基于CSLE模型的天山北坡西白杨沟流域土壤侵蚀定量评价

[目的]定量评价天山北坡西白杨沟流域水土流失土壤侵蚀状况,分析其分布特征,为区域水土保持以及生态环境建设提供科学依据。[方法]以新疆维吾尔自治区乌鲁木齐县西白杨沟流域为研究区,采用样地调查与地理信息系统(GIS)、遥感(RS)技术相结合方法和CSLE模型,对西白杨沟流域进行土壤水力侵蚀评价及侵蚀强度空间分布分析。[结果]天山北坡西白杨沟流域平均土壤侵蚀模数748.91 t/(km~2·a)。地形对土壤侵蚀强度影响明显,在坡度20°～40°区域,土壤侵蚀模数最高,为1 127.22～1 229.62 t/(km~2·a)。缓坡(20°)区域,坡度对土壤侵蚀模数呈正效应,而在陡坡(40°～70°)区域,坡度对土壤侵蚀模数呈负效应。土壤侵蚀主要发生在南坡、东南坡和东坡;不同土地利用方式对土壤水力侵蚀程度影响不同,表现为:呈灌木林地[1 709.80 t/(km~2·a)]有林地[1 389.40 t/(km~2·a)]天然牧草地[605.20 t/(km~2·a)]人工牧草地[334.71 t/(km~2·a)]水浇地[113.69 t/(km~2·a)]的趋势。[结论]土壤侵蚀强度总体以微度和轻度为主,强烈侵蚀、极强烈侵蚀、剧烈侵蚀主要分布在流域的中下游和下游;天山北坡西白杨沟流域侵蚀强度的空间分布与地形、土地利用、土壤性质联系紧密。     

苦驴河上游小流域土壤侵蚀及其养分流失特征

[目的]定量分析苦驴河上游小流域土壤侵蚀及其养分流失特征,为巢湖上游小流域水土保持工作提供科学依据。[方法]基于遥感技术(RS)和地理信息系统(GIS),利用修正通用土壤流失方程(RUSLE)定量评估研究区土壤侵蚀及其养分流失状况,分析土壤侵蚀强度与坡度、高程和土地利用等因子的关系。[结果]①2018年研究区平均土壤侵蚀模数为394.45 t/(km~2·a),主要为微度和轻度侵蚀。②土壤侵蚀强度与坡度呈明显的正相关,且随着坡度增加,强度及以上侵蚀的面积比例逐渐增加。同一高程范围内不同土地利用对土壤侵蚀程度影响不同,以各土地利用的平均土壤侵蚀模数表示为:未利用地[1 022.55 t/(km~2·a)]林地[655.04 t/(km~2·a)]旱地[285.78 t/(km~2·a)]水田[139.80 t/(km~2·a)]。③土壤养分流失与土壤侵蚀的空间分布趋势一致,土壤有机碳(SOC)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)平均流失量分别为3.66,0.27,0.07 t/(km~2·a)。[结论]苦驴河上游小流域土壤侵蚀及其养分流失受地形地貌影响显著,南高北低,南部丘陵水土流失较为严重,山林地和坡耕地是该地区水土保持工作的重点区域。     

基于RUSLE模型的孙水河流域土壤侵蚀空间分异特征

土壤侵蚀一直是我国开展区域生态环境治理所关注的热点问题之一。在RS和GIS技术支持下,基于RUSLE模型分析了凉山州孙水河流域不同土地利用类型、海拔和坡度条件下土壤侵蚀强度的特征,定量评价了研究区土壤侵蚀空间特征。结果表明:孙水河流域平均土壤侵蚀模数为1 954.32 t/(km~2·a),土壤侵蚀严重区域主要集中于孙水河干流及其支流沿岸;坡耕地和中覆盖草地是流域内主要侵蚀土地利用类型;海拔2 000～3 000 m流域土壤侵蚀较为严重,平均土壤侵蚀模数超过2 000 t/(km~2·a);当坡度低于25°时,土壤侵蚀模数随着坡度的增加而增大,15°～25°是该流域侵蚀最为严重的地带。研究成果可服务于凉山州孙水河流域水土保持治理工作,为实现乡村振兴提供一定理论支持。     

