添加腐熟菌剂对园林绿色废弃物堆肥化效果的影响

通过添加微生物菌剂堆肥化处理园林绿色废弃物,量化堆肥过程中主要参数,了解添加微生物菌剂对园林绿色废弃物的堆肥化效果。试验结果表明:添加微生物菌剂可以增加堆体的腐熟程度,表现在菌剂处理温度增加量高于对照处理,特别是在堆置中后期;菌剂提高堆体的电导率值,以堆肥为基质测定的种子发芽率高于对照处理10%左右;相比对照处理,菌剂处理增加了堆体的有机质含量1.8%,对大肠菌含量影响不明显。园林绿色废弃物堆肥各指标均符合国家有机肥标准,均达到无害化处理的效果。     

添加绢云母对菇类太空包废料堆肥化及作物生长的影响

近年来,许多研究都指出堆肥中添加矿物性材料有助于促进堆肥化过程及加速有机物质分解。因此,在环境及材料一致的条件下,添加不同比例绢云母进行堆肥制作,分别为A(0%)、B(2%)、C(6%)及D(12%)共4个处理,探讨混入绢云母后对于菇类太空包废料堆肥化及作物生长的影响。结果显示,堆肥外观变化部分,添加绢云母的3个处理组相较于未添加绢云母的处理,质地较为细致;堆肥期间温度变化上,D处理堆肥相较于其它处理能维持较稳定高温而有益于堆肥化;堆肥期间pH值的变化,初期皆呈现急剧上升情况,至第4个月后则逐渐趋缓至稳定。在碳氮比方面,不同处理的堆肥在完全腐熟后有显著差异,以A处理最低(8.7±0.3)、C处理最高(11.2±0.3);发芽率部分,C及D处理组有较高的发芽率(99%及97%);至于施用堆肥后植物生长变化上,通过ANOVA变异数分析显示,不同处理间无论是地上或是地下部长度及干重,添加绢云母皆显著优于未添加绢云母处理。综合而言,在菇类太空包废料堆肥中适当添加绢云母有助于提高堆肥化,对于植株生长也有帮助。因此,可作为堆肥添加物参考选项之一。     

污泥堆肥过程中氮素损失机理及保氮技术

堆肥化是污泥处置中的一种有效的资源回用方法，但是在堆肥化过程中N的损失可大大降低堆肥的农用价值，进而限制了污泥堆肥的使用。本文对污泥堆肥化过程巾，N素的转变与损失机理采用生化反应电子计量学进行了探讨，并且讨论了固定N源、降低N素损失、提高堆肥农用价值的方法。     

秸秆不同用量对污泥堆肥保氮效果研究

通过对北京市城市生活污泥与不同量小麦秸秆进行混合堆肥,研究堆肥过程中N素损失的控制。结果表明,在堆体中添加小麦秸秆能够在堆肥初期很好的抑制NH3挥发;添加20%麦秸的处理堆体最高温度能够达到67℃,比对照处理(纯污泥)高16℃,在50℃以上维持7天,比对照处理长6天,完全达到无害化处理要求;而且,堆肥初期NH3挥发量为对照处理的1/5;NH4+-N最高含量和变化范围都小于对照处理;堆肥后全N损失仅为15.77%;经过50天的堆肥化处理,所有处理的物料变为疏松形态的灰黑色腐殖质,臭味消失,基本达到腐熟。     

城市污泥与调理剂混合堆肥过程中有机质组分的变化

【目的】研究城市污泥堆肥过程中各项有机质组分及碳、 氮在堆肥过程中的形成与转化,以期改善堆肥的生物有效性,促进其土地利用。【方法】在工厂规模化下,以城市污泥、 蘑菇渣锯末以及返混料按照6∶3∶1的质量比混合形成堆肥物料,辅以强制通风措施和翻抛,进行为期18 d的高温堆肥试验。堆肥期间定期采样,测定指标包括温度、 C/N值、 pH、 含水率、 有机质降解率、 水溶性组分、 半纤维素、 纤维素和木质素,研究堆肥期间不同阶段堆肥物料中有机质组分的动态变化。【结果】堆体温度随着发酵时间的延长呈现先升高后降低的趋势,最高温度达到71.3℃; 含水率由60.7%降低到51.4%,pH呈现先升高后降低的趋势,总体处于6.0~7.5之间; 总有机碳含量持续下降,氮素含量表现为高温期持续下降随后呈上升的趋势; 初始阶段,堆肥物料中四种成分含量分布为: 水溶性组分纤维素半纤维素木质素,至堆肥结束变化为: 纤维素水溶性组分木质素半纤维素,经过堆肥之后水溶性组分及半纤维素含量分别由39.5%和20.1%下降为27.9%和14.4%,纤维素含量由初始的21.8%上升至29.5%,木质素含量相对稳定不变。物料经过堆肥化处理后达到腐熟标准,水溶性组分和半纤维素含量分别降低了38.6%和38.8%,纤维素和木质素含量在高温期分别降解了11.7%和18.5%; 物料总量降低了9.8%。水溶性组分的主要降解阶段为高温期,期间降解部分占总降解量的65.5%; 半纤维素的主要降解阶段为稳定期,稳定期降解部分占总降解量的69.1%,且有继续降解的趋势; 纤维素和木质素仅在高温期有少量降解; 氮素则表现为高温期铵态氮的损失及稳定期硝态氮的积累。【结论】堆肥化处理在实现污泥减量化基础上,污泥中有机质得到了稳定化,有利于城市污泥的土地利用。     

