不同施肥对蔬菜保护地土壤有机无机复合体中磷素状况的影响

以19年蔬菜保护地长期定位施肥试验土壤为材料,借助超声波分散技术将土壤分为不同粒级的有机无机复合体,研究长期不同施肥处理对土壤有机无机复合体磷素含量变化的影响。结果表明,长期施用有机肥及有机肥与磷肥配施使<10μm的复合体减少,并向较大粒级复合体转化。不同粒级复合体中的全磷、有机磷与速效磷含量在<2μm粒级最高,并随粒径增大呈下降趋势。与对照相比,不同施肥可以提高各粒级复合体中磷的含量。其中,有机肥与磷肥配施处理各粒级复合体中磷素含量增幅最大。相关分析表明,土壤各粒级复合体中有机磷和速效磷均与全磷呈极显著正相关(r=0.9180**,r=0.9621**)。     

长期免耕和秸秆覆盖下黄土高原旱作土壤不同粒级复合体中酸解有机氮含量及分配比例变化

【目的】探明不同保护性耕作措施对黄土高原旱作土壤不同粒级复合体中有机氮含量与分配的影响,可对评价耕作措施的效果提供科学依据。【方法】基于黄土高原旱区14年的长期定位试验,采用Bremner法, 对传统耕作(T)、免耕(NT)、秸秆覆盖(TS)及免耕+秸秆覆盖(NTS)四种耕作措施条件下不同土壤粒级复合体中的有机氮含量和分配进行了研究。【结果】保护性耕作方式均增加了2~10 μm粒级土壤复合体的比例,增幅为20.0%~31.7%;降低了0~2 μm粒级土壤复合体在土壤中所占的比例,降幅为27.6%~31.0%。在所有耕作措施下,耕层土壤中不同粒级复合体所占的比例为10~50 μm＞2~10 μm＞0~2 μm＞50~100 μm＞100 μm。保护性耕作方式均明显提高了耕层0~2 μm粒级土壤复合体中氨基糖氮的含量,增幅在46.9%~107.1%,降低了单位质量0~2 μm粒级土壤复合体中的NH+4-N含量,降幅在14.8%~27.0%;明显提高了耕层单位质量2~10 μm粒级土壤复合体中酸解总氮、氨基酸氮和氨基糖氮的含量,增幅分别为8.2%~14.3%、16.2%~31.5%和154.9%~184.3%;降低了单位质量2~10 μm粒级土壤复合体中NH+ 4-N的含量,降幅为28.7%~46.6%。传统耕作(T)条件下,与各粒级土壤复合体相结合的有机氮量顺序为10~50 μm＞0~2 μm＞2~10 μm＞50~100 μm＞100 μm以上,而保护性耕作条件下,与各粒级土壤复合体相结合的有机氮量顺序为10~50 μm＞2~10 μm＞0~2 μm＞50~100 μm＞100 μm以上;与传统耕作相比,保护性耕作措施显著地增加了耕层土壤中酸解总氮、氨基酸氮、氨基糖氮的含量,增幅分别为6.6%~20.4%、89.0%~113.0%和11.9%~31.6%,降低了NH+4-N的含量。【结论】与传统耕作(T)处理相比,保护性耕作(NT、TS、NTS)措施明显提高了土壤2~10 μm粒级复合体的比例,降低了0~2 μm粒级复合体的比例;增加了耕层土壤中酸解氮总氮、氨基糖态氮和氨基酸态氮的含量,降低了NH+ 4-N的含量。土壤中以氨基酸态氮占优势地位,其它形态的有机氮无明显分布规律。     

