地面温度与气温关系的统计分析

运用气象统计学和气候学的原理和方法 ,分析北京市海淀地面气象观测站 195 5～ 1999年的逐日平均气温资料和 1981～ 1999年逐日地面温度资料 ,建立了以气温为基础的地温预测模型 ,并探索地气温差的年变化规律。结果表明 :夏半年地面平均温度高于气温 ,冬半年相反 ;农作物生长季 (3～ 10月 )平均地气温差为 2 0℃ ,年平均地气温差 0 9℃ ;地气温差 6月中旬最大 ,为 4 9℃ ,12月下旬最小 ,为 - 2 7℃ ,与辐射的最大值及最小值出现时间基本一致。用地温预测模型估算 1999年作物生长季逐日地温 ,相对误差 <2 9%。     

近50年淮河流域气温时空变化及其与PDO的关系

气温的变化是造成自然景观和生态环境改变的主要因素之一。利用淮河流域1965-2016年67个数据序列完整的气象站日平均气温、最高气温、最低气温数据,采用线性倾向估计、Mann-Kendall检验、皮尔逊相关系数、连续小波（CWT）、交叉小波变换（XWT）和小波相干谱（WTC）等方法分析了流域气温时空变化特征以及流域年平均气温和PDO（太平洋年代际涛动）的周期特征。结果表明:在时间尺度上,淮河流域年平均气温、最高气温和最低气温在1965-2016年均存在不同程度的上升,年平均最低气温增幅最为明显;空间上流域气温从南向北呈现递减趋势,不同地区的增温趋势略有不同,东部沿海地区平均气温的升温幅度高于西部内陆地区,流域西南部年平均最高气温的升温趋势比较明显,西北部年平均最低气温升温趋势比较明显,年平均气温的突变主要发生在1996年,而年平均最高气温和年平均最低气温的突变时间则略早于年平均气温（1992年）。淮河流域年平均气温存在1.3~5.5 a尺度的年际振荡周期,与PDO指数的振荡变化相似。淮河流域气温也随着PDO冷暖相位的转变发生了相应的变化。     

大同市近40年极端气温的变化特征

为了了解全球变暖背景下大同的气候变化规律及其演变趋势,利用大同市8个气象观测站1971-2010年的气温资料,对全市近40a的极值气温变化特征进行了分析,结果表明:极端最高气温和年平均气温线性升高趋势显著,平均每10a升高0.5℃和0.3℃;极端最低气温线性变化趋势不明显,但年代际变化特征突出;低于-25℃的极端寒冷日数线性下降趋势不明显,而高于33℃的极端炎热日线性增加趋势显著,平均每10a增加1.3d;年平均日较差则在2000年以后明显增大。     

黄土丘陵区油松人工林温度效应的研究

通过研究黄土丘陵区油松人工林内空气温度和土壤温度的变化规律后认为，白天林内气温低于林外，夜间高于林外，晴天，林内外气温差异较大，阴天则较小，生长季林内平均气温高于林外，其最大差值出现在6月，最小差值出现在10月，林内气温梯度变化明显，日平均气温，日最高气温平均和日最低气温平均，林冠层中部均比林地表层和林冠表层大，林分和枯枝落叶层覆盖对土壤温度的影响主要表现在2个方面，即降低林内土壤温度和土壤温度的较差，日平均土壤温度，东坡较西北坡高0．48℃。     

1951-2010年汉中市气温变化特征分析

气温变化特征是全球气候变化研究中的一个至关重要的问题.我国地域辽阔,受地形及季风影响,各地区气温变化及各季节气温变化趋势各异.采用1951-2010年逐日及年平均气温数据作为基础资料,运用气候倾向率、滑动平均法、MK趋势检验和突变分析方法对汉中市年均气温和各季节气温的变化特征进行分析.结果表明:(1)汉中市近60年来年平均气温呈上升趋势,气温倾向率为0.18℃/10 a,并经历冷暖两个时期,20世纪90年代中期之前为偏冷期,之后为偏暖期;(2)年平均气温的年代际变化表现出"平缓上升—下降—显著上升"的趋势,且存在明显的突变点,突变时间为1999年,突变后年平均气温比突变前高0.9℃;(3)汉中市四季平均气温在20世纪90年代开始明显增温,且高于各季节平均气温.冬春两季增温明显,秋季次之,夏季最小,但增温速率均小于全国同期水平;(4)冬春两季平均气温在近60年间存在明显的突变点,突变时间分别为1999年和1997年,但夏秋两季没有出现明显的突变.     

