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1.
福建滨海沙地氮磷养分匮乏,季节性干旱严重。养分重吸收可以减弱植物对土壤养分供应的依赖,从而增强植物适应逆境的能力。以福州市滨海后沿沙地人工营造的木麻黄、肯氏相思和纹荚相思人工林为研究对象,进行不同叶龄(成熟叶、衰老叶)叶片N、P浓度及稳定氮同位素丰度值(δ15 N)的测定,通过统计手段研究叶片N、P重吸收效率(NRE、PRE)、重吸收度(NRP、PRP)及其与生物固氮率的关系。结果表明:(1)滨海沙地不同固氮树种叶片NRE表现为纹荚相思(52.80%)肯氏相思(28.27%)木麻黄(24.63%),纹荚相思叶片NRE显著高于肯氏相思和木麻黄,但后两者间无显著差异;PRE表现为肯氏相思(74.08%)纹荚相思(63.99%)木麻黄(40.47%),且相互之间差异显著。(2)滨海沙地不同固氮树种生物固氮率表现为肯氏相思(69.45%)纹荚相思(69.15%)木麻黄(34.59%),2种相思树种生物固氮率无显著差异,但显著高于木麻黄99.88%~100.77%。(3)滨海沙地不同固氮树种生物固氮率与NRE、PRE和NRP呈负相关关系,与叶片PRP呈正相关关系。因而,滨海沙地不同固氮树种生物固氮与叶片的氮、磷重吸收存在耦合关系,并显著影响氮、磷重吸收效率和重吸收度。研究结果为揭示滨海沙地不同固氮树种对贫瘠土壤和季节性干旱的适应机制提供依据,也为滨海沙地营林管理提供参考。  相似文献   

2.
马占相思根瘤菌结瘤固氮特性的分析   总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1  
相思属(Acacia)树种是速生的热带、亚热带豆科植物。对现在大面积种植的相思树品种——马占相思的根瘤菌进行分离和筛选,获得菌株若干株,对它们的结瘤固氮特性和对马占相思、大叶相思及厚荚相思生长的影响等进行了初步研究。结果表明。无氮条件下接种马占相思根瘤菌,能显著促进这3个树种的株重、株高和生物量的增长;苗圃接种马占相思根瘤菌。马占相思苗高增加27.6%,地径增加14.8%,植株鲜重增加32.6%,结瘤数增加83.8%。  相似文献   

3.
马占相思木材物理力学性质的研究   总被引:5,自引:1,他引:4  
对采自广西高峰林场9.5年生马占相思木材的主要物理力学性质进行测定和分析。结果表明:马占相思木材的气干密度、基本密度和全干密度分别为0.5636,0.4839和0.5333g/cm^3,其径向、弦向和体积干缩系数分别为0.0908%,0.2703%和0.3824%,其顺纹抗压强度为60.40MPa,径面和弦面的顺纹抗剪强度分别为10.89和12.01MPa,径面和弦面的顺纹抗劈强度分别为194.3和208.5N/mm,端面、径面和弦面的硬度分别为82.99,64.58和56.99MPa,冲击韧性为66.90kJ/m^2,抗弯强度和抗弯弹性模量分别为184.0MPa和13.944GPa。除了冲击韧性较小外,马占相思木材的主要力学强度均属于中上水平,可作为承重结构和高中档家具用材。  相似文献   

4.
研究了广西高峰林场11年生(近熟林)马占相思人工林10种营养元素生物循环的特点。结果表明:(1)马占相思不同器官营养元素含量以树叶(叶状柄)为最高,树干最低;各器官中大量营养元素含量以N最高,其次是Ca或K,然后是Mg,P最低;微量元素含量则以Mn和Fe最高,其次是Zn和B,Cu最低;(2)林分营养元素贮存量为2609.28kg/hm^2,乔木层、灌木层、草本层和凋落物层分别占83.95%、4.43%、1.71%和9.91%,林木中不同器官营养元素贮存量排序为干材〉树枝〉树根〉干皮〉树叶.(3)林分年吸收量、归还量、存留量分别为388.47、195.51和192.96kg/(hm^2·a),10种元素的循环系数为0.39~0.78,循环速率依次为Mn〉Zn〉Mg〉P〉Ca〉Fe〉N〉Cu〉K〉B。  相似文献   