不同区域稻田土壤复合体有机碳分配及δ~(13)C特征

选取位于5个不同区域(吉林龙井、河南封丘、浙江慈溪、江西进贤和海南海口)的代表性稻田,对其土壤复合体有机碳分配及δ13C特征进行了研究。结果表明,不同区域稻田土壤中各粒级复合体含量(质量百分比)变化主要体现在<2μm和>50μm粒级部分。南方稻田0-20 cm土层中<2μm复合体含量较20-40 cm土层低,而北方稻田0-20 cm土层则较20-40 cm土层高。稻田0-20 cm和20-40 cm土层中,<50μm各粒级土壤复合体有机碳含量的变化趋势基本一致;>50μm复合体有机碳含量则在稻田20-40 cm土层中出现急剧下降,显著低于表层。农田土壤有机碳主要集中在<10μm复合体中。气候条件、耕作制度和起源土壤对农田土壤复合体有机碳分配有显著影响,其中稻田耕作环境更有利于表层粗有机体的累积。不同区域稻田0-20 cm土层中,土壤复合体粒级越小,其有机碳δ13C值越高,碳库活性越低;而20-40 cm稻田土层中复合体有机碳库活性则并非严格遵循粗粒活性高于细粒的规律,在>50μm粗粒复合体中表现尤为明显。     

不同土地利用方式对黑土有机无机复合体的影响

采用超声波分散、颗粒大小分组法研究不同土地利用方式下黑土有机无机复合体组成及有机碳的分布特征。不同土地利用方式下黑土均以细砂级复合体为主,有机碳含量随粒径增加而减少,C/N比随粒径增加而增加。NP和NPM处理比NF处理土壤<20μm粒级复合体含量减少,>20μm复合体含量增加;草地与裸地相比<20μm粒级复合体含量减少,>20μm复合体含量增加。土地利用方式不同,土壤固碳的机制是不同的,草地生态系统的土壤固碳潜力高于农田土壤。施肥和有机质的输入使土壤各粒级复合体中的有机碳含量增加;使>20μm粒级复合体固持的SOC量比例增加,表明在土壤有机质含量增加的情况下,有机质有向大粒级复合体的积累增加。     

东北几种耕作土壤中有机无机复合体的研究

本文采用超声分散法研究东北主要耕作土壤复合体的组成及其性质.不同有机质含量的土壤中,<10微米的复合体变异较大,其在有机质含量高的黑土中较棕壤及苏打盐土高出一倍.各粒级复合体中C,N和P储量随粒级增大而降低.黑土、白浆土以游离态和紧结态腐殖质为主,棕壤和苏打盐土以联结态和紧结态为主.粘粒复合体与土壤中三、二氧化物的比值有肥地较大的趋势.试验结果表明土壤中有机无机的复合主要是在具有活性较高的粘粒级附近,与有机质紧密地结合.     

长期施肥红壤钾素在有机无机复合体中的分布

【目的】土壤中的有机无机复合体是承载土壤养分的重要结构单元,土壤钾素含量的变化反映在不同粒级有机无机复合体中。本研究选用始于1990年(祁阳)和1986年(进贤)的旱地红壤长期定位试验,研究长期不同施肥对土壤交换性钾、非交换性钾、全钾在不同粒级有机无机复合体中分布的影响。【方法】祁阳和进贤试验点均选择不施肥(CK)化学氮、磷肥配施(NP)、NP基础上施用化学钾肥(NPK)及NPK基础上配施有机肥(NPKM)四个处理,采集0-20 cm深度的土壤样品通过Stokes定律计算各粒级复合体沉降速率,采用虹吸管法分离出不同粒级有机无机复合体。采用1.0 mol/L中性醋酸铵浸提土壤交换性钾,1.0 mol/L沸硝酸浸提土壤非交换性钾,氢氧化钠710℃提取土壤全钾钾离子浓度采用火焰光度计测定。【结果】两试验点土壤96.4%~98.9%的交换性钾、87.9%~96.7%的非交换性钾和95.1%~96.7%的全钾存在0~50μm粒级复合体中,尤其2μm粒级复合体是三种形态钾素的主要贮存库76.3%~92.3%的交换性钾、45.8%~73.7%的非交换性钾和49.4%~70.6%的全钾集中在该粒级。两试验点NP处理与CK相比,2μm粒级复合体中非交换性钾含量降低5.4~8.3 mg/kg.降低幅度为8.2%~16.3%。施钾肥主要改变2 m粒级复合体中交换性钾和非交换性钾含量进贤NPK与NP处理相比分别增加36.7和9.5 mg/kg,增加幅度分别为64.5%和15.7%;而NPKM处理则较NP处理分别增加147.4和91.2 mg/kg增幅分别为258.9%和151.1%。祁阳NPK与NP处理相比,2μm粒级复合体中交换性钾和非交换性钾含量分别增加52.9和20.3 mg/kg增加幅度分别为104.9%和47.6%;NPKM与NP处理相比分别增加219.5和41.3 mg/kg增幅分别为435.9%和96.9%。长期施肥对两试验点各粒级复合体中全钾含量的影响不大。2、2~10及10~50μm粒级复合体三种形态钾素含量较高,是供给植物生长的主要钾源,其中2μm粒级复合体中交换性钾、非交换性钾含量与产量之间均存在显著正相关关系(P0.05)。【结论】2μm粒级复合体是土壤钾素的主要贮存库。在长期不施钾肥条件下土壤2μm粒级复合体中交换性钾和非交换性钾含量降低,施钾有利于该粒级复合体中交换性钾和非交换性钾积累。旱地红壤2、2~10及10~50μm粒级复合体钾素含量高且与产量之间存在显著的正相关关系是植物钾素主要供源。     

