植物声频控制技术对棉花生产的影响

为探讨植物声频控制技术对新疆大田棉花生长发育和产量的影响,为该技术在棉花生产中的应用提供科学依据。该试验设5个点,每个点分声波处理和对照2个区。声频区通过QGWA-01型植物声频发生器定期给作物播放特定频率的声波,以测定声频及声强对棉花生产的影响。通过3 a的对比试验表明,声波处理促进了棉花的营养生长,其中处理区棉花的株高、倒四叶宽（功能叶）和果枝数量分别较对照增加了1.17%、5.25%和1.14%;处理同时促进了棉花的生殖生长,其中,棉铃数和单铃重分别提高了9.22%和3.34%。声波处理使棉花3 a的增产幅度在11.1%～13.5%,差异显著,平均增产12.7%,在一定范围内,声波的增产效应与距离声源的远近呈负相关。研究证明了植物声频控制技术对棉花营养生长和生殖生长均有促进作用,可作为植物声频控制技术推广应用的理论基础。     

声频控制技术对水稻生长发育、产量及品质的影响

为了探明声频控制技术对水稻生长发育、产量及品质的影响,该文对水稻进行了特定频率和响度(主频率500Hz,响度80dB)的声波处理。试验结果表明,声频处理的杂交籼稻天丰优5号增产5.11%,杂交粳稻甬优13号增产5.38%,产量差异均达到显著水平。与CK相比,声频处理天丰优5号和甬优13号的有效穗数分别增加8.40和5.80穗/m2,每穗实粒数增加2.46和4.46粒;声频处理后7和14d,天丰优5号茎蘖数分别多0.3和0.5株/从,甬优13号茎蘖数分别多1.1和1.0株/从;声频处理的天丰优5号孕穗期(9月8日)和灌浆期(10月6日)平均叶片叶绿素含量分别增加11.36%和10.41%,甬优13号孕穗期(9月22日)和灌浆期(10月20日)分别增加5.20%和4.91%;声频处理的稻米透明度均提高1个等级,天丰优5号和甬优13号垩白度分别降低21.31%和5.88%,胶稠度分别增加2.0和8.0mm,整精米率分别提高6.99%和2.22%,稻米质量指数分别提高6.58%和10.94%。该文为声频控制技术在水稻上大面积应用提供科学依据。     

化肥减量配施秸秆对温室黄瓜产量及其构成因素的影响

  目的  设施蔬菜生产中,盲目大量使用化肥导致的土壤障碍、蔬菜产量和质量降低等系列问题限制了设施蔬菜的可持续发展,有机物料（有机肥、秸秆等）替代部分化肥势在必行,但有机物料替代部分化肥对蔬菜产量构成因素的影响尚未明确。  方法  本文依托温室内有机物料替代部分化肥长期定位试验,以黄瓜为供试作物,选取其中6个处理:不施肥对照（CK）、100%化肥（CF100）、75%化肥（CF75）、25%玉米秸秆N替代化肥N处理（S25）、50%玉米秸秆N替代化肥N处理（S50）以及100%玉米秸秆N替代化肥N（S100）。  结果  结果表明,CF100和CF75处理在根系生长参数、叶片光合特性以及黄瓜产量和品质上未表现出显著差异,但CF75处理最终经济效益上却提高了1.4%;相比CF100处理,S25和S50处理显著提高了黄瓜根系鲜重和根系活力,且S50处理优于S25处理;S25处理还显著增加了盛果期植株叶片净光合速率、气孔导度、叶面积,降低了胞间CO₂浓度;S25和S50处理均提高了黄瓜品质,且S25处理优于S50处理;S25和S50处理分别较CF100处理增产11.9%和15.2%,收益也相应提高了12.8%和16.4%。  结论  化肥减量25%不会对黄瓜产量及构成因素产生不利影响,50%玉米秸秆N替代化肥N能促进植株的生长发育,提高黄瓜叶片光合作用和黄瓜产量与品质,降低投入,增加收益。     

