德庆县柑桔专业镇科技创新服务平台建设

通过对德庆县柑桔产业及专业镇信息化现状分析,提出了一套具有区域性、针对性的柑桔创新服务平台解决方案,打造了基于德庆柑桔专业镇的科技创新服务平台,并面向专业镇柑农、协会、柑桔合作社、农技站、农资店、经销商等提供开放式的信息服务。     

植物精油在食品防霉保质中应用的研究进展

食品在保藏、运输过程中,极易受到微生物污染而引起腐败变质,亟需有效的抑菌防腐措施。植物精油作为天然抑菌剂,具有易挥发、可降解、低残留、低毒性、环境友好的特点,已成为食品行业研究开发的热点。本文综述了植物精油的来源和活性成分、抑制真菌生长、抑制真菌毒素产生及其在食品保藏中的应用现状,以期为进一步开发与利用植物精油作为天然抑菌剂和食品保鲜剂提供参考。     

Radical-scavenging activities of citrus essential oils and their components: detection using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl

Thirty-four kinds of citrus essential oils and their components were investigated for radical-scavenging activities by the HPLC method using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). To examine the oils' relative radical-scavenging activities compared with that of a standard antioxidant, Trolox was employed. All of the essential oils were found to have scavenging effects on DPPH in the range of 17. 7-64.0%. The radical-scavenging activities of 31 kinds of citrus essential oils were comparable with or stronger than that of Trolox (p < 0.05). The oils of Ichang lemon (64.0%, 172.2 mg of Trolox equiv/mL), Tahiti lime (63.2%, 170.2 mg of Trolox equiv/mL), and Eureka lemon (61.8%, 166.2 mg of Trolox equiv/mL) were stronger radical scavengers than other citrus oils. Citrus volatile components such as geraniol (87.7%, 235.9 mg of Trolox equiv/mL), terpinolene (87.4%, 235.2 mg of Trolox equiv/mL), and gamma-terpinene (84.7%, 227.9 mg of Trolox equiv/mL) showed marked scavenging activities on DPPH (p < 0.05).     

磷、钾营养对柑桔果实产量、品质和贮藏性的影响

采用田间试验以柑为材料研究了连续4年施用磷、钾肥后对柑桔果实的产量、品质和贮藏性的影响。结果表明,施用磷、钾肥,尤其磷、钾肥配施可显著提高柑桔果实的单果重和产量,以及采收时果实的可溶性固形物含量、可溶性糖含量、还原糖含量、糖/酸比和维生素C(Vc)含量,降低可滴定酸含量;并且可以有效地降低柑桔果实在贮藏过程中的失重率和烂果率,减缓糖分、酸度和Vc含量的下降。磷钾营养对于提高柑桔果实的耐贮性和维持贮藏过程中果实的风味和营养品质有一定的作用。     

Inhibitory effects of citrus essential oils and their components on the formation of N-nitrosodimethylamine

Twenty-eight kinds of citrus essential oils and their components were studied for inhibitory effects on the formation of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA). The reaction mixture consisted of dimethylamine and sodium nitrite adjusted at pH 3.6, in addition to essential oils and an emulsifying agent. The quantification was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography monitored at 220 nm. All of the essential oils inhibited the formation of NDMA in the range of 20-85%. The oils of ujukitsu (Citrus ujukitsu Hort. ex Shirai), yuzu (C. junos Tanaka), mochiyu (C. inflata Hort. ex Tanaka), and ponkan (C. reticulata Blanco cv. F-2426) inhibited the formation of NDMA much more effectively than other citrus oils. The inhibitory proportions of components of citrus essential oils such as myrcene, alpha-terpinene, and terpinolene were as high as 80%.     

山地橘园无线环境监测系统优化设计及提高监测有效性

针对山地橘园生长环境时空变异大,气候复杂多变的情况,对山地橘园无线监测系统进行了优化设计及试验,以实现橘园生长环境信息的有效监测。设计了适合山地橘园环境工作的信息帧结构,引入了双向指令控制机制,节点拓扑发现,路由监测以及节点信息多样化采集优化机制,以增强山地环境下橘园信息采集的鲁棒性和可控性。对橘园无线信道衰减情况进行了测试,引入阻挡和雨衰因子建立无线信道衰减模型,并用于指导橘园无线监测网络部署试验。无线信道衰减分析与网络部署试验结果表明,在复杂气候条件下,系统天线部署高度在1.5 m,单跳通信距离在30 m内,可较好地完成山地橘园环境信息采集和传输任务。744 h的连续监测运行试验数据表明,优化设计后的无线监测系统信息传输成功率得到了提高,30 m距离内的传输成功率在99.12%以上,监测系统工作稳定,运行良好,适于野外条件下山地橘园生长环境无人远程实时监测工作。     