不同种植年限茶园土壤有机无机复合状况及有机碳分布特征

通过不同种植年限茶园土壤有机无机复合状况以及有机碳的分布变化特征的研究,结果表明,植茶条件下,土壤有机碳含量、重组有机碳含量以及土壤有机无机复合量均高于非茶园对照土壤,并且随着植茶年限的增加而增加,土壤中轻组有机碳增加幅度明显大于重组有机碳,原土复合度下降.随着植茶年限的增加,茶园土壤＞50 μm级复合体含量减少,＜2 μm复合体含量增加,但茶园土壤有机无机复合体组成仍以＞50μm复合体为主,10～50μm复合体次之,＜2μm复合体含量最低.茶园土壤各粒级复合体有机碳含量均随植茶年限有不同程度增加,其中＜2 μm复合体固持的有机碳含量最高.其余粒级中有机碳含量随着粒径变粗而下降.有机碳在各粒级复合体中的分布以及各粒级复合体有机碳占土壤总碳量的比例均表现出2～10μm复合体＞小于2 μm复合体＞大于50μm复合体＞10～50μm复合体的趋势.     

不同利用年限红壤水稻土有机碳和养分含量的粒级分布变化

通过田间采样结合沉降法分级提取,研究了不同利用年限红壤水稻土有机碳和养分含量的粒级分布变化特征。结果表明,红壤水稻土有机碳和养分含量随土壤颗粒粒径的增大而下降,但在各粒级中的分布比例存在显著差异。<0.002mm、0.002～0.02mm、0.02～0.05mm、>0.05mm粒级的有机碳占全土有机碳的比例分别是29.2%、30.7%、11.9%、15.4%,氮的相应数值为36.7%、31.9%、10.2%、14.0%,磷为49.2%、26.5%、11.1%、12.4%,钾为36.9%、33.4%、12.9%、20.0%。总体来说,黏粒和粉粒中有机碳和养分的分布比例较高。红壤水稻土有机碳和养分含量及分布比例还随利用年限而有明显变化。开垦利用不到10a的水田土壤,有机碳和养分含量较低且主要集中在<0.002mm粒级中;而利用超过10a的水稻土,有机碳和养分在粉粒中(0.002～0.05mm)的比例大于50%。各利用年限的红壤水稻土多以0.02～0.05mm粒级的C/N为最高,并随利用年限延长而下降。红壤水稻土各粒级有机碳和养分含量及分布状况随利用年限的变化反映了土壤肥力熟化和养分有效性的提高过程。     

灌溉方式对保护地土壤微团聚体及其碳、氮分布的影响

以连续13年沟灌、滴灌和渗灌3种不同灌溉方式灌溉的保护地土壤为对象,研究不同灌溉处理保护地土壤微团聚体的分布及其碳、氮含量变化.结果表明,不同灌溉处理间,0-10 cm和10-20 cm土层土壤微团聚体含量均以渗灌处理最高,且0-10 cm土层灌溉处理间差异大于10-20 cm土层;各灌溉处理0-10 cm土层和10-20 cm土层土壤微团聚体均以0.01～0.05 mm粒级为优势粒级,0.05～0.25 mm粒级为次优势粒级,而＜0.01 mm粒级土壤微团聚体含量最少;灌溉处理间0-10 cm和10-20 cm土层各粒级土壤微团聚体全氮含量分布的总体趋势是滴灌高于沟灌和渗灌,且颗粒越小、这一处理间差异越明显,而处理间各粒级土壤微团聚体总碳含量差异不明显;0-10 cm土层某粒级土壤微团聚体总碳和全氮含量高于10-20 cm土层同粒级土壤微团聚体,而在同一土层微团聚体粒径越小、其总碳和全氮含量越高.从土壤结构及养分性状考虑,滴灌和渗灌比沟灌更适合于保护地蔬菜栽培灌溉.     