尿素作为补充氮源对西番莲果渣高温堆肥进程的影响

利用西番莲废果渣为基本原料进行堆肥试验,研究了添加尿素及2种微生物菌剂（榕风与福贝）在西番莲果渣堆肥过程中温度、C/N比、总氮（T-N）、水溶性NH4＋-N和水溶性NO3--N的动态变化规律。结果表明,加入一定比例的尿素能够增加高温堆肥中〉50℃的高温持续时间、减少最后达到环境温度所需时间;加快堆肥NH4＋-N的下降,促进堆肥化腐熟后期NO3--N的累积,增加腐熟后全氮的含量,加快堆肥化进程。在添加尿素的基础上,添加微生物菌剂,显著加快果渣堆肥中C/N比的下降速度,促进堆肥腐熟进程的作用效果更明显,但两种微生物菌剂之间对堆肥化的促进作用效果无显著差异。     

不同C N比堆肥碳素物质变化规律研究

针对堆肥化过程中常伴有少量CH4等温室气体排放造成环境污染等问题,采用密闭堆肥化装置,进行了不同碳氮比和通气条件下,堆肥过程中的气体释放规律、影响因子及其对堆肥理化性质的影响研究。结果表明,C/N=25、30堆肥处理的有机物降解率高于低碳氮比处理;全氮含量随着有机物的降解而浓缩,随着堆肥的进行而不断提高,到堆肥结束时,C/N=15、20、25和30处理的全氮含量分别为23.5、24、27.8 g.kg-1和28.4 g.kg-1;堆肥过程中,C/N=15、20、25和30的堆肥处理CH4累积排放为0.67、0.95、2.25g.kg-1和1.80 g.kg-1,损失比例占初始碳物质的0.39%、0.5%、1.24%和0.92%,并且CH4气体的排放主要集中在高温前期,高温期越长,排放的温室气体越多。高温期适当增大通气量,对于控制堆肥温度和减少温室气体生成有双重作用。     

接种木质纤维素分解复合菌系对堆肥发酵进程的影响

以具有高效木质纤维素分解能力的复合菌系作为接菌剂,接种到以牛粪、鸡粪和麦秸为材料的堆肥化过程中,测定了各发酵参数和物质成分的变化.利用变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)和末端限制性片断多态性(T-RFLP)分析方法,研究了堆肥发酵过程中微生物群落的动态.结果表明,接菌对堆肥化过程中温度、水分和pH值的影响不大.经63 d发酵之后,接菌处理的半纤维素、纤维素和木质素的减重率比不接菌处理分别高4.3%、3.0%和3.4%.接菌处理的各个发酵阶段C/N比也明显低于不接菌处理.DGGE和T-RFLP的结果显示,接菌后堆肥发酵初期复合系中的 Ureibacillus thermosphaericu、Pseudoxanthomonas taiwanensis、Tepidiphilus margaritifer、Rhizobiaceae str.M100、C thermobutyricum 和Bacillus thermoamylovorans 菌株大量定殖于堆肥体系中,DGGE图谱中可见接种处理堆肥体系中的条带数少于不接菌处理,而同一水平线的条带亮度明显高于不接菌处理.DGGE和T-RFLP的结果都表明接菌处理的微生物多样性少于不接菌处理.可见接种微生物在堆肥体系中占据优势,抑制了部分杂菌生长,促进了发酵进程.     