Lipolytic effects of citrus peel oils and their components

This study was conducted to determine the lipolytic effects of eight kinds of citrus peel oils and their components. All of the citrus peel oils revealed lipolytic effects on olive oil model solution ranging from 10.9 to 73.8%. Hakyul (Citrus natsudaidai Hayata) showed the highest lipolytic effect (73.8%), followed by yuza (Citrus junos Sieb. ex Tanaka, 68.1%) and lemon (Citrus limonium, 63.4%), and their effects were comparable with or stronger than that of 5 mM raspberry ketone (p < 0.05). Among 17 authentic compounds relating to citrus peel oils, octanal (78.6%) showed the highest lipolytic effect, followed by gamma-terpinene (76.3%), limonene (75%), terpinen-4-ol (70.7%), nerol (69.9%), p-cymene (67.7%), and geranyl acetate (67.2%), and their effects were stronger than that of 5 mM raspberry ketone (p < 0.05). Ethyl acetate, alpha-pinene, myrcene, citronellal, linallyl acetate, and citronellol exhibited poor lipolytic effect in the model solution. Lipolytic effect was found to be high when the oils included a higher content of gamma-terpinene and p-cymene. Limonene showed potential lipolytic effect, and its effect is likely to be enhanced by the presence of gamma-terpinene and p-cymene. It is considered that monoterpene hydrocarbons consisting of one or two double bonds would have stronger lipolytic effect than those having three double bonds.     

Tyrosinase inhibitory activity of citrus essential oils

Thirteen kinds of citrus essential oils and their volatile flavor constituents were investigated for tyrosinase inhibitory activity. Eureka lemon, Lisbon lemon, Keraji, and Kiyookadaidai significantly inhibited the oxidation of L-dihydroxy phenylalanine (L-DOPA) by mushroom tyrosinase. Citral and myrcene among volatile flavor constituents of citrus essential oils exhibited tyrosinase inhibitory activities with Ki values of 0.318 and 2.38 mM, respectively. The inhibition kinetics analyzed by a Lineweaver-Burk plot indicated that citral is a noncompetitive inhibitor and myrcene is a competitive inhibitor. These results indicated that citral and myrcene are responsible for the tyrosinase inhibitory activity of citrus essential oils.     

EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT NITROGEN,PHOSPHORUS, POTASSIUM RATES ON THE QUALITY AND QUANTITY OF CITRUS PLANTS,VARIETY THOMSON NOVEL UNDER RAINFED AND IRRIGATED CONDITIONS

Plants require nutrients including nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) for their growth and production. Although there have been previously extensive research work regarding the effects of NPK on plant growth, data related to the effects of long term application of NPK on the quality and quantity of citrus under rainfed and irrigated conditions are little. Accordingly, such effects were evaluated in this research work using different chemical fertilization factorially combined and on the basis of a completely randomized block design. Using ammonium sulfate (100, 150 and 200 g tree ^{? 1}), triple super phosphate (0, 25, 50, and 75 g tree^?1) and potassium sulfate (0, 50, 100, 150 g tree ^{? 1}) the quantity and quality of citrus fruit, variety Thomson were determined in a 10-year experiment in two different research stations in Ramsar, Iran. NPK fertilization significantly affected the quality and quantity of citrus fruits, indicating the significance of NPK fertilization for citrus production.     

湖南省柑橘园土壤硫素及施硫效应研究

为了探明湖南省柑橘园土壤硫素含量丰缺程度和柑橘施硫效应,2000～2004年开展了柑橘园土壤硫素含量调查与田间试验研究。结果表明,湖南省柑橘园020cm土层有效硫含量平均为47.7.mg/kg,低于临界值的占9.9%、潜在缺硫的占17.3%。随着土层加深,有效硫含量逐渐增加、全硫含量依次减少。土壤有效硫的地区分布,020.cm土层,81.3%的调查县中有10.0%～75.0%的柑橘园存在缺硫和潜在缺硫。柑橘叶片全硫含量平均为2.32.g/kg,有27.2%的柑橘园低于临界值。在有效硫含量不同的土壤中,柑橘连续4～5年施硫肥平均增产5.3%～30.0%,4个基点平均增产10.7%。连续施硫肥明显提高了柑橘叶片硫和氮含量,柑橘果皮中硫含量提高、氮含量降低,有利于果实品质的改善。施硫肥的增产优质效应表现为有效硫含量缺乏的土壤潜在缺乏土壤中等和丰富土壤;较长树龄较短树龄。随着施硫肥年数延长,施硫增产优质效应更加明显。     