茄果类蔬菜秸秆原位还田对设施土壤综合质量的影响

为明确茄果类蔬菜秸秆原位还田对设施土壤综合质量的影响,该研究以番茄、茄子和辣椒秸秆为试材,设置了秸秆不还田（CK）、秸秆原位还田（SR）、秸秆原位还田+氰氨化钙（SR+C）和秸秆原位还田+微生物菌剂（SR+M）4个处理,研究了茄果类蔬菜秸秆不同原位还田方式对土壤化学性质、微生物群落和秸秆降解率的影响,并通过计算土壤质量指数（soil quality index,SQI）对土壤质量进行了综合评价。结果表明：与CK相比,SR、SR+C和SR+M处理均可提高土壤阳离子交换量,增加土壤有机碳库,改善土壤养分条件,并调节土壤细菌和真菌的群落结构。添加氰氨化钙抑制了辣椒秸秆的降解,但对番茄和茄子秸秆没有影响;添加微生物菌剂能够促进3种蔬菜秸秆的降解。秸秆原位还田处理均提高了设施菜田SQI,相较于CK,SR、SR+C和SR+M处理的SQI分别提高了15.8%～32.5%、8.8%～56.8%和21.8%～51.4%。研究结果为茄果类蔬菜秸秆资源化利用和设施蔬菜可持续生产提供了理论参考。     

蚯蚓肥对温室番茄植株抗氧化能力的影响

研究蚯蚓肥对温室番茄植株体内抗氧化能力的调节作用,为提高设施栽培条件下蔬菜抗病、抗逆能力提供理论依据和技术支撑。温室内盆栽试验,设置对照（CK）、化肥（CF）、牛粪（CM）和蚯蚓肥（EM）4个处理。观测植株表型性状（株高、茎粗、SPAD值和叶面积）,并分别于番茄定植后25 d、50 d和75 d采集植株功能叶片和根系,测定防御酶活性（过氧化氢酶,CAT;过氧化物酶,POD;多酚氧化酶,PPO和超氧化物歧化酶,SOD）、根系活力及丙二醛含量（MDA）。结果表明:（1）蚯蚓肥可显著增加番茄叶面积和根系活力,对株高、茎粗、根系鲜重和叶片SPAD值以及根系丙二醛含量无显著影响;随生育期的延长,蚯蚓肥处理的根冠比呈上升趋势。（2）根系和叶片防御酶活性变化趋势相似,随生育期的延长,CAT活性呈下降趋势,POD活性呈上升趋势,PPO和SOD活性呈先升高后下降趋势。蚯蚓肥可提高番茄的CAT和POD活性,EM处理较其它处理增加21.63% ~ 511.2%;EM处理的PPO活性较CM处理增加54.6% ~ 163.9%,CF处理较CM和EM处理的SOD活性降低23.32% ~ 91.67%。（3）相关性分析表明,番茄叶面积与根系POD活性呈极显著正相关,根系活力与叶片POD呈极显著正相关,根系POD与叶片POD、PPO和SOD呈极显著正相关。设施蔬菜生产中适量施用蚯蚓肥,在促进作物生长发育的同时,可提高番茄植株的抗氧化能力,增强作物的抗逆性和抗病性,为作物高产和病虫害绿色防治奠定基础。     

施肥对设施番茄-黄瓜养分利用与土壤氮素淋失的影响

以宁夏引黄灌区设施番茄-黄瓜为研究对象,利用田间定位试验,研究了不同施肥措施对蔬菜产量、养分吸收利用及淋溶水产生和氮素淋失动态的影响,并对氮素淋失量及淋失率进行了分析。结果表明,常规施肥和优化施肥间番茄和黄瓜果实产量差异都不显著,养分吸收量顺序为:K＞N＞P。两季蔬菜的N、P肥利用率都不到7%,而K肥利用率最高仅12.3%。氮素淋失量与施肥灌水和蔬菜生育时期密切相关。同一施肥处理下,黄瓜季氮素淋失量高于番茄季;氮素淋失以硝态氮为主,占总氮比例70%以上。番茄季总氮、硝态氮淋失率分别为2.95%～6.65%和2.50%～5.56%;黄瓜分别为3.40%～6.96%和2.89%～5.70%。两季蔬菜铵态氮淋失率都低于1%。通过优化化肥用量和施用高C/N比有机肥或秸秆调节土壤C/N,有利于降低氮素的淋失量,从而减少氮素的损失。     