5.
厚荚相思人工林营养元素生物循环的研究   总被引:14,自引:0,他引:14  
对1.5~4.5年生厚荚相思人工林5种营养元素(N、P、K、Ca和Mg)的含量、积累、分配和生物循环以及它们随林分年龄的变化趋势进行了研究.结果表明,厚荚相思人工林不同器官中营养元素含量排序大致为树叶>于皮>树枝>树根>干材,林木各器官中营养元素含量均以N最高,其次是Ca,然后是K和Mg,P最低;厚莫相思人工林营养元素贮存量依次为145.00~611.70 kg/hm2,随生长过程中生物量的增加而增大;不同器官微量元素贮存量的分配随林分年龄的增长发生变化,1.5年生时营养元素贮量主要集中在树叶和树枝,2.5~4.5年生时营养元素贮量则主要集中在树干和树根;林分营养元素年净积累量为96.66~135.93 kg/(hm2·a),林木各组分营养元素年净积累量总的变化趋势以树干最高,树皮最低,年吸收量为116.50~258.10 kg/(hm2·a),年归还量分剐为19.83,117.21,114.83,122.17 kg/(hm2·a),利用系数分别为0.80,0.78,0.55和0.42,循环系数分别为0.17,0.49,0.48和0.47,周转期分别为7.34,2.64,3.73,5.01年.  相似文献   

6.
滨海沙地不同人工林凋落物现存量及其持水特性   总被引:5,自引:3,他引:2       下载免费PDF全文
为了研究滨海沙地沿海防护林凋落物水源涵养功能,采用野外调查和室内浸泡相结合,对滨海沙地4种典型人工林(木麻黄林、湿地松林、尾巨桉林和纹荚相思林)不同分解阶段的凋落物现存量、持水率、持水量和吸水速率进行研究。结果表明:相同林龄的4种人工林凋落物现存量表现为木麻黄林(19.12 t/hm~2)湿地松林(17.51 t/hm~2)尾巨桉林(10.90 t/hm~2)纹荚相思林(10.13 t/hm~2),半分解层凋落物储量占比高于未分解层;4种人工林最大持水率在140.55%~206.47%,为尾巨桉林纹荚相思林木麻黄林湿地松林,最大持水量在20.75~30.85 t/hm~2,为木麻黄林湿地松林尾巨桉林纹荚相思林,4种人工林凋落物最大持水率和最大持水量均为半分解层大于未分解层,不同分解阶段凋落物持水率和持水量与浸水时间呈对数关系;4种人工林不同分解阶段凋落物平均吸水速率在前0.25 h内差异较大,未分解层中尾巨桉林最大为2.05 mm/h,半分解层中湿地松林最大为4.32 mm/h,不同分解阶段凋落物吸水速率与浸水时间均存在幂函数关系;凋落物有效拦蓄深为木麻黄林(2.45 mm)湿地松林(2.04 mm)尾巨桉林(1.87 mm)纹荚相思林(1.72 mm)。综合来看,木麻黄林凋落物的持水能力最强,湿地松林次之,之后是尾巨桉林和纹荚相思林,说明从凋落物水源涵养能力来看,木麻黄林和湿地松林更利于滨海沙地的水源涵养。  相似文献   

7.
调查研究某地2012年春季营造的速生阔叶树种混交林。结果表明:在人工造林的流中速生阔叶树种生长情况中,大叶相思生长速度最快,其次为翻白叶、厚荚相思;6种速生树种造林效果都好,可起到对当地自然灾害较强的防御作用,气候适应能力强,生长稳定,造林成活率皆超过了90%,年高生长都超过了1 m。  相似文献   