Relationship Between Grazing Intensity and Qualitative and Quantitative Changes in Artemisia Sieberi Besser Essential Oil Compounds in Kashan Province of Iran

The relationship between grazing intensity and qualitative and quantitative changes in Artemisia sieberi Besser essential oil compounds in Kashan province of Iran was evaluated in this study. For this purpose, vegetation sites of Artemisia sieberi under three grazing intensities (heavy, moderate, and ungrazed) with the same ecological conditions based on the distance to the water resource were selected in Kashan-Ghamsar road rangelands and near Natural Essential Oils Institute, University of Kashan, Iran. Within each site, individual plants were sampled at random in the full flowering stage in a completely randomized (CR) design with three replications. The oils were extracted by hydrodistillation of the air-dried samples and were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The main constituents of the oils were as follows: ungrazed site; 1,8-cineol (29.9%), myrcene (14.1%), moderate grazed site; myrcene (15.9%), 1,8cineol (15.1%), Eudesm-7(11)-en-4-ol (11.1%), and heavy grazed site; 4-tepinyl acetate (23.3%), davanone (21.9%), p-cymene (19%). Among the compounds from the three sites, 4 thepenyl acetat allocated the highest amount in heavy grazed site. The analysis of essential oils showed that there were significant quantitative and qualitative differences found within the natural populations under the three different grazing sites.     

宽皮柑橘机械损伤致损因素分析及缓冲减损防护措施

为了探究宽皮柑橘在采摘、贮运、加工过程中机械损伤规律,该文通过挤压、跌落、振动等不同载荷条件下的宽皮柑橘机械损伤特性试验,分析了柑橘果实在固定贮藏时间段内的质量损失和细胞渗透变化等生物学特性,结合试验数据和数学建模,定量估算柑橘机械损伤程度,运用机器学习问题中的k近邻分类,建立了评判宽皮柑橘机械损伤情况的二分类预测模型,试验准确率大于80%。探究了胶合板、瓦楞纸、泡沫(聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料,EPS)和塑料(高密度低压聚乙烯,HDPE)在挤压、跌落、振动等不同受载情况下的减损效果。结果表明:在不加防护措施情况下,柑橘受到的挤压力不宜超过10 N,柑橘的单次铅直跌下落高度应控制在90 cm内,尽量减少柑橘堆码层数,直接接触堆码的层数建议不超过2层,应对上层进行必要的缓冲保护,振动时间不宜大于0.5 h,加速度建议不超过0.8 g;挤压时瓦楞纸减损效果最好,柑橘机械损伤程度为0.4%;跌落后EPS减损效果最好,柑橘机械损伤程度为6.46%;振动时HDPE减损效果最好,柑橘机械损伤程度为4.33%。研究结果可为宽皮柑橘采收和采后处理中的有关装备设计和减损防护提供参考。     

柑桔黄龙病近红外光谱无损检测

为探讨快速无损检测柑桔黄龙病的可行性,应用近红外光谱技术结合机器学习方法进行研究。在4000~9000cm-1光谱范围内,采集黄龙病、缺素和健康3类叶片样本的近红外光谱。采用一阶导数、平滑和多元散色校正组合的光谱预处理方法,消除光谱的基线漂移和散射效应。分别对偏最小二乘判别模型(PLS-DA)的主成分因子数和最小二乘支持向量机(LS-SVM)的输入变量数量、核函数类型及其参数进行了优化,建立了PLS-DA和LS-SVM模型。采用预测集样本,评价模型的预测能力,经比较,采用11个主成分得分向量为输入、线性核函数和惩罚因子为2.25的LS-SVM模型预测效果最佳,模型误判率为0。结果表明采用近红外光谱技术结合最小二乘支持向量机进行柑桔黄龙病无损检测是可行的。     