不同物料配施对微咸水灌溉黄瓜土壤质量及产量的影响

针对中国北方地区淡水资源短缺，微咸水代替淡水长期灌溉而引发的盐渍化土壤改良问题，该研究以黄瓜"德尔99"为试材，通过连续四茬（2018-2020年）定位试验，探究了土壤增施蚯蚓堆肥（W）、脱硫石膏（DG）或二者配施（DG+W）对微咸水灌溉下土壤理化性质、微生物群落及黄瓜产量的影响，并将其纳入土壤质量指数（Soil Quality Index，SQI），与黄瓜产量进行拟合分析。结果表明：1）施用脱硫石膏+蚯蚓堆肥处理可显著提升土壤速效氮、速效磷、速效钾和有机质含量，与比未处理土壤（CK）相比分别增加了61.63%、23.46%、55.35%和55.45%，可显著降低土壤的pH值和土壤电导率（Electrical Conductivity，EC）（P＜0.05）；2）施用脱硫石膏+蚯蚓堆肥处理的Chao1指数、Sobs指数和Shannon指数显著高于CK，土壤微生物多样性显著提高；3）连续种植四茬后，脱硫石膏+蚯蚓堆肥配施处理的黄瓜产量与对照（CK）相比，分别增加了8.9%、3.1%、18.67%和13.71%；土壤综合质量指数（SQI）与黄瓜产量呈显著正相关关系。试验结果表明，蚯蚓堆肥与脱硫石膏能够协同提升微咸水灌溉下土壤综合质量与设施黄瓜产量，该研究可为中国北方地区微咸水灌溉下设施蔬菜的可持续生产和盐碱地改良提供理论参考。     

不同施氮量对太湖地区大棚蔬菜产量、氮肥利用率及品质的影响

在大棚栽培条件下,采用田间小区试验方法观测了太湖地区稻田改种大棚蔬菜的土壤上不同施氮量对一年中两季蔬菜番茄和黄瓜产量、氮肥利用率及品质的影响。结果表明,与农民习惯施氮量相比,减氮40%能保持番茄和黄瓜果实产量,习惯施氮反而有导致减产的趋势。减氮40%处理的氮肥当季利用率显著高于习惯施氮,并且随施氮量的增加和土壤供氮水平的提高氮肥当季利用率开始出现降低的趋势。番茄、黄瓜果实硝酸盐含量随施氮量的增加呈线性增加,习惯施氮下番茄、黄瓜果实硝酸盐含量分别达406.1和328.8 mg/kg,其中,番茄硝酸盐含量已经临近我国蔬菜卫生安全标准。各处理中减氮20%~40%番茄可溶性糖含量较高,减氮40%黄瓜维生素C含量、可溶性糖含量最高;氮肥用量继续增加,黄瓜维生素C含量、可溶性糖含量有降低趋势。在太湖地区的大棚生产条件下,比习惯施氮量减氮20%~40%可以保证产量和较好的果实品质;大棚蔬菜生产采取节肥减氮措施具有很大的潜力。     

生物炭对盐胁迫下黄瓜叶片抗氧化酶活性和矿质元素累积的影响

  目的  研究生物炭对盐胁迫下设施黄瓜生长和生理特性的影响。  方法  以设施黄瓜（Cucumis sativus L.）专用品种‘翠龙’为试验材料,开展温室盆栽试验,设非盐胁迫和盐胁迫下栽培基质（草炭∶蛭石 = 2∶1）中添加0%（B0,w/w）、3%（B3）和5%（B5）的花生壳炭共6个处理,调查黄瓜的生长、产量、品质、叶片抗氧化酶活性以及矿质元素含量等指标。  结果  生物炭施用可明显提高黄瓜的耐盐性,在NaCl胁迫下,B5处理黄瓜的株高、最大单叶叶面积、产量和抗坏血酸含量均显著高于不施生物炭处理,且B3和B5处理的黄瓜果实硝酸盐含量在非盐胁迫和盐胁迫下均显著低于对照。盐胁迫下,春、秋两季栽培试验中B5处理黄瓜产量分别为对照处理的2.97倍和2.57倍。生物炭处理使黄瓜叶片抗氧化酶活性在盐胁迫下维持较高水平,特别是B5处理黄瓜植株叶片超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）活性与对照相比显著增加而丙二醛（MDA）含量与对照相比显著降低。盐胁迫下,生物炭处理黄瓜顶部叶片中氮和钾的含量与对照相比显著升高,磷、钠、钙和镁的含量与对照相比显著降低;而在底部叶片中除钠含量显著高于对照外,其他元素的含量在不同生物炭施用量间存在差异。  结论  基质中添加适量的生物炭促进盐胁迫下黄瓜生长,增强抗氧化酶活性,促进氮和钾在顶部叶片的累积,减少钠的累积,缓解盐胁迫对黄瓜的伤害,且以添加5%生物炭处理效果较好。     