鄂西北山丘区水土流失时空格局及影响因子定量评价

[目的]揭示十堰市水土流失时空格局及影响因子,可对该区域水土保持及丹江口水库水质保护工作提供科学依据。[方法]基于2005—2020年十堰市水土流失动态监测数据及监测站点长时序观测数据,探究十堰市水土流失时空变化特征,并借鉴RUSLE模型定量评价其主要影响因子。[结果]十堰市水土流失在2005—2011年处于遏制阶段、2012—2020年处于相对稳定阶段;2020年十堰市中部地区水土流失呈现面积小、强度高的特点,南部三区呈现面积广、强度低的特点,而北部地区呈现面积广、强度高的特点。对于不同土地利用类型的径流小区,裸地小区平均土壤侵蚀模数最高[2 320 t/(km²·a)],随后依次为耕地、经济林和草地小区;3个坡度等级(0°～10°,10°～20°,20°～30°)小区平均土壤侵蚀模数分别为[616.73,1 226.65,2 080.26 t/(km²·a)],表明坡度超过10°后水土流失严重加剧;与天然植被覆盖小区相比,紫穗槐植物篱和土坎梯田小区的水土流失明显减弱,且紫穗槐植物篱的水土保持效果更优;不同土地利用类型小区的土壤侵蚀模数与坡...     

基于GIS与RUSLE模型的喀斯特地区土壤侵蚀研究——以贵州省为例

[目的]对贵州省土壤侵蚀进行快速定量研究,为土壤侵蚀治理工作和土地利用决策提供科学依据。[方法]在GIS技术的支持下,利用日降雨量、土壤类型、土地利用、DEM,MODIS-NDVI等数据,结合RUSLE模型估算研究区土壤侵蚀量。[结果]研究区的2010年年均土壤侵蚀模数为880.81t/(km~2·a),属轻度侵蚀。大部分区域主要以小于500t/(km~2·a)的微度侵蚀为主,占研究区总面积的59.60%。土壤侵蚀面积(轻度侵蚀以上)达71 164.14km~2,占总面积的40.40%。强度以上土壤侵蚀面积达10 431.60km~2,占总面积的5.91%,主要分布在研究区西北部和东北部,以及北部大楼山、武陵山、东南部苗岭以及西部乌蒙山等地势较高以及中东部乌江,西南部北盘江等河流流域。[结论]林地、耕地和草地以及海拔在600~1 600m之间的区域是今后水土流失防治的重点区域。     

基于RUSLE模型的湟水流域土壤侵蚀时空变化

研究黄河上游土壤侵蚀的时空变化对于维持黄河上游生态系统服务功能、保护黄河上游水塔具有重要意义。以黄河上游典型区域湟水流域为研究区,采用RUSLE模型定量评估了该流域2000—2015年土壤侵蚀的时空变化特征,并分析了有无梯田措施下土壤侵蚀的空间变化,从而量化了梯田建设对防治坡面土壤侵蚀的影响。结果表明:2000—2015年,湟水流域的土壤侵蚀强度整体呈现减小趋势,侵蚀模数由1 183 t/(km~2·a)降低至940 t/(km~2·a),减少幅度为20.54%。不同土地利用类型以及不同坡度下的土壤侵蚀强度均有所降低,其中耕地上的减幅最大为20.58%。15°～20°坡度区间的侵蚀模数减幅最显著,为23.11%。通过有无梯田措施情景模拟发现,湟水流域2015年土壤侵蚀模数由940 t/(km~2·a)降低至有梯田的837 t/(km~2·a),减少11.00%。研究结果可为流域的水土流失防治和生态环境保护提供科学依据。     