陕西省不同农业种植区热量资源的变化特征

利用陕西96个气象站1971-2013年气象观测资料,将陕西省分为4个农业种植区,采用线性倾向估计法、累积距平、t-检验和GIS技术等方法对各区及全省范围近43a来热量指标包括平均气温、极端气温、≥0℃和≥10℃界限温度有关指标的变化及分布特征进行分析。结果表明：近43a,陕西全省范围内年、季平均气温均呈显著上升趋势（P＜0.05）,春季增温最快(0.4℃-10a-1),且各热量资源要素与气温极显著正相关 (P＜0.01)。关中平原春季平均气温增幅最大,且各区突变时间一致;榆林北部风沙区夏、秋、冬和年平均气温增幅最大,且夏季平均气温突变时间最晚。陕南浅山丘陵区年、季平均气温增幅均最小,且秋、冬季平均气温突变时间最晚。陕西≥0℃和≥10℃初日普遍显著提前,终日变化不显著。≥0℃和≥10℃初日提前幅度最大地区分别为关中平原和榆林北部风沙区。受初日提前和终日推后的共同影响,陕西≥0℃和≥10℃持续日数和积温分别以3.5d-10a-1、2.4d-10a-1、90.3℃-d-10a-1和74.9℃-d-10a-1的倾向率显著增加,其中关中平原区增幅最大。冬季平均气温突变时间最早,为1987年,其它热量资源要素均在20世纪90年代中后期发生突变,突变后≥0℃和≥10℃积温等值线明显西移,关中平原热量资源增加最多且最快,陕北黄土高原变化较小。     

宁夏气候变化及其对农业生产的影响

选取宁夏20个地面气象站1961-2005年逐日平均气温、逐日最低气温、逐日降水量资料,分析年平均气温、日平均气温稳定通过0℃积温、无霜期、生长期降水量等的变化规律.结果表明:20世纪90年代以后宁夏各地明显升温,20世纪90年代和2001-2005年年平均气温平均升高了0.5℃和0.9℃,≥0℃积温平均增多了94.9℃·d和225 2℃·d;90年代以后无霜期平均延长了6.8d,作物生长期降水量呈减少的趋势,平均减少了12.5mm;气温升高也使得冬小麦种植北界明显向北、海拔上界明显向高处扩展.     

西充县1959—2013年气温变化特征分析

根据西充县1959-2013年的月平均气温资料,分析了54 a来温度变化特征。结果表明,54 a来西充县年平均气温升高0.1℃,尤其是近30 a,气温年际变化和趋暖变化均十分明显,30 a中年平均气温上升了1.2℃,平均增温率为0.02℃/10a。     

陕南汉江上游气温变化及其对农业生产的影响

以陕南汉江上游汉中、石泉、安康观测站1960-2010年的逐日、逐月平均气温资料为基础,采用线性趋势法、滑动平均法和Mann-Kendall非参数检验法,分析了该区气温的年际和季节变化趋势、突变特征,以及季节气温变化对农业的影响.结果表明,自1960年以来,陕南汉江上游年平均气温和年平均最低气温呈波动上升的变化趋势,递增速率分别为0.107℃/10a(P ＜0.01)、0.16℃/10a(P ＜0.01),而年平均最高气温呈不显著递增趋势,三者发生突变的时间分别为2001、2000和2001年;各季节的变化特征表现为冬季增温速率最高(P＜0.01),对年平均气温增加的贡献最大;夏季气温变幅较小,变化趋势不显著;春、秋季气温分别呈极显著、显著上升趋势,但日波动性较大;倒春寒天气发生时间推迟,发生频率、强度增大;秋封(冷害)发生频率虽然有所下降,但持续时间较长,强度较大,对该区的水稻、玉米、小麦等农作物生产造成严重影响.深入了解汉江上游气候变化规律及成因,对有效应对气候变化和保障粮食安全具有积极意义.     