高浓度营养液对黄瓜和番茄下胚轴徒长的抑制作用

【目的】黄瓜和番茄是我国主栽蔬菜种类,育苗过程中容易遭遇高温、高湿、弱光等不良环境,导致幼苗下胚轴徒长,严重影响后期丰产性。在控制幼苗徒长的实际操作中,利用植物生长调节剂、机械刺激、补光、温度调节、水分控制等调控方法容易受到多种因素影响而效果不佳。本文研究高浓度营养液浓度对黄瓜和番茄幼苗下胚轴徒长的抑制作用,以期提出一种有效制御幼苗徒长的方法。【方法】试验以Hoagland标准营养液配方为基础浓度（设为1.0C）,通过成比例增减大量元素组分用量而不改变微量元素组分用量,组成0.5C、2.5C、5.0C、7.5C、10.0C和12.5C 6个浓度。以0.5C为对照,在日光温室条件下分别对黄瓜和番茄幼苗进行灌施处理。待幼苗生长至子叶平展期时,测定黄瓜和番茄幼苗形态及生长指标,研究营养液浓度对幼苗下胚轴细胞长度、生长速率及内源激素含量的影响;随后对幼苗进行0.5C低浓度营养液的恢复生长处理,待幼苗生长至第一真叶平展期时,再次进行幼苗形态及生长指标的测定,从而确定高浓度营养液对黄瓜和番茄下胚轴徒长的抑制效果及机制,并确定最适合制御幼苗徒长的营养液浓度。【结果】6种浓度营养液对黄瓜和番茄幼苗下胚轴徒长的影响结果为: 1）高浓度营养液显著提高了基质EC值（r=0.99）,黄瓜和番茄幼苗在子叶平展期其下胚轴生长受到明显抑制,下胚轴长度、绝对生长速率和含水量均呈下降趋势,下胚轴皮层薄壁细胞轴/径向生长也受到影响。与对照相比,10.0C营养液处理下黄瓜和番茄幼苗下胚轴皮层薄壁细胞缩短为49%和48%。2）随着营养液浓度的增加,黄瓜和番茄下胚轴内源激素含量发生显著变化,其中赤霉酸（GA3）、玉米素核苷（ZR）含量呈降低趋势,而脱落酸（ABA）含量呈升高趋势,且ABA含量与下胚轴长度呈极显著负相关关系（P＜0.01）。生长素（IAA）含量在不同浓度营养液处理下呈现区位性变化特征。3）在幼苗子叶平展期重新灌施0.5C浓度的营养液,对5.0C和7.5C处理下生长的幼苗均有恢复生长的作用,且幼苗株高/茎粗比明显优于对照和其它处理,该浓度可望有效避免幼苗徒长。【结论】高营浓度养液通过改变幼苗内源激素的动态平衡,特别是促进ABA的合成和积累,从而抑制幼苗下胚轴皮层细胞伸长生长,有效制御幼苗徒长。灌施高浓度营养液对黄瓜、番茄幼苗下胚轴伸长的抑制作用可以通过降低营养液浓度而得到解除,这种防治幼苗徒长的操作方法简便易行,具有潜在的应用前景,但在不同品种蔬菜幼苗生长过程中,最优化的营养液施用浓度及其影响机制尚需进一步研究分析。     

补光时间及光质对温室甜椒矿质元素吸收与分配的影响

为探究发光二极管(LED)补光对温室甜椒矿质元素吸收及分配的影响,以甜椒品种奥黛丽为试材,设置红光(R)和蓝光(B)组合2:1(2R1B)、4:1(4R1B)、8:1(8R1B) 3种光质,2 h(18:00-20:00)、4 h(18:00-22:00)和8 h(18:00-02:00) 3个补光时间,以不补光为对照(CK),研究补光时间及光质对甜椒N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Mn、Zn积累及分配的影响。结果表明,光质与补光时间显著影响矿质元素在甜椒中的积累与分配,且二者存在显著的交互作用。与CK相比,LED补光显著促进了甜椒全株中N、P、K、Ca、Mg和Mn的积累,光质对N、P、K、Mg、Mn积累总量的影响无显著差异,但补光时间会显著影响矿质元素的积累,以补光8 h的元素积累量最高,其N、P、K、Ca、Mg和Mn的单株积累量分别较CK增加51.82%、55.56%、47.55%、50.00%、56.76%和36.23%,补光4 h的N、Ca、Mn积累总量与补光8 h无显著差异。从分配比例来看,与CK相比,补光2 h降低了N、P、Mg、Mn在果实中的分配比,补光4 h提高了N、P、K、Mg、Mn在果实中的积累总量和分配比。综上,光质对甜椒矿质元素的积累量影响较小,LED补光4 h在调控甜椒营养积累与分配上表现最佳。本试验结果为温室栽培甜椒补光调控的营养吸收机制提供了理论参考。     