基于USLE的敖汉旗土壤侵蚀空间分异特征研究

基于DEM、降雨、土壤调查等基础数据,在GIS和RS技术的支持下,运用USLE模型估算敖汉旗的土壤侵蚀量,探讨了不同土地利用、坡度和坡向下的土壤侵蚀强度空间分布差异性。结果表明:敖汉旗土壤侵蚀面积占研究区总面积的31.86%,年土壤侵蚀量达183万t,土壤侵蚀模数为697 t/(km~2·a),属轻度侵蚀区。耕地土壤侵蚀模数最大,为820 t/(km~2·a),占侵蚀总面积83.00%的耕地对侵蚀总量的贡献率高达97.61%,是水土流失防治的重点;土壤侵蚀模数和侵蚀量随坡度的增大均呈现先增大后减小的趋势,二者最大值均出现在8°~15°;占研究区侵蚀总面积38.62%的坡度范围(5°~25°)对土壤侵蚀总量贡献率高达65.39%,是土壤侵蚀发生的主要坡度区域;阳坡土壤侵蚀较阴坡严重,二者对侵蚀量的贡献率分别为47.36%和45.59%,与土地利用、坡度相比,坡向对土壤侵蚀空间差异性的影响不显著。     

基于RUSLE的陕南地区土壤侵蚀时空变化特征

基于GIS和RS技术,采用遥感影像、DEM数据、土壤类型数据、降雨数据以及植被覆盖和土地利用等数据,运用RUSLE模型,计算并分析了陕南地区1995—2014年近20年土壤侵蚀强度的时空动态变化特征。结果表明:(1)5个时期土壤侵蚀模数分别为787.86t/(km~2·a),1 362.97t/(km~2·a),1 627.75t/(km~2·a),1 684.41t/(km~2·a),1 571.79t/(km~2·a),呈先快速增加后缓慢减小的趋势。土壤侵蚀类型整体上以微度和轻度侵蚀为主,随时间变化微度侵蚀呈降低趋势,其他5个等级侵蚀均呈波动增加趋势;(2)土壤侵蚀较严重的区域主要分布在中部和大巴山的北部,以紫阳县和镇巴县为主,两县平均土壤侵蚀强度分别为2 935.47t/(km~2·a),3 327.45t/(km~2·a),属于中度侵蚀;(3)不同海拔梯度上,土壤侵蚀随海拔升高整体呈先增加后降低的趋势,中山区(800~2 000m)分布面积最广,侵蚀强度大,其次是低山区(500~800m),丘陵和高山区分布面积均较少,侵蚀强度小;(4)不同坡度梯度上,表现出坡度越大,土壤侵蚀越严重的特征,且坡度25°的区域是研究区主要的土壤侵蚀坡度段,是陕南地区土壤侵蚀防治的主要区域。     

基于地形梯度的典型退耕区土壤侵蚀时空分异特征研究

[目的]研究典型退耕区退耕前后地形分异条件下的土壤侵蚀时空动态变化特征,为巩固退耕还林(草)成果提供科学支撑。[方法]采用RUSLE模型定量分析了延安市1989—2019年土壤侵蚀强度时空演变特征,结合地形因子探究了土壤侵蚀在各高程、坡度上的分异规律,通过LMDI模型了解影响土壤侵蚀模数变化的降雨因子、植被因子与水土保持因子,并分析了其贡献值,利用CA-Markov模型预测了延安市2029年土壤侵蚀状况。[结果]1989年、1999年、2009年、2019年延安市平均土壤侵蚀模数分别为12 554.80 t/(km²·a),8 237.17 t/(km²·a),5 936.57 t/(km²·a),4 473.02 t/(km²·a),侵蚀类型整体以微度侵蚀为主,在空间上呈现北高南低的分异特征;侵蚀强度总体随高程的升高而降低,但在五级高程上侵蚀加剧;侵蚀强度与坡度存在一致性,坡度增加,侵蚀加剧;近年来,植被因子和水土保持因子对土壤侵蚀的抑制作用增加;2029年延安市土壤侵蚀状况总体好转。[结论]延安...     

