田重金属Cu的生物有效性变化以及对各生长阶段小麦叶片生理毒性的影响。结果表明,在FACE条件下,小麦地上部对Cu的吸收相比于正常大气对应组有增加的现象;与正常大气对应组相比,FACE条件下土壤中有效态Cu的含量也有所增加;随着小麦的生长发育,FACE圈小麦叶片内的MDA含量总体呈上升趋势,O3升高铜污染组的小麦叶片内MDA的含量最高;与正常大气对照组相比,O3升高铜污染组的小麦叶片SOD酶和POD酶比较敏感,在分蘖期其活性受到诱导,但随着暴露时间的增加,抗氧化系统的各个酶的活性逐渐受到抑制。O3加剧了Cu对小麦的牛理胁迫．增加了Cu的牛物有效性。     

外源油菜素内酯介导Cu胁迫下番茄生长及Cu、Fe、Zn的吸收与分配

为了探索外源油菜素内酯对番茄Cu胁迫的缓解效应及机理,采用营养液水培的方法,以‘改良毛粉802F1’番茄为材料,研究外源2,4-表油菜素内酯(2,4-EBR,简称EBR)对Cu胁迫下番茄生长及矿质元素吸收的影响。结果表明:外源EBR能够缓解Cu胁迫对番茄植株的生长抑制。与Cu胁迫处理相比,喷施EBR的番茄叶绿素含量和生物量分别提高39.6%和20.0%,差异均达显著水平;Cu胁迫条件下,外源EBR显著降低番茄根系对Cu的吸收与转运,提高叶片中因Cu过多而降低的Fe、Zn含量,有效调控Cu、Fe、Zn的化学提取态和亚细胞分布水平,降低Cu在细胞内的生物毒性,使之向着有利于番茄生长的方向发展,从而保证Cu胁迫下植株正常的生理生化代谢。Cu胁迫提高了番茄叶片和根系各种化学形态的Cu含量,而外施EBR降低了番茄叶片中除NaCl提取态Cu以外的其他各种形态Cu含量。Cu胁迫下易移动态Cu在叶片中的比例升高,而根系中却下降;外施EBR后,番茄植株中难移动态和易移动态Cu的所占比例接近CK,说明Cu胁迫下EBR对Cu的番茄体内分配具显著调控作用。