Stenotrophomonas rhizophila DSM14405T promotes plant growth probably by altering fungal communities in the rhizosphere

Stenotrophomonas rhizophila DSM14405^T is of high biotechnological interest as plant growth stimulator, especially for salinated conditions. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of plant species (cotton, tomato, and sweet pepper) on colonisation and plant growth promotion of this beneficial bacterium in gnotobiotic systems and in non-sterile soil. All plant structures (leaves, stems, and roots) were densely colonised by DSM14405^T reaching up to 10⁹ cells g^?1 fresh weight; under gnotobiotic conditions the abundances were 4–5 orders of magnitude higher than in non-sterile soil. Under non-sterile conditions and ambient humidity, tomato shoots were more densely colonised than shoots of sweet pepper and cotton. S. rhizophila DSM14405^T was shown to grow endophytically and colonise the vicinity of root hairs of tomato. Plant growth promotion was particularly apparent in tomato. In general, the impact of plant species on colonisation and plant growth promotion was more pronounced in soil than under gnotobiotic conditions and likely due to the control of diseases and deleterious microorganisms. S. rhizophila DSM14405^T was shown to control diseases in sweet pepper and in cotton. Molecular profiling via single strand conformation polymorphism of internal transcribed spacers and 16S rRNA genes (PCR-single strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP)) revealed that S. rhizophila DSM14405^T strongly affected fungal, but not bacterial communities in the rhizosphere of tomato and sweet pepper. Major SSCP bands related to uncultured fungi and Candida subhashii, disappeared in tomato rhizosphere after Stenotrophomonas treatment. This suggests an indirect, species-specific plant growth promotion effect of S. rhizophila via the elimination of deleterious rhizosphere organisms.     

Suppression of tomato hornworm (Manduca quinquemaculata) and cucumber beetles (Acalymma vittatum and Diabotrica undecimpunctata) populations and damage by vermicomposts

The effects of food waste vermicompost on populations of adult striped cucumber beetles (Acalymma vittatum) and spotted cucumber beetles (Diabotrica undecimpunctata) on cucumbers and larval hornworms on tomatoes (Manduca quinquemaculata) were evaluated in both greenhouse and field experiments as well as damage caused. In the field, cucumber and tomato plants were grown, with two different application rates (1.25 and 2.5 t ha⁻¹) of food waste vermicompost or inorganic fertilizer, in a complete randomized block design field experiment. All treatments were balanced for NPK. Field cucumber beetle populations were suppressed significantly on cucumber plants treated with food waste vermicompost at both application rates, compared with those on plants treated only with inorganic fertilizer. In the greenhouse, cucumber and tomato plants were grown in a soil-less medium MetroMix 360 (MM360) substituted with 0%, 20% or 40% food waste vermicompost, and exposed to standardized pest attacks in nylon mesh cages. In the greenhouse, both the 20% and 40% vermicompost substitution rates decreased damage by cucumber beetles to cucumber foliage and hornworms to tomato foliage significantly.     

甜椒对不同形态氮素的吸收和分配

甜椒对不同形态氮素的吸收利用有显著差异。幼苗期及发棵期ＮＨ ＋４ Ｎ 对生长有利,而盛果期则以ＮＯ－３ Ｎ 有利。同种形态氮素因施用时期不同而氮素利用率差异很大,以盛果期追肥利用率最高,为４１８ ％ ～４５８ ％ ; 基肥利用率为３３６ ％ ～３６７ ％ 。不同时期施肥的肥料氮在各器官的分配不同,基肥及初花期施肥氮素主要流向茎叶,占总吸收量的７５ ％ 左右;盛果期追肥以果实分配较多,占总吸收量的６０ ％以上。对植株氮素来源的分析表明,仅４００ ％ ～４１５ ％ 的氮素来自于肥料,而近６０ ％ 的氮素来自于土壤。     

Behavior of methamidophos residues in peppers, cucumbers, and cherry tomatoes grown in a greenhouse: evaluation by decline curves.