城市固体废弃物堆有肥化处理的影响因素

城市固体废弃物的堆肥化处理已经成为各国直来越重视的方法。堆肥化处理是通过控制堆腐过程条件，使废弃物在短时间内最有效地达到稳定，杀灭病原菌，使产品可以安全地使用。本地堆肥的原理及基本机理进行了介绍，同时对堆肥过程的重要参数进行了综述。     

不同添加剂对厨余垃圾堆肥NH3和H2S排放的影响

近年来中国的城镇化率越来越高,生活垃圾产量也随之剧增,作为生活垃圾中的宝贵资源,厨余垃圾的堆肥化处理得到广泛关注。为了减少厨余垃圾在堆肥化利用过程中的臭气排放,该研究以纯厨余垃圾堆肥作为CK1,以添加15%玉米秸秆的厨余垃圾堆肥CK2,并在CK2的基础上选择吸附剂（活性炭+沸石,膨润土）、表面活性剂（β-环糊精,鼠李糖脂）、堆肥菌剂（城市固体垃圾专用菌（SUKAZYE-MW）,酵母菌）这3类材料作为添加剂,每种添加剂设置3个不同的添加量,以NH3和H2S作为监测物质,在实验室内使用广口瓶进行模拟堆肥,研究了不同添加量的各种添加剂对厨余垃圾堆肥过程中臭气减排效果的影响。研究结果表明,添加秸秆后可以减少NH3排放7%～23%,减少H2S排放38%～50%;在CK2的基础上添加2%的活性炭+沸石氨气控制效果最佳,与对照处理相比可分别使NH3的排放量再减少84%和79%,但2种吸附材料对H2S减排效果不佳;2种表面活性剂对NH3的减排效果均不明显,但添加1%的β-环糊精可以在CK2的基础上使H2S排放减少35%;与CK2相比添加0.4%的城市固体垃圾专用菌可以使NH3减排72%、H2S减排33%。该研究结果为厨余垃圾堆肥过程中臭气减排材料的选择提供了参考。     

基于NIRS和Local PLS算法的堆肥关键参数实时动态分析

为对不同堆肥工艺堆肥全过程关键参数进行实时动态分析,该研究以牛粪便和玉米秸秆为原料,进行规模化槽式和膜覆盖好氧堆肥,采集堆肥全过程样本,分析了2种堆肥技术堆肥全过程中含水率、有机质含量和碳氮比等关键参数的变化,并结合Local PLS算法建立了2种堆肥技术堆肥全过程中上述参数的通用速测模型,得出以下结果:1)2种主要工艺关键参数数值及变化规律均不同,且在整个堆肥过程中有显著性变化(P0.05);2)所建立的Local PLS模型的RPD(Ratio of Prediction to Deviation)为4.47,RSD(Relative Standard Deviation)为3.37%,可达到很好的预测效果;有机质含量和碳氮比的R_P~2分别为0.74和0.77,RPD大于1.5,RSD小于10%,模型可用于定量预测;近红外预测值与实测值随堆肥时间的变化趋势具有较好的一致性,可实现规模化堆肥过程中关键参数的实时分析。     

风干预处理对堆肥腐熟度及臭气排放量的影响

该研究以风干猪粪堆肥为处理,以新鲜猪粪堆肥为对照,在秸秆调理相同C/N基础上,对两个处理腐熟度和臭气排放进行比较分析。从温度、p H值、电导率和发芽率来看,利用新鲜猪粪和风干猪粪堆肥所得的产品均能达到腐熟和无害化标准;在硫化氢、羰基硫、二硫化碳、甲硫醚、乙硫醚、二甲二硫、甲硫醇和乙硫醇几种含硫臭气中,甲硫醚和二甲二硫占96%以上;风干猪粪堆肥比新鲜猪粪堆肥少排放71.09%的氨气,66.11%的甲硫醚和9.66%的二甲二硫。在不考虑风干环节存在的问题条件下,与新鲜猪粪堆肥相比,风干猪粪堆肥堆肥时间短,在堆肥品质提高的基础上,堆肥产品产量增加60%。通过降低水分和体积风干猪粪运输成本降低1/3,且对环境影响小,是远距离资源化处理畜禽粪便的较好途径。     

