土壤氮素的变化特征研究

本文系统地研究了不同种植利用方式的氮素平衡、不同施肥结构土壤氮素的循环和不同种植利用方式下土壤硝态氮的累积特征 ,结果表明农田利用方式和肥料施用结构等是土壤氮素平衡与硝态氮的累积变化的重要原因。有机肥的施用对土壤中氮磷钾养分平衡具有积极作用 ,同时可以有效地控制土壤硝态氮的淋洗深度。     

有机无机肥配施模式对氮素淋失的影响

为了探索农田氮素淋失低风险的有机无机肥配施模式,该研究收集了331个有效农田有机肥化肥配施数据对,分析了施肥总量、施肥结构（有机肥替代比）、施肥时间（基追施）、有机肥种类等因素对氮素淋失的总体影响。结果表明：与单施化肥相比,有机肥配施化肥中氮素总量较低时（N<200 kg/hm2）,农田总氮（Total Nitrogen,TN）、硝态氮（NO3--N）淋失分别减少36.77%、65.05%;有机肥替代比高于70%,虽然可减少TN淋失（39.64%）,但增加了溶解性有机氮（DON）淋失的风险（15.78%）,尤其是动物型有机肥替代化肥使DON淋失增加26.31%;氮肥基施可显著降低TN、NO3--N淋失（43.58%、70.51%,P<0.05）。碱性旱地土壤上有机肥配施化肥可有效抑制TN、NO3--N淋失,但增加了26.63%～42.95%的DON淋失。旱地氮素淋失以NO3--N为主,且淋失系数高于水田,提高有机肥替代比可以大幅降低旱地氮素淋失,但增强了DON淋失。因子重要性分析表明：有机肥替代比对TN淋失影响占主导作用,而施氮水平对NO3--N、DON淋失影响更为重要。因此,低施氮量、高替代比动物型有机肥可有效减少碱性旱地土壤氮素淋失,为有机肥配施化肥的农田应用提供依据。     

生物炭添加对酸化土壤中小白菜氮素利用的影响

针对菜地土壤酸化趋势显著、氮肥利用率低下等突出问题,以小白菜为供试作物,设置了前3季连续施用化肥氮及后2季不施化肥氮的5季盆栽试验,研究生物炭添加对酸化土壤上连续多季种植小白菜的产量、氮肥利用率以及土壤供氮能力的影响。结果表明:在连续添加化肥氮的条件下,生物炭添加显著增加了小白菜的产量及氮素累积量,有效降低了土壤速效氮含量,并提高了土壤速效氮中NO3--N含量比例,缓解了土壤酸化趋势,降低了小白菜中硝酸盐含量,增加了氨基酸含量,提高了氮肥利用率;在停止施用化肥后,生物炭添加处理仍能保持较高的土壤速效氮含量,提高土壤固持氮素的有效性,促进植株对氮素的吸收利用,从而使产量维持在施氮条件下的高水平。研究表明生物炭添加对土壤氮素具有"削峰填谷"的调节功能,能够有效促进氮素的吸收转化,从而有利于维持高产。     

秸秆还田对土壤有机质和氮素有效性影响及机制研究进展

秸秆还田作为全球有机农业的重要环节, 对维持农田肥力, 减少化肥使用, 提高陆地土壤碳汇能力具有积极作用。秸秆还田主要通过增加土壤有机质和提高氮肥利用率来改善农田生产环境, 获得高农业生产能力。有效的秸秆还田能为土壤中的微生物提供丰富的碳源, 刺激微生物活性, 提高土壤肥力; 同时矿化的秸秆组分能促进土壤氮循环和矿化, 提高氮素有效性。秸秆还田能够促使集约化高氮输入的农田生态系统维持正常的碳氮比例, 减少氮素淋洗损失, 改善土壤结构板结和连作障碍等现象。目前我国农田秸秆还田率不足50%, 与欧美国家高达90%多的秸秆还田率相比, 还具有很大的发展潜力。因此加强我国秸秆还田率能够逐渐改变我国耕地土壤存在的有机质含量和品质下降、氮素损失严重等现象。目前应进一步深入研究秸秆还田对有机质及氮素有效性的影响机制, 并结合长期监测试验, 以及多种秸秆还田技术进行比较研究, 发展适合当地秸秆还田模式, 促进我国农业生态系统的可持续性。     

