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1.
不同覆盖度和雨强条件下崩积体坡面侵蚀的动力学特征   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0  
基于崩岗崩积体易侵蚀的特性,通过室内人工模拟降雨试验,研究30°坡度条件下,不同秸秆覆盖度(0,25%,50%,75%,100%)和雨强(60,90,120mm/h)组合坡面侵蚀的水动力学参数特征。结果表明:(1)不同条件下,雷诺数变化范围在462.86~750.19Re之间,雨强对雷诺数的影响达到极显著水平,覆盖度对雷诺数的影响不显著;弗罗德数的变化范围在0.06~0.64Fr之间,水流的流型为缓流,覆盖度对弗罗德数的影响达到极显著水平,雨强对弗罗德数的影响不显著;阻力系数的变化范围在9.65~1 018.19f之间。(2)覆盖度对坡面流流速的影响达到极显著水平,坡面流流速随着覆盖度的增加而减小;覆盖度对水深的影响达到显著水平,坡面径流深随着覆盖度的增大而增加;阻力系数与雨强和覆盖度之间无明显关系。(3)覆盖度与单位水流功率之间呈极显著的指数函数关系,与水流剪切力和断面单位能量之间呈显著的指数函数关系;雨强对流速、水深和阻力系数的影响都不显著。  相似文献   

2.
紫色土坡面壤中流养分输出特征   总被引:11,自引:3,他引:8  
壤中流作为紫色土坡面一种产流形式,其引起的养分流失往往被忽视,针对这一问题.采用人工模拟降雨法,在3.0 m长、1.0 m宽的土槽上.通过4个不同坡度(5°,10°,15°,20°)、5个不同雨强(0.6,1.1,1.6,2.12,2.54mm/min)的组合实验,对三峡库区紫色土坡面壤中流养分输出特征进行了研究.结果表明:实验条件下,壤中流占总径流量的0.2%~2.7%,且紫色土坡面壤中流的产生存在着一个临界坡度和临界雨强,临界坡度大约在10°左右,临界雨强约为2.1 mm/min.实验条件下.紫色土坡面壤中流养分含量为地表径流养分含量的4.32~63倍,因此,尽管壤中流总量在总径流量中的比例并不高,但由其携带而流失的养分仍不容忽视.壤中流携带而流失的总氮量占坡面总氮流失量的0.36%~7.82%,因此,要控制紫色土坡面氮素流失,不仅要控制地表径流,更重要的是要提高土壤的持水能力,减少壤中流.磷素迁移流失主要与侵蚀产沙量有关.在地表径流及壤中流中的含量都很低,由此而引起的总磷流失量也较小,二者合计占总磷流失量的不足7%,甚至不足1%,控制紫色土坡面磷素流失的关键是控制坡面侵蚀产沙.  相似文献   

3.
模拟降雨条件下第四纪红黏土坡面侵蚀过程   总被引:4,自引:4,他引:0  
通过室内模拟降雨试验,分析雨强和坡度对第四纪红黏土坡面侵蚀过程的影响,揭示南方红壤低山丘陵区第四纪红黏土坡面侵蚀机理。根据研究区地形和降雨特点,设计坡度10°,15°,20°,雨强1.0,1.5,2.0mm/min,研究两者对坡面侵蚀过程的影响。结果表明:(1)坡面初始产流时间随着坡度和雨强的增大而逐渐减小;同一雨强下,径流系数大小为20°15°10°。(2)不同试验处理条件下,坡度由10°增加到20°,坡面累积产沙量增加0.46~1.98倍;降雨强度由1.0mm/min增加到2.0mm/min,坡面累积产沙量增加1.37~3.85倍。(3)1.0,1.5mm/min雨强条件下,坡面侵蚀泥沙以0.25mm水稳性团聚体占优,2.0mm/min雨强条件下,坡面侵蚀泥沙0.25mm水稳性团聚体为主。(4)坡度与雨强对坡面径流系数、侵蚀率和累积产沙量影响极显著(P0.01),坡面累积径流量和累积产沙量构成幂函数模型。研究结果为揭示坡度与雨强对第四纪红黏土坡面侵蚀过程的作用机理提供参考。  相似文献   

4.
陡坡面发育的细沟水动力学特性室内试验研究   总被引:18,自引:10,他引:8       下载免费PDF全文
为了为黄土高原陡坡水蚀预报模型的建立提供科学依据,通过组合不同坡度(21°、24°、27°)、不同流量(6.5、8.5、10.5 L/min)的陡坡室内放水冲刷试验,对坡面细沟侵蚀发生过程中的坡面流水动力学特性进行了研究.结果表明,在试验的坡度和流量范围内,坡面流的雷诺数Re在798~4620之间变化,且雷诺数Re变化幅度随冲刷历时的增大而增大.而坡面流弗劳德数Fr在整个试验过程中均大于1,表明坡面流处于急流范围.坡面流阻力系数f随雷诺数Re的增大而增大,其变化还受坡度的影响.坡面在径流冲刷侵蚀过程中,流速随冲刷时间的延长和冲刷形态的变化呈现出先减小后增大义减小的变化趋势.  相似文献   

