弃渣场边坡稳定性特征分析

针对弃渣场边坡容易发生细沟侵蚀的问题,采集弃渣场坡面不同坡位的弃渣样品,对弃渣容重、含水量、饱和导水率、饱和含水量、砂粒含量、碎石含量等物理指标进行测定;与此同时,还对各点的样品进行直剪试验,并以此对弃渣场边坡稳定性特征进行分析。结果表明:新形成弃渣场坡面由上而下,其土体内摩擦角ψ逐渐增大,而土体粘滞系数C的变化与弃渣场坡面形成过程关系密切,一般而言,坡面的上部和下部粘滞系数C较小,说明弃渣场坡面上部土体的稳定性较中下部弱;对土体其他物理性质指标与土体的内摩擦角ψ、粘滞系数C进行相关性分析,结果显示内摩擦角ψ与>0.075 mm细粒含量的相关系数为-0.427*,粘滞系数C与饱和导水率的相关系数为0.514**,表明饱和导水率和细粒物质含量对于弃渣场坡面土体稳定性具有重要影响。     

基于边坡单元的水库库岸稳定性层次分析与评价

[目的]分析影响孟底沟水库库岸稳定的影响因素,为水库库岸稳定性评价提供新思路。[方法]在工程地质条件分析及不良地质现象解译的基础上,运用边坡单元将各岸坡段划分为独立的研究对象,分析影响库岸稳定的诸多因素,把边坡单元的三维安全系数作为稳定性评价的基本指标,对影响边坡稳定的各因素采用层次分析法,建立基于边坡单元的库岸稳定性分段层次分析与评价方法。[结果]将该方法运用在工程实例中,结果表明其具有一定的可靠性和实用性。[结论]以边坡单元为研究对象,运用层次分析法可以有效地分析水库库岸的稳定性,为工程决策提供支持。     

溯源侵蚀作用下昔格达地层土质边坡的稳定性

对四川省昔格达地层土体工程地质特性进行了分析。结果发现,昔格达土体化学成分丰富,含有一定量的易溶盐,在地下水及地表水的作用下易于发生化学反应,形成次生矿物,使土体强度降低,导致边坡易于产生失稳现象;溯源侵蚀为河流侵蚀的一种类型,水流的侧向冲刷与重力同时作用于沟谷边坡,加快沟谷边坡的失稳速度。运用水力学、土力学等力学方法对溯源侵蚀的主要影响因素进行了分析。在非饱和土计算模型基础上,建立了昔格达地层沟坡物理概化模型。模型在考虑了河流的侧向冲刷,沟坡重力作用的基础上,同时考虑动水压力作用对边坡的影响。针对目前非饱和土抗剪强度计算并不统一的情况,推导并优化了非饱和土边坡稳定性计算公式。并结合建立的溯源侵蚀模型对昔格达地层土质坡稳定性进行了分析,求得边坡稳定性系数为1.061,而采用经典的Bishop法求得相同条件下边坡稳定性系数为1.212。结果表明,优化的边坡稳定性求解方法得到的稳定安全系数较低。     

基于模糊评判法的黄土地区铁路边坡稳定性分析

[目的]建立黄土地区铁路沿线边坡稳定性综合评判模型,评价山西省中南部通道DK29+860处黄土边坡的稳定性。[方法]在综合分析黄土地区铁路沿线边坡各种影响因素的基础上,选取7个评价因子,按照稳定、次稳定、不稳定和极不稳定的边坡稳定性的分类标准,并利用信息扩散原理,与FLACR数值模拟软件计算结果进行对比。[结果]运用模糊评判法评判该边坡处于次稳定状态,使用FLACR数值模拟软件模拟求解得该边坡稳定系数为1.18,两者评价结果基本一致。[结论]该评价方法真实可靠,能够准确地评价边坡的稳定性。     

冻融坡面土壤剥蚀率不同预测模型比较

为探究水蚀因子对冻融坡面土壤剥蚀率的影响,采用2个坡度(10°,15°)、4个流量(4.5,6.5,8.5,10.5L/min)和4个起始解冻深度(2,5,10,15cm),模拟野外径流冲刷试验。采用BP神经网络方法和逐步回归分析法,分析土壤剥蚀率和流量、坡度、起始解冻深度、流速、水流剪切力、水流功率与单位水流功率7个水蚀因子关系。结果表明:通过BP神经网络连接权关系分析水蚀因子对冻融坡面土壤剥蚀率影响顺序为水流功率单位水流功率起始解冻深度水流剪切力流量流速坡度。BP神经网络模型的土壤剥蚀率预测平均误差为2.848%(R~2=0.954);逐步回归模型的土壤剥蚀率预测平均误差4.820%(R~2=0.925);基于单一水蚀因子(水流功率)模型的土壤剥蚀率预测平均误差5.298%(R~2=0.867)。基于BP神经网络的土壤剥蚀率预测效果最好,为春季解冻时期冻融坡面不同起始解冻深度条件下土壤侵蚀预报模型的建立提供了新思路。     