8.
为了解甘肃玉米镰孢茎腐病致病菌的种群结构和数量,于2015和2017年在甘肃省10个市(州)采集玉米茎腐病样品42份,根据形态学特征和EF-1α (tef)基因序列分析进行病原菌的种类鉴定。结果表明,共获得10种镰孢菌,分别为禾谷镰孢菌复合种(Fusarium graminearum species complex, FGSC, 59.3%)、拟轮枝镰孢(F.verticillioides,11.5%)、木贼镰孢(F. equiseti,10.3%)、胶孢镰孢(F. subglutinans,5.9%)、层出镰孢(F. proliferatum, 4.7%)、变红镰孢(F. incarnatum, 4.0%)、三线镰孢(F. tricinctum, 1.9%)、温带镰孢(F. temperatum, 1.2%)、锐顶镰孢(F. acuminatum,0.8%)和尖孢镰孢(F. oxysporum, 0.4%),其中三线镰孢和锐顶镰孢作为玉米茎腐病新病原,属国内外首次发现。禾谷镰孢菌复合种、拟轮枝镰孢、木贼镰孢和胶孢镰孢在甘肃四大生态区(陇东地区、陇南地区、陇中地区和河西走廊)均有分布,其余种仅在1~3个生态区分布。利用镰孢菌的特异性引物EF-1α (tef)对甘肃玉米镰孢茎腐病优势病原菌禾谷镰孢复合种进行种群检测,共鉴定出布氏镰孢(F. boothii)和禾谷镰孢2个种群,其比例为2.75∶1。选用玉米品种甘宇301按照柯赫氏法则进行致病性测定,结果发现10种镰孢菌均可致病。本研究结果为甘肃玉米茎腐病的综合防控提供了科学依据。  相似文献   

9.
不同林分土壤养分、微生物与酶活性的研究   总被引:127,自引:4,他引:123  
研究了尾叶桉、马占相思、柚木、落羽杉纯林及黎蒴栲和湿地松、红荷和湿地松、黎蒴栲和加勒比松针阔混交林的土壤养分含量、微生物数量和酶活性。结果表明 :与马尾松纯林相比 ,马占相思、柚木、落羽杉纯林及针阔混交林能显著增加有机质和土壤养分 ,而尾叶桉纯林的效果随养分种类而异。黎蒴栲×湿地松混交林地及尾叶桉林地的微生物数量小于马尾松纯林地 ,其余林地的微生物数量大于后者。除了尾叶桉林地和马占相思林地外 ,其他林地的酶活性大于马尾松纯林地。总的来看 ,尾叶桉纯林改良土壤效果不佳 ,其他 6种人工林可以提高土壤肥力 ,防止地力衰退。  相似文献   

10.
广州南沙典型林地土壤理化性质的研究   总被引:8,自引:1,他引:7  
研究了南沙的尾叶桉林、窿缘桉林、大叶相思林、荔枝林、木麻黄林、尾叶桉×马占相思混交林、尾叶桉×台湾相思×马尾松混交林、赤桉×台湾相思混交林和无林地的土壤理化性质。大叶相思林地肥力最高,荔枝林的肥力较低,木麻黄林地和无林地的肥力低,其余林地的肥力中等。  相似文献   

11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响   总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0  
【目的】以富士(Fuji)、 秦冠(Qinguan)嫁接在平邑甜茶(Malus hupehensis Rehd.)上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水(ZZ)、 低氮正常水(DZ)、 正常氮干旱(ZG)、 低氮干旱(DG)。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮(6 mmol/L NO-3-N)、 低氮(0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N)、 正常供水(保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%)、 干旱处理(保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%)。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量(茎和叶)、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水(ZZ)>低氮正常水(DZ)>正常氮干旱(ZG)>低氮干旱(DG),并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水(ZZ)>低氮正常水(DZ)>正常氮干旱(ZG)>低氮干旱(DG); 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶>根>茎,磷元素则是根>叶>茎;光合氮素利用效率(PNUE)和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水(DZ)处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱(DG)处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。  相似文献   

12.
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.  相似文献   

13.
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,  相似文献   

14.
李聃枫  朱春梧 《土壤》2020,52(3):561-566
自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。  相似文献   

15.
Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.  相似文献   

16.
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.  相似文献   

17.
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.  相似文献   

18.
Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.  相似文献   

19.
Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.  相似文献   

20.
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.  相似文献   

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