5.
黄土区草地坡面片流阻力系数试验研究   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1  
阻力系数是坡面流水动力学参数之一,是反映坡面流水力学特性的重要特征值。通过室内人工模拟降雨试验,研究了不同雨强(0.7,1.0,1.5,2.0,2.5mm/min)和坡度(7°,10°,15°,20°,25°)下,黄土区草地坡面片流阻力系数随雨强和坡度的变化特征。结果表明:(1)不同雨强和坡度下,草地坡面片流阻力系数随降雨历时的变化均呈先波动减小,后逐渐趋于稳定的趋势,且变化过程均可用二次多项式进行描述,相关性显著,决定系数0.5以上。(2)草地坡面片流阻力系数随雨强的增加而逐渐增大,可用指数方程描述,决定系数0.8以上;而片流阻力系数随坡度的增加而减小,可用对数方程描述,决定系数0.6以上。(3)草地坡面次降雨平均片流阻力系数对雨强及坡度的综合响应关系可用二元指数函数描述,决定系数0.923,且雨强对草地坡面片流平均阻力系数的影响大于坡度对阻力系数的影响。研究结果为草地坡面水流动力学特性及草地植被的阻流机制提供参考和理论基础,对于深刻认识黄土区草地坡面侵蚀动力和生态建设具有重要意义。  相似文献   

6.
为揭示地面覆盖条件下第四纪红黏土坡面在不同雨强和坡度时的侵蚀变化规律,选取3个降雨强度(1.0,1.5,2.0 mm/min)和3个坡度(10°,15°,20°),通过人工模拟降雨试验,分析坡面产流、产沙、入渗特征,并以15°为例计算覆盖坡面的减流减沙效益。结果表明:(1)坡面产流时间随雨强和坡度增加而提前,覆盖对产流时间有明显的滞后作用,雨强的增加会削弱覆盖延缓产流的作用;坡面径流率呈现前期增长,后期趋于稳定的变化特征;(2)当坡度一定,雨强从1.0 mm/min增加至2.0 mm/min,累积侵蚀量增加1.89~2.96倍;雨强一定,坡度从10°增加至20°,累积侵蚀量增加1.91~3.45倍;(3)坡面初始入渗率和入渗总量随坡度的增加而减小,而雨强的增大会增加坡面初始入渗率,减少入渗总量;(4)15°条件下覆盖坡面的径流量和泥沙量较裸坡平均减少50.26%和95.31%,松针覆盖的水土保持效益显著,且减沙效应大于减流效应;(5)坡度对覆盖坡面累积产流量和累积产沙量的影响程度大于雨强,不同雨强、坡度下累积径流量与累积产沙量呈现幂函数关系(R~20.97)。研究结果可为南方红壤丘陵区林下水土流失治理与生态恢复提供参考。  相似文献   

7.
雨强和坡度对嵌套砾石红壤坡面产流产沙的影响   总被引:6,自引:3,他引:3  
采用人工模拟降雨的方法研究了嵌套砾石红壤坡面的产流产沙特征,分析了雨强(60,120mm/h)和坡度(10°,15°,20°,25°)条件下嵌套砾石和无砾石红壤坡面的产流和产沙过程差异。结果表明:(1)产流开始时间T_(嵌套砾石)T_(无砾石),60mm/h雨强条件下嵌套砾石较无砾石坡面在10°,15°,20°,25°坡度分别延迟4.20,2.95,2.23,1.03min;(2)坡度相同时,嵌套砾石坡面较无砾石坡面产流率明显减少,但雨强的增大会掩盖嵌套砾石对坡面产流率减小的影响;(3)嵌套砾石红壤坡面在60mm/h雨强、坡度10°条件下平均产流率最小,在120mm/h雨强、25°坡面下平均产流率是前者的4.5倍;无砾石红壤坡面在120mm/h雨强、坡度25°条件下平均产流率最大,为最小平均产流率的4.8倍;(4)各坡面产沙强度、次降雨产沙量随雨强和坡度增大而增大,60mm/h雨强、坡度10°和25°时,嵌套砾石坡面平均产沙强度为无砾石坡面的6.0%和28.4%;120mm/h雨强时,此两个坡度的嵌套砾石坡面为无砾石坡面平均产沙强度的33.9%和25.3%。  相似文献   