长期施肥下潮土全氮、碱解氮含量与氮素投入水平关系

通过长期肥料定位试验,对不同施肥处理下潮土全氮和碱解氮含量演变特征及其与氮素投入水平的关系进行研究。结果表明,不施氮肥处理,土壤全氮和碱解氮含量基本保持平衡或者缓慢增加;长期施用化学氮肥处理,土壤全氮和碱解氮含量均有所增加;施用有机肥和秸秆还田处理,土壤全氮和碱解氮含量均显著提高。单施化学氮肥处理每投入氮素1 kg/hm2,土壤全氮含量增加0.017 mg/kg;而氮磷钾化肥配施有机肥和氮磷钾化肥并秸秆还田处理每投入氮素1 kg/hm2,土壤全氮含量分别增加0.049和0.035 mg/kg。施氮磷钾处理每投入氮素1 kg/hm2,土壤碱解氮含量增加0.001 mg/kg;而化肥配施有机肥或玉米秸秆处理每投入氮素1 kg/hm2,土壤碱解氮含量均增加0.004和0.004 mg/kg。总的来说,施用化学氮肥、有机肥配施化肥及秸秆还田处理增加氮素投入量均可以提高土壤全氮及碱解氮含量,且有机肥配施化肥及秸秆还田处理优于单施化肥。综上所述,增施有机肥及秸秆还田对于提升土壤肥力及实现农业可持续发展具有深远意义。     

长期施肥对不同有机质水平黑土蛋白酶活性及氮素的影响

为了探讨长期施肥对不同有机质含量农田黑土酶活性及养分的影响。本研究以黑土生产力长期定位试验为平台,选取5个不同有机质含量农田黑土为研究对象,对比分析长期施用化肥对农田黑土土壤蛋白酶活性及相关土壤养分的影响。结果表明:5种不同有机质含量农田黑土蛋白酶活性随有机质含量的增加而递增;与长期无肥处理相比,施用化肥显著提高了农田黑土蛋白酶的活性。不同施肥处理间土壤全氮随有机质含量的降低而降低,铵态氮、硝态氮与全氮含量变化一致。相关分析显示,土壤蛋白酶活性与土壤全氮、铵态氮、硝态氮均呈显著的正相关关系(P0.05)。土壤蛋白酶活性可以作为长期施用化肥农田黑土质量评价的灵敏指标。     

有机肥和化肥长期配合施用对土壤及不同粒级供氮特性的影响

通过间隙淋洗培养试验 ,研究水旱轮作下有机肥与化肥长期配合施用后土壤及不同粒级中氮的矿化特性。结果表明 ,经 14年 2 9茬连续施肥后土壤氮素矿化势明显增加 ,不同处理间的顺序为 :猪粪 化肥 (3 10mgkg- 1) >秸秆 化肥 (2 98mgkg- 1) >化肥 (2 76mgkg- 1) >对照 (2 0 4mgkg- 1)。长期施肥对土壤氮素矿化速率常数影响较小 ,反映了在相同土壤条件下有机氮矿化的共性。经 16周连续培养各处理土壤氮素的矿化率均在 17%左右。土壤不同粒级中氮的矿化量和矿化势均为 0～ 2 μm >2～ 10 μm >50～ 10 0 μm >10～ 50 μm ,有机肥与化肥长期配合施用显著增加了 0～ 2和 2～ 10 μm粒级氮的矿化势和矿化量。与盆栽试验结果相比 ,培养过程矿化释放的氮明显高于同期土壤的供氮量 ,表明在使用矿化氮评价土壤供氮能力时必须加以矫正。     

上海地区不同施肥方式氮磷随地表径流流失研究

选择上海宝山罗店镇具有代表性的旱地蔬菜农田生态系统,在从2004年3月到8月的近半年时间里,通过对径流及径流中侵蚀泥沙的氮磷流失情况的连续监测与实验分析,研究了旱地农田施肥与氮磷流失污染之间的关系,探讨了农田氮磷的迁移特征及环境效应,主要结果表明:随地表径流流失的总氮、总磷,流失形态以沉积相为主,大部分是当季施用的化肥,随径流排出农田的氮素中有37.7%是当季施用的氮素化肥,磷素中有26.9%是当季施用的磷素化肥。     