侵蚀地貌中土壤团聚体碳、氮、磷含量变化及其环境风险

为明确侵蚀环境中长期施用化肥条件下农田土壤养分积累特征及其对流域面源污染的潜在威胁。在高塬沟壑区,分别采集塬面—坡地—沟道和川地—河漫滩—河道中土壤及泥沙样品,分析不同侵蚀地貌单元中团聚体粒级分布特征和不同团聚体中C、N、P含量变化及其潜在环境风险。结果表明:(1)沟道和河道等低洼地带＜63 μm粒级团聚体占比最高,川地—河漫滩—河道系统中＜63 μm粒径含量显著高于塬面—坡地—沟道系统;(2)塬面有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)、有效磷(Olsen—P)含量分别为8.49,1.19,1.23 g/kg和51.80 mg/kg,是80年代初的1.39,1.49,1.76,16.27倍;川地分别为6.80,1.00,1.07 g/kg和27.40 mg/kg,是80年代初的1.12,1.25,1.52,8.13倍,磷素积累最为明显。各粒级团聚体中SOC、TN、TP、Olsen—P含量由高到低依次为＞250 μm粒级,63~250 μm粒级,＜63 μm粒级;(3)无论是从塬面到沟道,还是从川地到河道,不同粒级团聚体中SOC、TN、TP、Olsen—P都呈现了显著降低趋势,但沟道和河道＜63 μm粒级团聚体中有效磷素含量已升高到塬面上世纪80年代初水平。易侵蚀迁移的团聚体(＜250 μm)分布特征和CaCl₂—P的突变点问题突出,成为塬面和川地农田土壤养分积累影响水体环境的潜在风险源。因此,防治水土流失和改善施肥措施是确保黄河流域高质量发展的基础。     

Mineralization and immobilization of nitrogen in fumigated soil and the measurement of microbial biomass nitrogen

Immobilization of N was measured in a fumigated and in an unfumigated soil by adding (¹⁵NH₄)₂SO₄ and following the disappearance of inorganic label from the soil solution and its simultaneous conversion to soil organic N. Calculations based on the measurement of organically-bound ¹⁵N gave more consistent values for immobilization than did calculations based on the measurement of the disappearance of label from solution. The fumigated soil immobilized 6.6 μg N g^?1 N g^?1 soil in 10 days at 25°C, the unfumigated control 4.8 μg. The corresponding gross mineralization rates were 34.9 and 5.6 μg N g^?1 soil in 10 days.Addition of 58 μg N as (¹⁵NH₄)₂SO₄ to the fumigated soil increased the quantity of the ynlabelled NH₄-N extracted at the end of 10 days from 33.8 to 37.8 μg Ng^?1 soil, i.e. there was a positive Added Nitrogen Interaction (ANI). The added labelled N produced this ANI, not by increasing the rate of mineralization of organic N, but by standing proxy for unlabelled N that otherwise would have been immobilized.A procedure for calculating biomass N from the size of the flush of mineral N caused by fumigation is proposed. Biomass N (B_N) is calculated from the relationship B_N = F'_N/0.68 where F'_N is [(N in fumigated soil incubated for 10 days — (N in unfumigated soil incubated for 10 days)].     