柑橘成熟度机器视觉无损检测方法研究

水果内部品质无损检测技术是确定水果最佳采收期和按成熟度进行准确分级的关键。本研究以表面色泽与固酸比为柑橘成熟度指标，建立了用于柑橘成熟度检测的机器视觉系统，确定了适宜的背景颜色，进行了柑橘的分光反射试验，发现绿色柑橘表面与桔黄色表面的反射率在700 nm时反射率相差最大，约达53%，且各自的反射率都较大，700 nm是获得高质量的柑橘图像的较佳中心波长。建立了利用协方差矩阵和样本属于桔黄色和绿色的概率来判断柑橘成熟度的判别分析法，并以实测的固酸比值作为对照，对72枚柑橘样本进行了试验，柑橘成熟度的判别准确率达到91.67%。这表明柑橘果实的表皮颜色与成熟度之间具有相关性。     

宽皮柑橘剥皮机对辊式剥皮装置工艺参数优化

为了提高宽皮柑橘在机械剥皮过程中的果皮去净率,降低果肉损伤率,该文以桔瓣罐头加工的主要原料温州蜜柑为试验对象,以预处理方式、对辊转速、拨板移动速度作为主要影响因素,利用自行开发设计的剥皮机研究各因素对对辊式剥皮装置剥皮效果的影响。在主要影响因素的单因素试验的基础上再进行正交试验,试验结果表明,预处理方式、对辊转速、拨板移动速度对柑橘果皮去净率影响显著(P0.05),对果肉损伤率的影响较小;运用综合平衡法获得的最佳参数为:热蒸汽加热3 min、对辊转速为60 r/min、拨板移动速度为12.98 mm/s,此参数条件下得到的柑橘机械剥皮果皮去净率为100%,果肉损伤率为1.96%,研究结果可为对辊式柑橘剥皮设备的运行及优化提供技术依据。     

基于日光诱导叶绿素荧光的柑橘黄龙病原位诊断

柑橘黄龙病（Huanglongbing, HLB）是柑橘生产中的毁灭性病害,柑橘植株遭到黄龙病菌侵染后光合能力发生变化而后表现出相应的黄化症状。及早实现HLB的原位快速诊断是防控HLB的重要手段。为探究黄龙病菌侵染柑橘叶片的光合响应机制并实现HLB的原位诊断,该研究分析了健康（Healthy）、未显症HLB（asymptomatic HLB, aHLB）、显症HLB（symptomatic HLB, sHLB）以及黄斑病（Macular,症状与黄龙病相似）柑橘叶片的光合参数与光合色素含量差异。利用光谱技术与日光诱导叶绿素荧光（Sun-induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence, SIF）技术分析了4种类型柑橘叶片的反射率光谱与SIF光谱差异。采用竞争自适应重加权采样（Competitive Adaptive Reweighted Sampling, CARS）算法结合反射率光谱筛选出特征波段,采用SIF光谱的峰值位置（687和741 nm）构建了上行（Upward, Up）和下行（Downward, Dw）SIF产量指数（Up687, Up741, Dw687, Dw741, Up687/741, Dw687/741）。进一步分别利用特征波段的反射率和SIF产量指数,结合K最邻近（K-nearest Neighbor, KNN）分类算法构建了柑橘黄龙病的诊断模型。结果表明,黄龙病菌的侵染使柑橘叶片的光合作用明显减弱,在未显症时期已经表现出来,证明了SIF技术在诊断早期HLB的优势。基于特征波段反射率的KNN模型对未显症HLB和显症HLB的诊断精度为72.7%和75.6%,健康叶片和黄斑病叶片分别为82.2%和64.1%,而基于687和741 nm波长处的上行比值SIF产量指数Up687/741构建的KNN模型对未显症HLB和显症HLB的诊断精度为84.8%和91.1%,健康和黄斑病叶片分别为88.9%和82.1%,均优于反射率光谱模型。结果证明了SIF技术用于诊断柑橘HLB的潜力,为实现柑橘HLB的田间原位、快速、早期诊断提供了可能。     

三峡重庆库区柑橘园土壤养分丰缺状况研究

采集了三峡重庆库区柑橘主产区459个果园0—30 cm的土壤样品进行取样分析。结果表明,库区有78.7%柑橘园土壤pH值适合柑橘生长;有60.3%的柑橘园土壤有机质含量偏低。土壤速效氮和磷缺乏,分别占到72.4%和41.7%,土壤速效钾缺乏和过量并存。库区柑橘园缺乏有效B、Zn、Fe、Mn的比例分别为86.3%、37.9%、27.0%、20.3%;土壤有效Fe、Mn和Cu含量在部分果园存在过量现象,分别占柑橘园的52.5%、36.4%和26.4%。因此,该区柑橘生产要因地制宜,建议在柑橘园增施B、Zn肥,石灰和其它碱性肥料,同时减少喷施含Cu杀菌剂。     