不同氮素用量对高肥力稻田水稻-土壤-水体氮素变化及环境影响分析

研究了分次施氮条件下不同氮紊用量对高肥力稻田水稻-土壤-水体含氮量的变化，结果表明：不同施氮水平与植物吸氮置、土壤含氮量以及田面水、渗漏水全氮含量之间具有很强的相关性。但总的来说，氮素利用率不高，有70％～80％左右的化肥氮排入到环境中，对土壤．水体和大气造成污染。在移栽期时，氮紊损失严重。土壤古氮量在水稻生长的前3个时期变化不大，但最终土壤氮素效应明显，低于150kg／hm^2的施氮量不利于土壤肥力的保持。同时用差值法估算出化肥氮对土壤氮的贡献量占化肥氮排入环境量的比例为30％～40％。田面水全氮浓度在每次施肥后第一天达到高峰．一周后全氮浓度显著下降，从环境角度，施肥后一周内是防止田面水氮素流失的主要时期。通过差值法估算的渗漏水中氮含量占化肥氮排入环境氮的比例很小，说明化肥氮当季渗漏淋失的较小。但从总量上却不可忽视，特别是施氮量大于225kg／hm^2时，会对环境造成很大的污染。     

优化施氮模式下设施菜地氮素的利用及去向

针对设施蔬菜生产中化肥氮高强度投入造成的肥料资源浪费和土壤质量下降等突出问题，以我国设施蔬菜生产典型区山东寿光为研究基地，在该区域 3 年减施氮肥模式对农学、肥力和环境效应影响的定位试验基础上，应用15N示踪技术，对筛选出的氮肥优化模式进行验证，并定量化地研究氮肥基于C/N 调控和基于水分调控的优化模式下氮素的吸收、利用及去向，以期为设施菜地合理的氮素管理提供理论和技术支持。试验设2个处理，1）农民习惯施氮模式（FP）； 2）优化施氮模式（OPT）。研究结果表明， OPT处理的番茄地上部产量和氮素吸收量均高于FP，作物吸收氮只有 20% 左右来自化肥氮；与FP相比，OPT处理的化肥氮素农学效率和氮素利用率显著提高（P0.05）；土壤中残留氮主要以硝态氮的形式存在，FP和OPT处理在0100 cm土层中的残留量分别为N 536.9 和340.3 kg/hm2，主要分布在040 cm 土层，随着深度的增加，累积量有所减少，OPT处理显著降低了各土层硝态氮的累积（P0.05）；除了作物吸收和土壤残留的氮，FP和OPT处理中分别有32.4%和8.2%的化肥氮以各种途径损失，OPT处理氮素损失率比FP低24.2个百分点。综合以上研究结果，优化施氮模式对化肥氮的吸收、利用及减少化肥氮的损失方面均优于农民习惯施氮模式。     

Modelling and measurement of the effects of fertilizer-N and crop residue incorporation on N-dynamics in vegetable cropping

Abstract. An easy-to-use simulation model was developed with the aim of improving fertilizer practice when crop residues are incorporated instead of removed. It was tested against data from a well-monitored N fertilizer experiment in which three successive brassica crops were grown followed by barley.
Experimental findings included: (a) that fertilizer-N greatly increased yield of 3 crops without increasing residual soil mineral-N at harvest unless supply exceeded crop demand; (b) that, by contrast, fertilizer-N increased both yield of and residual soil mineral-N left by the remaining crop throughout the range of applications; and (c) that at each harvest the apparent disappearance of fertilizer-N by immobilization and other processes was almost proportional to fertilizer-N. These phenomena were simulated by the model.
Overall the model gave estimates of soil mineral-N, plant weight and % N in the crop for each crop that were either in close agreement with or linearly related to the measured values. Deviations from this pattern are shown to result almost entirely from experimental error. In addition the model gave simulations of the time course of soil mineral-N and soil water that were in good agreement with measurement.
Simulations with the model indicate that appreciable benefits from residue incorporation of crops will only be obtained when fertilizer-N is also applied, unless plant masses at harvest are small.     

Nitrate leaching in field lysimeters at an agricultural site in Zimbabwe

Abstract. Nitrate leaching in lysimeters containing a tropical sandy agricultural soil was studied over two summers with maize ( Zea mays L.) and one winter season with wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.). The treatments included two moisture regimes and two nitrogen sources, cattle manure and inorganic fertilizer-N (either ammonium nitrate or ammonium sulphate) applied at 100 kg N/ha in the summers. Neither manure nor fertilizer-N was applied in the intervening winter. Leachate volume from the manured lysimeters was mostly larger than from fertilized ones because of poor growth and less evapotranspiration. The largest seasonal nitrate loads (17–39 kg N/ha) were obtained in the wet summer immediately after installation of the lysimeters. Nitrate loads in winter (3.7–18.6 kg N/ha) were larger than those obtained in fertilized (0.6 and 9.3 kg N/ha) and manured (0.3 and 3.0 kg N/ha) lysimeters for the two moisture regimes in the second summer. The drier conditions in the second summer decreased N-mineralization and leaching of manure.     