施氮对茶园土壤氟和茶树新梢氟含量的影响

通过田间试验研究了不施肥(CK)、施氮360 kg?hm?2(T1)、施氮720 kg?hm?2(T2)处理下茶园土壤无机氮、p H、各形态氟含量的动态变化和春、夏、秋茶树新梢一芽四叶、一芽五叶氟含量,探讨茶园施氮对土壤和茶树新梢氟含量的影响。结果表明:1)茶园施氮后短期内(20~30 d)土壤水溶态氟含量显著降低,土壤交换态氟和铁锰结合态氟含量降低;长期(45~50 d)土壤水溶态氟含量的降低作用减弱,土壤交换态氟和铁锰结合态的含量增加;在试验结束时(164 d),与CK处理相比,T1处理0~20 cm土壤各形态氟含量降低,T2处理0~20 cm土壤各形态氟含量增加。2)0~20 cm茶园土壤水溶态氟、铁锰结合态氟与NH4+-N分别呈极显著负、正相关(P0.01),20~40 cm土壤水溶态氟、交换态氟与NO3?-N分别呈极显著正、负相关(P0.01)。土壤p H与土壤水溶态氟含量极显著负相关(P0.01),与其他3种形态氟含量相关性不显著。土壤铁锰结合态氟与交换态氟、有机结合态氟呈显著、极显著正相关,但与土壤水溶态氟均无显著相关性。3)春茶前后施氮可以降低春、夏、秋茶树新梢一芽四叶、一芽五叶氟含量,但未达显著水平。T1处理新梢氟含量的降低值为夏茶(25.15~27.95 mg?kg?1)秋茶(21.06~24.31 mg?kg?1)春茶(18.58~21.03 mg?kg?1),T2处理的降低值为秋茶(18.64~22.34 mg?kg?1)夏茶(7.79~14.14 mg?kg?1)春茶(3.52~7.30 mg?kg?1)。春、夏、秋茶树新梢氟含量主要受0~20 cm土壤无机氮和20~40 cm土壤p H的影响。因此推测施氮通过影响茶树根系氟的吸收和氟在叶片中的累积过程调控茶树新梢氟含量,该研究成果为合理利用施氮技术降低茶园土壤和茶树新梢氟含量提供了理论依据。     

中国亚热带稻田土壤碳氮含量及矿化动态

Dynamics of soil organic matter in a cultivation chronosequence of paddy fields were studied in subtropical China. Mineralization of soil organic matter was determined by measuring CO2 evolution from soil during 20 days of laboratory incubation. In the first 30 years of cultivation, soil organic C and N contents increased rapidly. After 30 years, 0-10 cm soil contained 19.6 g kg^-1 organic C and 1.62 g kg^-1 total N, with the corresponding values of 18.1 g kg^-1 and 1.50 g kg^-1 for 10-20 cm, and then remained stable even after 80 years of rice cultivation. During 20 days incubation the mineralization rates of organic C and N in surface soil （0-10 cm） ranged from 2.2% to 3.3% and from 2.8% to 6.7%, respectively, of organic C and total N contents. Biologically active C size generally increased with increasing soil organic C and N contents. Soil dissolved organic C decreased after cultivation of wasteland to 10 years paddy field and then increased. Soil microbial biomass C increased with number of years under cultivation, while soil microbial biomass N increased during the first 30 years of cultivation and then stabilized. After 30 years of cultivation surface soil （0-10 cm） contained 332.8 mg kg^-1 of microbial biomass C and 23.85 mg kg^-1 of microbial biomass N, which were 111% and 47% higher than those in soil cultivated for 3 years. It was suggested that surface soil with 30 years of rice cultivation in subtropical China would have attained a steady state of organic C content, being about 19 g kg^-1.     

The effects of biocidal treatments on metabolism in soil—VI. Fumigation with carbon disulphide

Used in high concentration as a soil fumigant, CS₂ was broadly similar to CHCl₃ in its effects on metabolism in soil; the amount of N mineralised in 10 days increased roughly 10-fold. the O₂ consumption almost tripled and the evolution of CO₂ more than doubled. However, the effects of CS₂ were consistently slightly less than those of CHCl₃.Used at low concentration (10 μg.g^?1 soil) on a soil rich in organic matter (2.93% organic C), CS₂ stopped nitrification completely, almost without other effect on soil respiration and mineralisation of N. In contrast, when used on a poorer soil (1.07% organic C) even 10 μgCS₂.g_?1 soil was sufficient to cause a detectable increase in both respiration and mineralisation of N, in addition to stopping nitrification.     