贺兰山云杉林根土复合体提高边坡稳定性分析

为了研究贺兰山青海云杉林(Picea crassifolia)边坡根土复合体对边坡稳定性的影响,该文在直剪试验、三轴试验等获得的土壤参数基础上,建立了基于有限元理论的贺兰山青海云杉林边坡稳定性计算数值模型,并在5种坡度条件下(18.43°、21.80°、26.57°、33.69°、45.00°)计算了无林边坡和有林边坡的安全系数、最大塑性应变、最大位移、破坏时间及它们的增长率随坡度的变化规律,并计算了土壤强度参数摩擦角、黏聚力、剪胀角与安全系数的灰色关联度矩阵和平均关联度。结果表明:1)无林边坡与有林边坡的安全系数随坡度的变化规律是一致的,都以幂函数递减。有林边坡相对于无林边坡安全系数的增长率以指数函数增加,且坡度越陡根土复合体对边坡稳定性的提高作用越强;2)根土复合体的存在可以延长边坡的破坏时间,有林边坡的破坏时间均高于无林边坡,根土复合体提高边坡破坏时间的增长率随坡度的增大呈抛物线增加,且坡度越陡提高作用越明显。边坡破坏时有无塑性贯通区会明显改变最大塑性应变、最大位移、破坏时间的值;3)摩擦角、黏聚力、剪胀角3个土壤强度参数中,黏聚力是影响边坡稳定的主导因素,摩擦角、剪胀角的影响次之,此规律不受边坡坡度的影响,这是根土复合体可以显著影响边坡稳定性的根本原因之一。该文的研究结果对于解释森林根土复合体加固边坡作用的本质、推进边坡稳定性计算的数值模拟、防治贺兰山浅层滑坡及水土流失灾害都具有重要的意义。     

风荷载作用下三种乔木对边坡变形和稳定的影响

植被对边坡稳定影响机制是全世界性的课题，研究多集中于根系固土能力和边坡稳定性增益方面，针对植被边坡土体变形和稳定性对风荷载作用的响应机制并不清晰。为探讨风荷载作用下土体应力发展和稳定性影响规律，该研究基于前期调查选取缙云山3种典型乔木（杉木、润楠、大头茶），采用Geo-studio建立边坡数值模型，分析了各坡体模型在不同风速下的应力、位移和边坡稳定系数。结果表明：1）风荷载作用下，在根土盘位置出现了应力集中现象，迎风侧根土盘上部和下部表现为压力和张力，背风侧则相反；随风速和坡度增大，整体转动趋势加剧，总位移中坡位>上坡位>下坡位。2）当坡度较小时，边坡稳定系数随风速增大先轻微增大后迅速降低，坡度较大时，稳定系数随风速变化单调递减。45°陡坡在最大风速（30 m/s）下，大头茶、润楠和杉木的安全系数较无风时分别降低3.6%、27%、11.8%，大头茶边坡在风荷载下平均应力和总位移最小，稳定性受风荷载影响最小。3）林冠宽度、根盘直径对边坡稳定性影响的极差随风速增大而放大，冠高和根盘深度的极差变化不大，林冠宽度和根土盘直径参数为主要影响稳定性的主要因子。类似大头茶具有较大根土盘直...     

特征波长筛选在近红外光谱测定梨硬度中的应用

为了提高应用近红外光谱分析技术快速测定梨硬度的精度和稳定性,该研究采用联合区间偏最小二乘和遗传算法（siPLS-GA）在校正模型中用来筛选特征光谱区域和波长,通过交互验证法确定模型的主成分因子数和筛选的波长,并以预测均方根误差（RMSEP）和相关系数（Rp）作为模型的评价标准。基于siPLS-GA的最优模型包含4个光谱区、96个变量和10个主成分因子。该模型结果显示：最佳预测模型相关系数（Rp）和RMSEP分别为0.9083和0.5573。研究结果表明,近红外光谱技术结合siPLS-GA建模用于无损、快速测定梨的硬度是可行的。     