有机肥和无机肥在提高黄潮土肥力中的作用研究

1981-1986年在黄潮土上的小麦-玉米肥料定位试验,对肥料用量、作物吸收量和土壤养分积累量的回归分析结果:化肥N和有机肥N有8.76%和42.54%进入土壤N库;化肥P和有机肥P有17.61%和17.20%进入土壤速效P库;化肥K和有机肥K有4.5%和2.3%进入土壤速效K库.化肥对土壤有机质含量略有增加趋势,有机肥对补给土壤P、K养分,改善土壤物理性状有明显效果.有机无机配合施用具有培肥、增产两方面的作用.     

坡耕地氮磷流失及其控制技术研究进展

坡耕地N、P流失是造成农业面源污染的重要原因.文章综述了国内外有关坡耕地N、P流失的过程特征,降雨、土壤、地形、耕作与管理因素对N、P流失的影响等方面工作的研究进展,探讨了不同控制措施,如覆盖、植物篱、保护性耕作、坡改梯等,控制N、P流失的控制机制、效果和可操作性;并进一步对坡耕地N、P流失的研究与控制方面等今后应加强研究的趋势进行了展望.     

中国土壤地质学研究进展与展望

土壤地质学正伴随着其他学科的发展取得新的进步。本文在论述成土母质与土壤发育、成土母质与土壤分类分区、土壤地质对农业与种植业结构影响、地质背景与土壤地球化学循环等土壤地质学主要研究领域的基础上,分析了土壤地质学与土壤学、地质学、环境地质学、农业地质学、土地科学等其他学科的关系,探讨了土壤地质学未来的重点研究领域和发展方向,以期推动土壤地质学研究的发展。     

Urea-nitrogen transformation and compost-nitrogen mineralization in three different soils as affected by the interaction between both nitrogen inputs

Interactive effects of a combined application of urea and compost on the fates of urea-N and net mineralization of compost-N in three soils with different contents of organic-C and inorganic-N were examined through an aerobic 6-week incubation study. Soils were each subjected to four treatments of urea and compost applied at rates of 0 and 0 mg N kg^-1 (control), 115 and 0 mg N kg^-1, 0 and 115 mg N kg^-1, and 70 and 45 mg N kg^-1, respectively. The interactive effects of a combined application of compost and urea on their N transformations varied depending on the contents of indigenous inorganic-N and organic-C in soils. Urea hydrolysis was increased by compost blending only in soils with a relatively low organic-C content. Compost blending increased N immobilization, thus decreasing nitrification of urea-derived N in soils with high organic-C and inorganic-N contents, whereas the reverse was observed in soils with low nutrient contents. Urea blending, by providing inorganic-N, consistently increased net mineralization of compost-N irrespective of soil characteristics, although the increase was much smaller in soil with high indigenous inorganic-N. From the results, it could be concluded that a combined application of chemical fertilizer would improve the compost use efficiency by increasing mineralization of compost-N particularly in soil with a low inorganic-N content. This study also suggests that compost blending would increase immobilization of urea-N in soils with high C and N contents, whereas it would increase nitrification of fertilizer-N in soils with low nutrients contents, thus resulting in increased NO₃ ^- leaching.     

氮营养水平对烤烟根际土壤酶活性及烟叶内在品质的影响

田间试验研究了不同时期烤烟根际各土层土壤酶活性变化规律及其不同施氮量对烟叶品质的影响。结果表明:0~20 cm土层范围内,施氮可以提高圆顶期、采烤期及采烤结束后土壤脲酶、转化酶的活性,但当施氮量超过52.5 kg hm-2时,脲酶、转化酶的活性反而降低;土壤蛋白酶活性均在37.5 kg hm-2处理达到最大值,且随着施氮量的增多大都呈现降低的趋势。20~80 cm土层范围内,土壤脲酶、转化酶、蛋白酶活性变化规律并不一致。对于烤后烟叶,施氮量为52.5 kg hm-2的烟叶,糖碱比、氮碱比、钾氯比均比较适宜,化学成分较为协调,燃烧性较好,有利于优质烟叶品质的形成。说明在该地区的试验条件下,水稻土种植烤烟最适宜的施氮量为52.5 kg hm-2。     