基于随机森林算法的土壤侵蚀影响因子研究——以赣江上游流域为例

[目的]分析影响赣江上游流域土壤侵蚀的主要因素,为该区水土流失治理与科学管理提供科学依据。[方法]基于2015年Landsat 8遥感影像、MODIS NDVI数据、数字高程模型(DEM)、土壤类型和降雨数据,采用RUSLE模型和随机森林算法对赣江上游流域土壤侵蚀及其影响因子进行定量化分析。[结果] 2015年赣江上游流域土壤侵蚀强度由东南向西北逐渐加剧,总体上处于轻度侵蚀水平,土壤侵蚀总量为3.45×10~7 t/a,平均土壤侵蚀模数为1 046.38 t/(km~2·a),比南方红壤丘陵区土壤允许流失量[500 t/(km~2·a)]高出2倍之多;子流域9,11,15平均土壤侵蚀模数分别为1 672.66,1 715.83和1 565.36 t/(km~2·a),处于中度侵蚀级别,为研究区重点防治区域;其余子流域均为轻度侵蚀级别。[结论]各子流域的土壤侵蚀受植被覆盖与管理因子(C)和坡长坡度因子(LS)影响较大,两者重要程度分别在30%和20%以上,土壤可蚀性因子(K)和降雨侵蚀力因子(R)的重要程度偏低,均未超过10%。其中子流域9,11,21主要受LS因子影响,其余子流域均受C因子主控。     

Soil Erodibility and Physicochemical Properties of Collapsing Gully Alluvial Fans in Southern China

In southern China, collapsing gully erosion produces massive deposits of sediment on the plough layer of alluvial fan farmland, leading to reduced nutrients, increased erodibility, and even desertification. The aim of this study was to investigate soil erodibility (the factor K in the universal Soil Loss Equation, USLE) and physicochemical properties of the alluvial fans of the most severe collapsing gully erosion areas (Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong provinces) in southern China. The soils of the collapsing gully alluvial fans had a higher bulk density, but a lower total porosity, saturated water content, and silt and clay fractions than the control (CK) soils from the farmland without desertification. Soil quality gradually decreased from fan edge to fanhead. Significant decreases were found in soil pH, organic matter, cation exchange capacity, and total potassium, nitrogen, and phosphorus, as well as available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, resulting in a gradual decrease in soil nutrients from the fanedge to the fanhead. Soil erodibility was greatest in the fanhead, and soil erodibility K values of the alluvial fans were 53.71%, 66.28%, 67.53%, and 71.68 % greater than that in those of the CK soils of Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong, respectively, indicating a significant correlation between the soil erodibility K values and physicochemical properties, particularly sand fraction and organic matter content. The results provide new insights into the relationship between soil physicochemical properties and erodibility of alluvial fans, and suggest that improving soil structure might increase soil fertility in the collapsing gully alluvial fan farmland.     

Bodengefüge gegen Verdichtungen schützen – Lösungsansätze für den Schutz landwirtschaftlich genutzter Böden

Protecting soil structure against compaction—proposed solutions to safeguard agricultural soils To safeguard the ecological soil functions and the functions linked to human activities, measures against harmful changes to the soil are required, in line with the precautionary principle. The German Federal Soil Protection Act sets obligations for precaution in agricultural land use and, if harmful changes to the soil are foreseeable, measures for averting a danger. The results of a research project of the Federal Environmental Agency show that it is possible to describe an impairment of the soil structure, using methods of soil analysis. But this as a sole information would not qualify for the identification of harmful changes to the soil in the context of the Soil Protection Act, which requires an assessment of the severity of disruption of soil functions and the respective subject of protection. This would make additional soil investigations on site mandatory. Approaches in agricultural engineering and soil physics have introduced procedures to preserve the soil structure, in accordance with the precautionary principle. But these procedures have different goals and different ranges of application and hence offer partial solutions to safeguard against soil compaction. The assessment model of “trafficability by measuring the rut depth” provides information about the compaction status of the soil under applied conditions for farming gear, without providing detailed information about affected soil layers. The soil‐physical model of classifying soils into “risk classes for harmful soil compaction” focuses on the relationship between topsoil compaction and crop yields. The soil‐physical models “precompression stress” and “loading ratio” provide information for the assessment of subsoil compaction and a prognosis of a possible impairment of the soil structure at the water content of field capacity. It is necessary to validate the individual models with additional regional data about soil structure before a final assessment of the prognoses is made.     