近50年来河南最高最低气温的非对称性变化特征

利用河南50个气象站点1959-2008年50a的气温资料,分析了河南区域年最高、最低气温及日较差的时空变化特征。结果表明：①1959-2008年河南区域年平均最高、最低气温在时间变化上为非对称性增长,年平均最低气温变化倾向率为0.237℃/10a;年平均最高气温变化倾向率为0.053℃/10a,前者增温幅度约为后者的4.5倍。②年平均最高、最低气温变化速度在空间分布上多数地区也呈不对称现象,最低气温在河南西北部和东南部的周口、漯河部分地区升温快,最高气温在西部的洛阳地区升温较快,而其它地区相对较慢,最终使气温日较差在东部和西北部减小幅度较大。③年平均最高气温在20世纪80年代最低,本世纪以来的8a最高;年平均最低气温在60、70和80年代均较低,本世纪以来的8a最高;年平均气温日较差在60年代最大,本世纪以来的8a最小。④年平均最高气温没有明显突变点,年平均最低气温在1997年发生突变,年平均气温日较差分别在1974年和1980年前后发生了突变。最高、最低气温变化速度不同以及突变点不一致,最终导致了气温日较差在突变点上的不一致。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Aircraft operations near concentrations of birds in Antarctica: The development of practical guidelines

Aircraft operations have the potential to disturb and to impact negatively on bird life. A gradient of increasing behavioural response is evident in birds when exposed to increasing aircraft stimulus. The most major disturbance is likely to lead to impacts on the health, breeding performance and survival of individual birds, and perhaps bird colonies. A process of revision to policies on aircraft operations contained in management plans for a number of specially protected areas in Antarctica by the United Kingdom, accompanied by consultations made within the scientific community through the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and with operational interests through the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programmes (COMNAP) resulted in new guidelines being adopted by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties in June 2004. The principal recommendations of the guidelines are that bird colonies should not be overflown below 2000 ft (∼610 m) above ground level and landings within 1/2 nautical mile (∼930 m) of bird colonies should be avoided wherever possible. These guidelines are less stringent and less specific than those that were recommended by the SCAR specialist group on birds, and represent a compromise to accommodate operational needs. While the adoption of clear and consistent guidelines for the operation of aircraft in Antarctica is welcome in that this provides practical advice that is likely to reduce incidences of close aircraft/bird encounters, there remains insufficient knowledge of the interactions between aircraft and birds in Antarctica, and the consequent impacts on individual birds and on bird populations. It is important, therefore, that the guidelines adopted are considered interim, and should be kept under scrutiny with revisions made as new and improved research results appear.     

The abundance of heterocystous blue-green algae in rice soils and inocula used for application in rice fields

Summary Algal populations were quantified (as colony-forming units [CFU] per square centimetre) in 102 samples of rice soils from the Philippines, India, Malaysia and Portugal, and in 22 samples of soil-based inocula from four countries. Heterocystous blue-green algae (BGA) were present in all samples. Nostoc was the dominant genus in most samples, followed by Anabaena and Calothrix. In soils, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 1.0 × 10² to 8.0 × 10⁶ CFU/cm² (median 6.4 × 10⁴) and comprised, on average, 9% of the total CFU of algae. Their abundance was positively correlated with the pH and the available P content of the soils. In soil-based inocula, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 4.6 × 10⁴ to 2.8 × 10⁷ CFU/g dw (dry weight), comprising only a moderate fraction (average 13%) of the total algae. In most soils, the density of indigenous N₂-fixing BGA was usually higher than that attained by applying recommended rates of soil-based inoculum. Whereas research on the practical utilization of BGA has been mostly directed towards inoculation with foreign strains, our results suggest that attention should also be given to agricultural practices that enhance the growth of indigenous strains already adapted to local environmental conditions.Maître de Recherches ORSTOM (France), Visiting Scientist at IRRI