Soluble organic C and N and their relationships with soil organic C and N and microbial characteristics in moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) plantations along an elevation gradient in Central Taiwan

Purpose

Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis), an important economic crop, is distributed from low- to medium-elevation mountains in Taiwan. Bamboo is a fast-growing herbaceous species with an extensive rhizome structure. With the hypothesis that the characteristics of soil organic matter and microbes might change after long-term bamboo plantation, we investigated different fractions of organic C and N as well as soil microbial biomass and activities in five moso bamboo plantations along an elevation gradient in Central Taiwan.

Materials and methods

Five soil samples (top 10 cm of soil) were collected from each bamboo plantation (600, 800, 1,000, 1,200, and 1,400 m above sea level (asl)) in January 2011. Soil was processed and analyzed for soil total C and N contents, biologically available C, potentially mineralizable N, soil microbial biomass and soil respiration (CO₂). Two extraction methods (2 M KCl and hot-water extraction) were used to estimate soil soluble organic C and N (S_bOC and S_bON) and soil inorganic N (NH₄ ⁺ and NO₃ ^?) concentrations to evaluate the relationship with soil organic matter and microbe characteristics in bamboo plantations.

Results and discussion

Soil total C and N contents as well as soil microbial biomass and soil respiration (CO₂) of the bamboo plantations increased along the elevation gradient. Temperature changes along elevation contributed to such variations observed among the selected bamboo plantations. The S_bON in hot-water extracts was highest in the 1,200-m plantation, then in the 1,400-m plantation, and lowest in the low-elevation plantations (600, 800, and 1,000 m). However, S_bON in 2 M KCl extracts did not differ by elevation. The S_bON was strongly correlated with soil total N in both 2 M KCl and hot-water extracts, but only S_bON in hot-water extracts was strongly correlated with microbial biomass N and potentially mineralizable N. S_bOC was strongly correlated with soil total C content, microbial biomass C, and biologically available C in both 2 M KCl and hot-water extracts.

Conclusions

Soil total C and N, S_bOC and S_bON, and microbial biomass characteristics increased in the moso bamboo plantations with increasing elevation. No altitudinal difference in specific soil respiration (CO₂) rate suggested that the enhanced potentially mineralizable N and soil respiration (CO₂) in the high-elevation plantations were associated with increased microbial biomass rather than microbial activities.     

Long-term effects of biochar amount on the content and composition of organic matter in soil aggregates under field conditions

Purpose

Soil aggregates play an important role in promoting soil fertility, as well as increasing the sink capacity and stability of soil carbon. In this study, we consider the following research questions:1. Under field conditions, do different dosages of biochar increase the soil aggregation after 3 years of application?2. How does the application of biochar affect the concentration and distribution of soil total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) in different sizes of aggregates?3. Can the application of biochar alter the composition of organic carbon in soil aggregates?

Materials and methods

Different amounts of biochar (up to 90 t ha^?1) were applied to a calcareous soil in a field experiment in 2009 along with the application of chemical fertilizer annually and the returning of winter wheat and summer maize straws. After 3 years, 0–20-cm soil samples were taken to measure the size distribution of soil water-stable aggregates by wet sieving, the concentrations of TOC and TN in whole aggregates and light or heavy fractions by elemental analysis equipment, and composition of TOC by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometer (Py–GC/MS).

Results and discussion

(1) The 3 years of biochar application had no significant effects on degree of soil aggregation but reduced the breakage of large soil aggregates (>1000 μm); (2) biochar significantly increased the contents of TOC and TN in soil macro-aggregates (>250 μm), as well as their ratios to total soil amount. Biochar also significantly increased the contents of TOC and TN in light fractions as well as the C/N ratio, which made the soil organic matter more active. The biochar dosage showed a significant positive correlation with organic carbon, total nitrogen, and C/N ratio in light fraction components of aggregates (>250 μm). Biochar mainly affected the organic matter in the heavy fraction components of macro-aggregates; (3) from the Py–GC/MS results, biochar increased the CO₂ content originated from active organic carbon.

Conclusions

Long-term application of biochar improved the stability of soil aggregates, increased the contents of TOC and TN as well as organic carbon and total nitrogen in macro-aggregates, and usually increased the contents of CO₂ originated from active organic carbon in light fractions. The findings were helpful in evaluating the effects of biochar on soil aggregation and organic matter stability.