基于花前物候利用灰色关联分析法建立油菜花期预报模型

采用相关分析法确定与油菜始花期显著相关的冬季气候因子和用灰色关联分析法确定与始花期关联最大的花前物候期因子,分别建立多元回归线性方程,并进行回代检验,以探索简便易操作的油菜始花期预测方法。利用均方根误差（RMSE）和相对误差（RE）对模型的模拟效果进行评价。结果表明：（1）与油菜始花期显著相关的冬季气象因子为1月平均最低气温、2月平均最低气温和2月日照时数,相关系数分别为−0.404、−0.556和−0.478。三个自变量因子不存在共线性关系,建立的回归模型具有统计学意义且通过显著性检验。（2）油菜花前各物候期以抽薹期和现蕾期与始花期关联度大,相关系数分别为0.656和0.634。建立的回归模型同样具有统计学意义并通过显著性检验。（3）分别对两种方法建立的模型进行检验与评价,回代检验表明两种方法建立的模型拟合精度总体上较接近。基于气候因子的模型RMSE气候因子为7.16,RE气候因子为11.2%;基于物候因子的模型RMSE物候因子为6.50,RE物候因子为3.87%。皮尔逊相关分析表明,实际值与两种方法拟合值的相关系数R物候因子和R气候因子分别为0.738和0.658,均通过了0.01水平的显著性检验。R物候因子＞R气候因子,综合各项指标分析认为,灰色关联分析法建立的模型预测油菜始花期比利用气候因子建立的模型更可靠。     

基于神经网络方法的土壤流失量预测研究

生产建设项目土壤流失量的预测直接关系到建设项目的水土保持分析、评价和防治措施体系的布局,目前常用的预测方法因其局限性、不合理性以及精度差等问题往往难以实现准确预测。将人工神经网络的BP算法引入到土壤流失量预测中,将降雨侵蚀力、土壤可蚀性、坡长、坡度、水土保持措施作为影响土壤流失量的主要因子,并以17个生产建设项目水土保持监测实例作为学习样本和检测样本,建立了基于神经网络方法的土壤流失量预测模型。预测结果表明,该模型拟合和预测精度高,具有很强的应用价值,能够满足工程应用需要。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Aircraft operations near concentrations of birds in Antarctica: The development of practical guidelines

Aircraft operations have the potential to disturb and to impact negatively on bird life. A gradient of increasing behavioural response is evident in birds when exposed to increasing aircraft stimulus. The most major disturbance is likely to lead to impacts on the health, breeding performance and survival of individual birds, and perhaps bird colonies. A process of revision to policies on aircraft operations contained in management plans for a number of specially protected areas in Antarctica by the United Kingdom, accompanied by consultations made within the scientific community through the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and with operational interests through the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programmes (COMNAP) resulted in new guidelines being adopted by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties in June 2004. The principal recommendations of the guidelines are that bird colonies should not be overflown below 2000 ft (∼610 m) above ground level and landings within 1/2 nautical mile (∼930 m) of bird colonies should be avoided wherever possible. These guidelines are less stringent and less specific than those that were recommended by the SCAR specialist group on birds, and represent a compromise to accommodate operational needs. While the adoption of clear and consistent guidelines for the operation of aircraft in Antarctica is welcome in that this provides practical advice that is likely to reduce incidences of close aircraft/bird encounters, there remains insufficient knowledge of the interactions between aircraft and birds in Antarctica, and the consequent impacts on individual birds and on bird populations. It is important, therefore, that the guidelines adopted are considered interim, and should be kept under scrutiny with revisions made as new and improved research results appear.     

The abundance of heterocystous blue-green algae in rice soils and inocula used for application in rice fields

Summary Algal populations were quantified (as colony-forming units [CFU] per square centimetre) in 102 samples of rice soils from the Philippines, India, Malaysia and Portugal, and in 22 samples of soil-based inocula from four countries. Heterocystous blue-green algae (BGA) were present in all samples. Nostoc was the dominant genus in most samples, followed by Anabaena and Calothrix. In soils, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 1.0 × 10² to 8.0 × 10⁶ CFU/cm² (median 6.4 × 10⁴) and comprised, on average, 9% of the total CFU of algae. Their abundance was positively correlated with the pH and the available P content of the soils. In soil-based inocula, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 4.6 × 10⁴ to 2.8 × 10⁷ CFU/g dw (dry weight), comprising only a moderate fraction (average 13%) of the total algae. In most soils, the density of indigenous N₂-fixing BGA was usually higher than that attained by applying recommended rates of soil-based inoculum. Whereas research on the practical utilization of BGA has been mostly directed towards inoculation with foreign strains, our results suggest that attention should also be given to agricultural practices that enhance the growth of indigenous strains already adapted to local environmental conditions.Maître de Recherches ORSTOM (France), Visiting Scientist at IRRI