Soil health – What should the doctor order?

The concept of soil health has been extensively reviewed in the scientific literature, but there is only patchy and inconsistent information available to farmers and growers who are concerned about the declining condition of their soils and are looking for appropriate test methods and management interventions to help reverse it. Although there are well‐established laboratory methods for soil chemical analysis, and a range of laboratory and field methods for measuring soil physical properties, only now are methods starting to emerge for soil biological analysis. This study provides an overview of the methods that are currently available commercially (or are close to commercialization) for farmers and growers in the UK. We examine the science underpinning the methods, the value of the information provided and how farmers and advisors can use results from such assessments for informed decision‐making in relation to soil management.     

金沙江干热峡谷中退化的土壤生态系统生物学特征初探

Distribution characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity were studied in the dry red soil and Vertisol ecosystems with different degradation degrees in the Yuanmou dry hot valley of the Jinsha River,China.Results showed that Hymenoptera,Araneae and Collembola were the dominant groups of soil animals in the polts studied.The numbers of groups and individuals and density of soil animals in the dry red soil series were higher than those in the Vertisol series,and the numbers of individuals and density of soil animals decreased with the degree of soil degradation.Bacteria dominated microbiococnosis not only in the dry red soils but also in the Vertisols.Microbial numbers of the dry red soil series were higher than those of Vertisol series,and decreased with the degree of soil degradation.The activities of catalase,invertase,urease and alkaline phosphatase declined with the degradation degree and showed a significant decline with depth in the profiles of both the dry red soils and the Vertisols,but activities of polyphenol oxidase and acid and neutral phosphatase showed the same tendencies only in the Vertisols.It was concluded that the characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity could be used as the bio-indicators to show the degradation degree of the dry red soils and Vertisols.Correlation among these soil bio-indicators was highly significant.     

长期化肥有机替代对黑土颜色及腐殖物质的影响

基于30年长期定位试验,通过测定黑土光谱反射率和不同腐殖质组分含量,探究了不同施肥对黑土土壤腐殖质含量、土壤颜色及二者之间的关系。试验设置5个处理:(1)休耕(Fallow);(2)不施肥处理(CK);(3)单施化肥(NPK);(4)有机肥部分替代化肥(NPKM);(5)秸秆部分替代化肥处理(NPKS)。结果表明:与NPK处理相比,Fallow、NPKS、NPKM分别显著提高49.7%,74.3%,27.0%的土壤有机碳含量(p<0.05)。NPKM处理中胡敏酸(HA)含量最高为3.9 g/kg,随后依次为CK、NPKS、NPK、Fallow。NPKM、NPKS和Fallow处理中土壤富里酸(FA)含量为2.2~2.3 g/kg,显著高于NPK和CK。NPKM处理中胡敏素(HM)含量为18.6 g/kg,显著高于其他处理(p<0.05)。不同处理间土壤光谱反射率由高到低依次为NPK>Fallow、CK>NPKS>NPKM,与CK处理相比,NPK土壤光谱反射率在平均提高6.5%,NPKS和NPKM则分别降低11.1%和15.1%。根据线性相关分析结果,黑土土壤光谱反射率与土壤HAHM均呈显著负相关关系(p<0.01),相关系数(r)分别为-0.858,-0.681。综合上述结果,长期有机物料投入可以显著提高黑土腐殖物质含量,降低黑土光谱反射率,使黑土颜色加深,而长期化肥施入则使黑土光谱反射率提高,出现"褪色"现象,有机粪肥在黑土中对土壤有机质和腐殖质含量的提升效果优于秸秆。     