8.
不同降雨强度对紫色土坡面侵蚀过程的影响   总被引:13,自引:7,他引:6  
为研究不同雨强对紫色土坡面侵蚀过程的影响,通过人工模拟降雨试验和室内分析,采用降雨总量(30mm)一定、降雨历时不定的原则,在2种覆盖度(50%和75%)下,分析了3个雨强(0.5,1.0,1.5mm/min)对紫色土土壤坡面产流产沙的影响。结果表明:在50%和75%覆盖度下,(1)雨强越大紫色土坡面产流总量和径流率越大。相同时间内,不同雨强(0.5,1.0,1.5mm/min)下的2种覆盖度产流量分别占坡面产流总量的18%,30%,52%。(2)雨强越大紫色土坡面产沙量和侵蚀率越大。相同时间内,不同雨强(0.5,1.0,1.5mm/min)下,2种覆盖度产沙量分别占坡面产沙总量的13%,33%,54%。(3)紫色土坡面侵蚀泥沙中的水稳性团聚体的粒径主要集中在0.25,3mm,分别占泥沙总量的74%和67%,0.25~3mm粒径的水稳性团聚体分别占泥沙总量的30%和26%。(4)相关分析表明,雨强和紫色土坡面产流产沙量均为极显著正相关(P0.01)。雨强与产沙量之间均拟合为一次线性方程;雨强与产流量之间分别拟合为一次线性方程和二次方程。研究结果为控制紫色土坡面水土流失和揭示其相关侵蚀机理提供参考。  相似文献   

9.
玉米苗期横垄坡面地表糙度的变化及其对细沟侵蚀的影响   总被引:4,自引:2,他引:2  
通过野外人工模拟降雨试验,研究玉米苗期紫色土坡耕地地表糙度的变化特征,并分析地表糙度对细沟侵蚀过程中产流及侵蚀产沙的影响。结果表明,细沟侵蚀阶段,与降雨前相比,降雨后地表糙度整体呈减小的变化趋势。不同坡度下,地表糙度变幅(Rr)均随雨强的增大而增大,其中15°坡面变化较为明显,1.0,1.5,2.0mm/min雨强下地表糙度变幅(Rr)分别为0.50,5.82,12.96。地表径流随雨强的增大而增大,壤中流变化不明显。15°坡面,1.5,2.0mm/min雨强的地表径流显著高于1.0mm/min;20°坡面,各雨强间地表径流量差异显著。坡面侵蚀产沙量随雨强的增大而增大,15°坡面,1.5,2.0mm/min雨强的侵蚀产沙量均显著高于1.0mm/min,其侵蚀产沙量较1.0mm/min条件下分别提高9.74倍和16.91倍;20°坡面,各雨强间侵蚀产沙量差异显著,1.5,2.0mm/min雨强的侵蚀产沙量较1.0mm/min条件下分别提高5.38倍和8.96倍。地表糙度变幅(Rr)、雨强与地表径流量和细沟侵蚀产沙量均呈极显著相关,可较好地实现坡面径流和侵蚀产沙的预测。  相似文献   

10.
东北黑土区野外模拟降雨条件下产流产沙研究   总被引:7,自引:4,他引:3  
对不同坡度(3°,5°,7°,9°,12°,15°)的径流小区,采用野外人工模拟降雨试验方法,对不同降雨强度(1.24,1.87,2.17 mm/min)黑土坡地产流和产沙随雨强和时间的变化特性进行模拟试验.通过对模拟降雨试验数据分析,得出结论:①同一坡度下,产流时间随雨强的变化具有明显的规律性,雨强越大,产流所需的时间越短.②累计产沙量随累计径流量的增加呈幂函数增加,满足y=AxB函数形式(定义A为产沙基数系数,B为产沙速率系数).③侵蚀产沙量随含沙量的增加呈线性增加,其表达式满足y=ax+b形式,系数a体现了产沙能力.④随着雨强的增大坡面径流量也增大;随着坡度的增大坡面径流量呈现先减小后增加,最后减小的趋势.⑤随着雨强的增大,坡面侵蚀产沙量基本呈现增加的趋势;而随着坡度的增加,坡面侵蚀产沙量变化复杂,12°~l5°之间存在试验条件下的临界坡度.  相似文献   

11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响   总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0  
【目的】以富士(Fuji)、 秦冠(Qinguan)嫁接在平邑甜茶(Malus hupehensis Rehd.)上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水(ZZ)、 低氮正常水(DZ)、 正常氮干旱(ZG)、 低氮干旱(DG)。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮(6 mmol/L NO-3-N)、 低氮(0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N)、 正常供水(保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%)、 干旱处理(保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%)。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量(茎和叶)、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水(ZZ)>低氮正常水(DZ)>正常氮干旱(ZG)>低氮干旱(DG),并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水(ZZ)>低氮正常水(DZ)>正常氮干旱(ZG)>低氮干旱(DG); 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶>根>茎,磷元素则是根>叶>茎;光合氮素利用效率(PNUE)和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水(DZ)处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱(DG)处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。  相似文献   

12.
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.  相似文献   

13.
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,  相似文献   

14.
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.  相似文献   

15.
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.  相似文献   

16.
李聃枫  朱春梧 《土壤》2020,52(3):561-566
自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。  相似文献   

17.
Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.  相似文献   

18.
Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.  相似文献   

19.
Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.  相似文献   

20.
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.  相似文献   

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