淹水种稻条件下化肥氮的硝化-反硝化损失的初步研究

在中性和微酸性水稻土中施用硫铵时,硝化-反硝化作用是化肥氮损失的主要途径,除了淹水后在土表形成的氧化层及其下的还原层中可以分别进行硝化和反硝化作用外,水田中的硝化微生物与具反硝化作用的极毛杆菌相伴生,无论是在土表的氧化层或其下的还原层中,或是在稻根附近的氧化层或根外的还原层中都可进行硝化一反硝化作用^[4]。本工作的主要目的是:用特制盆钵进行盆栽试验,研究在淹水种稻条件下不同机制的硝化一反硝化作用气此外也涉及到水稻的生长、氮肥的施用方法对氮素损失的影响。     

持续减量施氮对冬小麦土壤硝态氮含量和氮肥利用效率的影响

连续两个生长季（2008/2009和2009/2010）对小麦（济麦22）进行不施氮T1、减量施氮T2（180kg·hm-2纯氮）和按农民习惯施氮T3（315kg·hm-2纯氮）3种施肥处理,2008/2009年度各处理分别为T11、T21、T31,2009/2010年度为T12、T22、T32。观测小麦旗叶光合速率、产量、土壤硝态氮含量,分析连续处理两个生长季后各处理氮肥利用率RE N、氮肥农学效率AE N、氮肥生理效率PE N和氮肥偏生产力PFP N的差异。结果表明,（1）第一生长季T21与T31处理相比,第二生长季T22与T32处理相比,小麦旗叶光合能力和产量均未显著下降,但均显著高于不施氮处理（P〈0.05）。（2）持续2a减量施氮处理（T22）后,小麦成熟期0-200cm土层硝态氮含量分别比T32和T21显著下降32.2%和26.7%（P〈0.05）。（3）持续2a减量施氮处理T22的RE N、AE N、PE N和PFP N均显著高于T32,与第1年减量施氮处理T21相比,T22的RE N、AE N和PE N显著升高（P〈0.05）,但PFP N变化不显著。研究表明连续减氮处理未显著降低小麦开花后旗叶的光合能力和产量,但降低了地下水污染的风险,同时提高了各项氮肥利用效率指标,因而180kg·hm-2纯氮的施氮量可作为小麦持续高产条件下的推荐施肥量。研究结果可为氮肥高效利用和冬小麦栽培的可持续发展提供理论基础。     

Chemical stabilization of soil organic nitrogen by phenolic lignin residues in anaerobic agroecosystems

This review summarizes independent reports of yield decreases in several agricultural systems that are associated with repeated cropping under wet or submerged soil conditions. Crop and soil data from most of these agroecosystems have led researchers to attribute yield decreases to a reduction in crop uptake of N mineralized from soil organic matter (SOM). These trends are most evident in several long-term field experiments on continuous lowland rice systems in the Philippines, but similar trends are evident in a continuous rice rotation in Arkansas, USA and with no-till cropping systems in North American regions with cool, wet climatic conditions in Spring. Soil analyses from some of these systems have found an accumulation of phenolic lignin compounds in SOM. Phenolic compounds covalently bind nitrogenous compounds into recalcitrant forms in laboratory conditions and occurrence of this chemical immobilization under field conditions would be consistent with field observations of reduced soil N supply. However, technological shortcomings have precluded its demonstration for naturally formed SOM. Through recent advances in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, agronomically significant quantities of lignin-bound N were found in a triple-cropped rice soil in the Philippines. A major research challenge is to demonstrate in the anaerobic agroecosystems that these lignin residues bind sufficient quantities of soil N to cause the observed yield decreases. A key objective will be to elucidate the cycling dynamics of lignin-bound N relative to the seasonal pattern of crop N demand. Anaerobic decomposition of crop residues may be the key feature of anaerobic cropping systems that promotes the accumulation of phenolic lignin residues and hence the covalent binding of soil N. Potential mitigation options include improved timing of applied N fertilizer, which has already been shown to reverse yield decreases in tropical rice, and aerobic decomposition of crop residues, which can be accomplished through field drainage or timing of tillage operations. Future research will evaluate whether aerobic decomposition promotes the formation of phenol-depleted SOM and greater in-season N mineralization, even when the soil is otherwise maintained under flooded conditions during the growing season.