不同生长期柑橘叶片磷含量的高光谱预测模型

针对传统柑橘叶片磷含量检测耗时费力、操作繁琐且损伤叶片等弊端,该研究引入高光谱信息探索柑橘叶片磷含量快速无损检测与预测模型,选ASD Field Spec 3光谱仪采集柑橘4个重要生长期的叶片反射光谱,同步采用硫酸-双氧水消煮-钼锑抗比色法测定叶片的磷含量;先用正交试验确定小波去噪的最佳去噪参数组合,再分别选拉普拉斯特征映射(laplacian eigenmaps,LE)、局部线性嵌入(locally-linear embedding,LLE)、局部切空间对齐(local tangent space alignment,LTSA)、等距映射(isometric mapping,Isomap)和最大方差展开(maximum variance unfolding,MVU)5种典型的流形学习算法对去噪后的光谱数据进行降维和特征提取,进而建立基于支持向量机回归(support vector regression,SVR)的柑橘叶片磷含量预测模型。结果表明,基于一阶导数谱的Isomap-SVR建模结果最佳,全生长期校正集和验证集模型决定系数分别为0.9430和0.8949。试验表明,5种流形学习算法皆适用于对柑橘叶片磷含量的预测,为高光谱检测技术用于柑橘树长势监测和营养诊断提供了参考。     

Fast HPLC for the analysis of oxygen heterocyclic compounds of citrus essential oils.

A fast HPLC method for the determination of the oxygen heterocyclic compounds of citrus essential oils was developed. Five different oils were analyzed under identical conditions, by reversed-phase HPLC with photodiode array detector, for a direct comparison of the composition of their oxygen heterocyclic fraction. Analysis time was 7 min. The oils analyzed were lemon, bergamot, mandarin, sweet orange, and bitter orange. The method developed is good for rapid screening or fingerprinting of these essential oils; a slightly slower method is recommended for higher resolution and better quantitative results.     

不同柑橘砧木对锰过量胁迫的耐受性及生理响应

  【目的】  土壤pH影响土壤锰 (Mn) 有效性,酸性土壤易出现Mn过量问题,我国柑橘主要分布在南方红黄壤区,柑橘园酸性或强酸性土壤比例高,柑橘园土壤Mn过量较普遍。为此,我们研究了4种柑橘砧木对Mn过量胁迫的耐受性和生理响应,以期为Mn过量土壤上适宜砧木的选择提供依据。  【方法】  选用枳、资阳香橙、红橘和沙田柚4种常用柑橘砧木苗为材料,采用蛭石与珍珠岩1∶1的基质进行了营养液栽培试验,营养液中Mn处理包括0.01 (对照)、0.05、0.25、1.25和6.25 mmol/L 5个浓度。观察砧木苗的生长反应和中毒症状,处理60天时,测定叶绿素含量和光合参数;处理67天终止处理,测定砧木苗生长量、生物量、过氧化物酶活性、营养元素含量等生理生化指标,并用隶属函数对砧木过量锰的耐受性进行综合评价。  【结果】  柑橘砧木苗出现锰中毒的症状为叶片失绿,出现褐色坏死斑点;根量变少,呈现褐色斑点。4种砧木苗均在Mn 0.25 mmol/L处理时出现Mn中毒症状,其中枳最先出现症状且最严重,资阳香橙最迟出现症状且最轻;4种砧木在Mn 0.05 mmol/L处理时即出现Mn过量胁迫,表现为地上部和地下部鲜重和干重显著下降,根冠比升高 (红橘除外)、叶绿素含量下降、净光合速率降低、气孔开度下降、胞间CO₂浓度上升。Mn过量 (> 0.05 mmol/L) 胁迫使4种砧木叶片细胞膜受损,相对电导率和MDA含量上升;清除活性氧的SOD和POD活性上升,CAT活性下降。Mn过量胁迫影响柑橘砧木的营养元素吸收和转运,叶片和根系Mn含量上升,但随Mn胁迫浓度升高,Mn从根系到叶片的迁移率先降低后升高;Mn过量胁迫使砧木叶片K、P、Ca、Mg、Fe、Zn元素含量下降,根系K、P、Fe、Zn含量上升而Ca、Mg含量下降。  【结论】  不同砧木对Mn过量胁迫耐受性存在明显的差异,综合评价耐性强弱顺序为:资阳香橙 > 沙田柚 > 红橘 > 枳,高锰土壤的柑橘园可选用资阳香橙做砧木以减轻锰害。