Carcass Composting for Management of Farm Mortalities: A Review

For the last two decades, carcass disposal by burial is being replaced with alternatives such as composting. Improper animal mortality disposal may generate various environmental and health hazards such as odor nuisance (resulting from the anaerobic breakdown of proteins) that can reduce the quality of life and decrease property values. Pathogens, which may still be present in the decomposed material, are capable of spreading diseases in soil, plants, animals and humans. The potential leaching of harmful nitrogen and sulfur compounds from animal mortalities to ground water is another concern. To control these side effects, compost facility operators need to know and understand the science and guidelines of carcass composting. While basic principles of carcass composting are similar to those for composting of organic materials, its management issues, including appropriate composting methods for large or small scale carcass composting, quantities and types of carbon sources, composting time, odor and leachate control, and equipment requirements differ from composting of organics. The purpose of this study is to review the previous works related to carcass composting and provide information on recent advances in small and large-scale carcass composting enabling higher decomposition rates, minimum usage of carbon source materials, easier and shorter management control strategies and reduced land requirement while producing a useful end product and avoiding negative impact on public safety and environmental parameters.     

Literature Review: Occurrence,Degradation and Fate of Pesticides During Composting: Part II: Occurrence and Fate of Pesticides in Compost and Composting Systems

This paper reviews the findings of research reported in the currently available literature regarding the occurrence and transformations of pesticides through the composting process and the use of compost. Part I summarizes the composting process, pesticides and mechanisms of pesticide degradation. Part II reviews research studies concerning the occurrence and fate of pesticides during composting. Investigations of pesticide residues in composting feedstocks and finished compost detected few of the target pesticides. The compounds that were found occurred at low concentrations. The majority of the compounds detected were insecticides in the organochlorine category, including chemicals that have been banned from use in the U.S. for many years. Generally, organophosphate and carbamate insecticides and most herbicides were rarely detected. Comparisons of pesticide concentrations before and after composting also showed organochlorine compounds to be most resistant to biodegradation during composting. With some exceptions, pesticides in other categories decomposed moderately well to very well. Studies that followed the mechanisms of degradation indicate that mineralization accounts for only a small portion of pesticide disappearance. Other prominent fates include partial degradation to secondary compounds, adsorption, humification, and volatilization. In general the research results suggest that the pattern of pesticide degradation during composting is similar to the degradatiion observed in soils. With a few important distinctions, composting can be considered a biologically active soil environment in which degradation is accelerated. However, as some studies noted, composting does not always speed the degradation of all pesticides. The nature of the pesticide, specific composting conditions and procedures, the microbial communities present, and the duration of composting affect the extent and the mechanisms of degradation.     

立式筒仓反应器堆肥技术工艺优化研究

反应器堆肥技术作为一种新型快速堆肥方式逐渐被人们所认可，该技术包括反应器堆肥处理和陈化两个阶段，但反应器堆肥时长和通气方式等工艺参数对堆肥全过程的影响尚不清楚。因此，本研究立足生产中的实际问题，利用12 m³立式堆肥反应器，开展了反应器堆肥工艺优化调控试验，以鸡粪和锯末为原料，分别研究了连续供气和间歇供气（风机开3 min，关7 min）两种供气方式下，反应器处理周期对堆肥有机质降解率、产品含水率、氮素损失和运行成本的影响。研究结果表明：反应器堆肥10 d比2 d的处理物料有机质降解率分别增加60.7%（间歇）和66.2%（连续），产品含水率分别降低41.2%（间歇）和40.7%（连续）。反应器堆肥阶段是物料降解的主要阶段，利用反应器堆肥的时长越长，堆肥产品生产时间越短；但运行成本的增加也对反应器堆肥时长造成了限制，同时增加反应器堆肥时长也会增加堆肥物料的氮素损失，其中连续供气反应器堆肥10 d比2 d氮素损失增加17.5%。连续供气方式可提高堆肥效率，较间歇供气处理堆肥周期平均缩短32.1%，产品全氮含量平均提高7.4%，虽然反应器堆肥阶段每日能耗较间歇供气高20.2%，但堆肥周期的缩短使全程连续供气平均运行成本降低16.5%。其中，连续供气下反应器中处理6 d、8 d和10 d，堆肥产品理化性质无显著差异。综合考虑堆肥效率、产品和经济，本试验建议选择“连续供气方式+反应器内堆肥8 d”处理，既可提高反应器堆肥处理效率，在实际生产中又具有较高的经济效益潜力。     

基于温度-时间的好氧堆肥通风控制系统的设计与运行效果

通风控制是强制通风静态好氧堆肥系统的技术关键。本研究开发了基于温度-时间的工业控制计算机好氧堆肥通风控制系统(TTime)，并实现了软硬件的配套。该文详细阐述了系统的设计思路、研究方法、功能和实现过程。运行试验表明，系统运行稳定、可靠，能保证堆肥过程的顺利进行，同时，加强了畜禽场废弃物堆肥过程的在线监控，降低了堆肥系统的运行费用，适合在大中型畜禽场推广应用。     