     

Chloroform fumigation and the release of soil nitrogen: A rapid direct extraction method to measure microbial biomass nitrogen in soil

A new “direct extraction” method for measuring soil microbial biomass nitrogen (biomass N) is described. The new method (fumigation-extraction) is based on CHC1₃ fumigation, followed by immediate extraction with 0.5 M K₂SO₄ and measurement of total N released by CHC1₃ in the soil extracts. The amounts of NH₄-N and total N extracted by K₂SO₄ immediately after fumigation increased with fumigation time up to 5 days. Total N released by CHC1₃ after 1 day fumigation (1 day CHC1₃-N) and after 5 days fumigation (5 day CHC1₃-N) were positively correlated with the flush of mineral N (F_N) in 37 soils that had been fumigated, the fumigant removed and the soils incubated for 10 days (fumigation-incubation). The regression equations were 1 day CHC1₃-N = (0.79 ± 0.022) F_N and 5 day CHC1₃-N = (1.01 ± 0.027) F_N, both regressions accounting for 92% of the variance in the data.In field soils previously treated with ¹⁵N-labelled fertilizer, the amounts of labelled N, measured after fumigation-extraction, were very similar to the amounts of labelled N mineralized during fumigation-incubation; both were about 4 times as heavily labelled as the soil N as a whole. These results suggest that fumigation-extraction and fumigation-incubation both measure the same fraction of the soil organic N (probably the cytoplasmic component of the soil microbial biomass) and that measurement of the total N released by CHC1₃ fumigation for 24 h provides a rapid method for measuring biomass N.     

成县土壤数值分类的初步研究

本文应用标准化数据—斜交距离—误差平方和聚类分析法对甘肃成县34个土壤剖面进行了数值分析研究。研究结果表明,供试34个剖面可分为五个土壤类型。对五类土壤的pH值、有机质、代换量、SiO₂、Al₂O₃、Fe₂O₃、CaCO₃及粘粒含量八项主要指标进行方差分析的结果表明,除pH、代换量和SiO₂含量未达类型间F测验显著水平外,其他各项指标均达显著或极显著水平。各类土壤在地理分布、植被类型、田间石灰反应等特性上也有明显的差异,并且每一类土壤都具有一定的发生学意义。并分别对应于棕壤、淋溶褐土、褐土、碳酸盐褐土和潮土五种发生学类型。     

The effect of maize straw placement on mineralization of C and N in soil particle size fractions

Fundamental knowledge about the complex processes during the decomposition, mineralization and transfer of residue organic matter in soils is essential to assess risks of changes in agricultural practices. In a double tracer (¹³C, ¹⁵N) experiment the effect of maize straw on the mineralization dynamics and on the distribution of maize-derived organic matter within particle size fractions was investigated. Maize straw (a C₄ plant) labelled with ¹⁵N was added to soils (13.2 g dry matter kg^–1 soil) which previously had grown only C₃ plants, establishing two treatments: (i) soil mixed with maize straw (mixed), and (ii) soil with maize straw applied on the surface (surface). Samples were incubated in the laboratory at 14°C for 365 days. The size fractions (> 200 μm, 200–63 μm, 63–2 μm, 2–0.1 μm and < 0.1 μm), obtained after low-energy sonication (0.2 kJ g^–1), were separated by a combination of wet-sieving and centrifuging. The mineralization of maize C was similar in the two treatments after one year. However, decomposition of maize particulate organic matter (predominantly in the fraction > 200 μm) was significantly greater in the mixed treatment, and more C derived from the maize was associated with silt- and clay-sized particles. A two-component model fitted to the data yielded a rapidly mineralizable C pool (about 20% of total C) and a slowly mineralizable pool (about 80%). Generally, the size of the rapidly mineralizable C pool was rather small because inorganic N was rapidly immobilized after the addition of maize. However, the different mean half-lives of the C pools (rapidly decomposable mixed 0.035 years, and surface-applied 0.085 years; slowly decomposable mixed 0.96 years, and surface-applied 1.7 years) showed that mineralization was delayed when the straw was left on the surface. This seems to be because there is little contact between the soil microflora and plant residues. Evidently, the organic matter is more decomposed and protected within soil inorganic compounds when mixed into the soil than when applied on the soil surface, despite similar rates of mineralization.