设施栽培下原状土与扰动土水分特性的试验研究

以四川省双流县设施栽培土壤为研究对象,对其原状土与扰动土的土壤水分特征曲线、水分物理性质和比水容量等项目进行了研究。结果表明,扰动土水分特征曲线总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土含水量高于原状土,在高吸力阶段两者差异较小。扰动土毛管孔隙度、总孔度和凋萎含水量在剖面上的总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。扰动土不同土层田间持水量和有效水含量差异较小,原状土的田间持水量和有效水含量均随土层加深而减少。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土比水容量远高于原状土,但随土壤水吸力增加,扰动土比水容量变化趋势逐渐与原状土一致。     

植物苗期根系抗侵蚀特性试验研究——以构树和顶坛花椒为例

植物的固土抗蚀作用大小与其根系密切相关,而根系特征决定了根的固土抗蚀作用的发挥,本文以相同基质下构树和顶坛花椒不同特征的根系为研究对象.通过研究根系特征与土壤抗冲性、抗蚀性、抗拉性、紧实度的关系,结果表明,苗期根系能强化土壤抗冲性,构树苗、顶坛花椒苗根系强化值大小分别为78.01>77.71;根系可提高土壤抗蚀性,其抗蚀性强弱为.构树苗>顶坛花椒苗>对照,构树、顶坛花椒、对照试验的土壤水稳性指数分别为4.36,3.16,1.67;不同树种根系对土壤的固结能力不同,构树苗生长下的土壤抗拉能力为214.92 N,明显大于顶坛花椒苗生长下的土壤154.87 N;土壤紧实度大小为构树苗>顶坛花椒苗.并采用加权综合指数法综合评价了苗期不同特征植物根系的固土能力强弱,得出构树苗综合指数为1.058.而顶坛花椒苗为0.902.即构树苗的固土能力强于顶坛花椒,以期为今后的水土保持工作提供一定的理论依据.     

土壤润湿性受土壤特性及土地使用的影响

Depth distribution of soil wettability and its correlations with vegetation type, soil texture, and pH were investigated under various land use (cropland, grassland, and forestland) and soil management systems. Wettability was evaluated by contact angle with the Wilhelmy plate method. Water repellency was likely to be present under permanently vegetated land, but less common on tilled agricultural land. It was mostly prevalent in the topsoil, especially in coarse-textured soils, and decreased in the subsoil. However, the depth dependency of wettability could not be derived from the investigated wide range of soils. The correlation and multiple regression analysis revealed that the wettability in repellent soils was affected more by soil organic carbon (SOC) than by soil texture and pH, whereas in wettable soils, soil texture and pH were more effective than SOC. Furthermore, the quality of SOC seemed to be more important in determining wettability than its quantity, as proofed by stronger hydrophobicity under coniferous than under deciduous forestland. Soil management had a minor effect on wettability if conventional and conservation tillage or different grazing intensities were considered.     

土壤孔隙结构与土壤微环境和有机碳周转关系的研究进展

土壤结构是土壤功能的基础,不仅影响土壤养分的供应、水分的保持及渗透、气体的交换等过程,还为土壤微生物提供了物理生境,并调控土壤有机碳的周转这一关键过程。土壤的孔隙特征能够直接、真实地反映土壤结构的好坏;用土壤的孔隙特征作为试验指标能更好地反映土壤结构对这些过程的调节作用。在此基础上,将高度异质性的土壤孔隙结构同土壤微环境的变化和土壤有机碳的周转过程进行定量分析,对深入了解土壤结构在土壤生态系统中的功能至关重要。因此,着重从土壤孔隙结构对土壤微环境的影响及其与有机碳的关系两方面展开,剖析土壤孔隙结构调控作用下的土壤微环境响应过程,阐述土壤孔隙结构对土壤有机碳周转产生的直接、间接影响,强调土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转进程中的重要作用,并对土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转、植物残体分解及其与微生物协调作用机制等方面研究提出展望。     

土壤因子研究综述

介绍了国内外土壤因子的研究方法及研究成果,指出我国目前土壤因子研究中存在的问题,并结合我国土壤因子研究现状,认为继续土壤水蚀机理的研究是今后土壤因子研究的内容之一,同时,随着GIS和RS技术发展,应用GIS和RS技术研究区域土壤因子也将成为潮流。