Occurrence,Degradation and Fate of Pesticides During Composting

This paper reviews the findings of research reported in the currently available literature regarding the occurrence and transformations of pesticides through the composting process and the use of compost. Part I summarizes the composting process, pesticides and mechanisms of pesticide degradation. Part II reviews research studies concerning the occurrence and fate of pesticides during composting. Investigations of pesticide residues in composting feedstocks and finished compost detected few of the target pesticides. The compounds that were found occurred at low concentrations. The majority of the compounds detected were insecticides in the organochlorine category, including chemicals that have been banned from use in the U.S. for many years. Generally, organophosphate and carbamate insecticides and most herbicides were rarely detected. Comparisons of pesticide concentrations before and after composting also showed organochlorine compounds to be most resistant to biodegradation during composting. With some exceptions, pesticides in other categories decomposed moderately well to very well. Studies that followed the mechanisms of degradation indicate that mineralization accounts for only a small portion of pesticide disappearance. Other prominent fates include partial degradation to secondary compounds, adsorption, humification, and volatilization. In general the research results suggest that the pattern of pesticide degradation during composting is similar to the degradation observed in soils. With a few important distinctions, composting can be considered a biologically active soil environment in which degradation is accelerated. However, as some studies noted, composting does not always speed the degradation of all pesticides. The nature of the pesticide, specific composting conditions and procedures, the microbial communities present, and the duration of composting affect the extent and the mechanisms of degradation.     

Change in T4-type bacteriophage communities during the composting process of rice straw: Estimation from the major capsid gene (g23) sequences

The present study examined T4-type phage communities in rice straw (RS) under the composting process by analyzing the composition of the major capsid gene ( g23 ) of T4-type bacteriophages. The g23 clones were obtained from RS throughout the composting process from RS materials to composting RS in the curing stage (for 124 days). Most of the g23 clones were phylogenetically closely related to those in rice field soils and rice field floodwaters, and Paddy Groups II and III appeared to characterize the g23 genes in the composting RS. The diversity of g23 genes in the composting RS was highest in the RS material (day 0 after the onset of composting) and in the early thermophilic stage (day 7), and decreased markedly in the middle and curing stages. This change was in contrast to that of the bacterial community, which showed higher diversity in the middle and curing stages. There was no specific clone that characterized any stage during the composting process. These findings indicate that the phage community is not the major controlling agent in determining eubacterial succession and that the thermophilic stage in the composting process efficiently annihilated T4-type phages in the composting pile.     

不同畜禽粪便好氧堆肥过程中重金属Pb Cd Cu Zn的变化特征及其影响因素分析

畜禽粪便中的重金属含量及其生物有效性是限制其农业利用的重要因素。采用好气模拟培养方法对6种畜禽粪便好氧堆肥过程中Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn的总量以及生物有效性动态变化进行研究探讨,并分析了影响重金属生物有效性的因素。结果表明,根据现有的国际以及我国农用污泥农用标准,某些粪便中存在着Cd、Cu、Zn含量超标,由于饲料受重金属污染的不同,造成不同畜禽粪便中不同的重金属含量差异性较大。堆肥过程中,由于挥发性物质的挥发作用,4种重金属含量均呈现增加现象,尤其是在0～14 d的堆肥中增加量最高;而生物有效性重金属占其全量重金属的比例呈现先增加而后下降的趋势,除仔猪粪外,堆肥均能降低重金属生物有效性部分的比例,这将有利于降低其农业利用的风险。温度和水溶性碳对堆肥过程中4种重金属的生物有效性部分重金属相对含量的变化有着显著的影响。     

猪粪堆制过程中主要酶活性变化

通过室内模拟堆肥,研究了以猪粪为主体材料的发酵过程中的生物化学变化特征。结果表明,猪粪在发酵初期(0～25d)的干物质损失在30%左右,而中后期虽然时间较长,但其干物质损失仅占7%。发酵过程中除过氧化氢酶外,各主要酶活性均呈现不断下降并逐步稳定的趋势。发酵周期内多酚氧化酶和蛋白酶活性出现两次高峰,表明了堆肥内不同时期有机碳、含氮化合物分解和腐殖化进程的强度变化。在堆肥快速分解阶段,转化酶活性下降95%,脲酶、纤维素酶活性下降70%以上,且稳定维持在较低水平,以此可作为判定猪粪堆制过程中腐熟程度的定量生化指标。