Residue levels of methamidophos were determined in peppers, cucumbers, and cherry tomatoes grown in commercial greenhouses, up to 6 weeks after being sprayed with Monitor (methamidophos 60%). Mathematically defined decline curves were established by determining optimal relationships between methamidophos residues and time, using different models. Model functions that best fit experimental data were 1st-order function for cucumber, 1.5th-order function for pepper, and 1st-order root function for tomato. However, in all cases, the 1st-order function was legitimized statistically. Half-life times determined from the optimal functions were 8.68 days (cucumber), 13.28 days (pepper), and 2.77 days (tomato), whereas half-life times determined from the 1st-order reaction function were 8.68 days (cucumber), 17.04 days (pepper), and 7.47 days (tomato). In this work, some experiments to determine residue levels of methamidophos in these vegetables after multiple applications were also carried out. The unexpected high residue levels found in all cases after five successive applications seem to indicate that methamidophos presents certain long-term accumulative effects in the three studied vegetables.     

Olfactory response of Myzus persicae (Homoptera: Aphididae) to volatiles from leek and chive: Potential for intercropping with sweet pepper

Abstract

Odour-mediated effects of leek Allium porum and chives Allium schoenoprasum (Alliaceae) on the host searching behaviour of the aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Homoptera: Aphididae) were studied. In an olfactometer, odour of the host plant sweet pepper Capsicum annuum L. (Solanaceae) was significantly attractive, whereas odour of chives was significantly repellent. Combined odour of sweet pepper and chives was neither attractive nor repellent. When sweet pepper plants were exposed to volatiles from chives for five days, their odour subsequently became repellent to M. persicae. An extract of leek plants was significantly repellent to aphids in the olfactometer, as were sweet pepper plants sprayed with this extract. Because both leek and chives can disrupt host finding by the aphid, both plants have potential for intercropping with sweet pepper. If successful in the field, such a system could bring economic benefits for farmers in the wet zone of Sri Lanka and other parts of the world.     

基于块标记的田间叶片损伤区域分割方法

为了在田间开放环境中有效分割叶片损伤区域,该文结合Canny算子良好的边缘提取能力和叶片局部颜色变化相对较小的特征,提出基于块标记的叶片损伤区域分割方法,用于评价叶片损伤程度。使用Android系统手机在晴天大田开放环境中采集木耳菜、西红柿、黄瓜、茄子、桃、彩椒和蛾眉豆7种常见农作物叶片图像,在阴天采集丝瓜、葫芦、甜瓜、茄子和黄瓜5种叶片图像,然后进行分割。该分割算法在晴天和阴天总体的平均正确分类率为97.5%,平均错误分类率为0.3%,并且有较好的目标一致性和边缘清晰度。应用系统对叶片损伤程度的评价结果与手工分割比较,在晴天和阴天采集图像上的平均误差分别为2.340%和1.475%,可较好地应用于晴天和阴天环境。该方法可探索应用于田间植物叶片损伤程度评价。     

补光时间及光质对温室甜椒生长及产量品质的影响

为确定LED补光调节温室甜椒(Capsium annuum L.)产量品质的最优光质及补光时长,以甜椒品种"奥黛丽"为试材,设置红光(R)和蓝光(B)组合(灯珠个数比)2∶1(2R1B)、4∶1(4R1B)、8∶1(8R1B)3种光质,2 (18:00-20:00)、4(18:00-22:00)和8 h(18:00-02:00)3个补光时间;以不补光为对照,研究补光时间及光质对甜椒生长、产量及品质的影响。结果表明:光质与补光时间对甜椒植株的影响有较大差异,且两者交互作用显著。2R1B光质补光2 h,冠层宽、可溶性蛋白含量、可溶性糖含量、维生素C含量最大,显著高于对照;补光4 h茎粗最大,显著高于对照;补光8 h,硝酸盐含量最低,比对照降低19.4%。4R1B光质补光2 h,株高、根鲜质量、地上部、根及全株干质量最高,显著高于对照;补光8 h,叶面积、单株果实数及单株产量最高,显著高于对照。8R1B光质补光2 h,叶绿素相对含量SPAD(soil and plant analyzer development)值及糖酸比最高,显著高于对照;补光8 h,地上部及全株鲜质量最高,显著高于对照。利用隶属函数法对所有补光处理的产量品质指标及用电量等进行综合评价,由综合得分排序得出,最有利于甜椒栽培的前3种补光组合依次为光质8R1B补光2 h、光质4R1B补光8 h和光质8R1B补光8 h。因此,光质8R1B补光2 h可以作为最适宜当地甜椒栽培的补光组合,该研究结果为日光温室甜椒种植的光调控技术提供理论参考。     

Boron Toxicity Alters Nitrate Reductase Activity,Proline Accumulation,Membrane Permeability,and Mineral Constituents of Tomato and Pepper Plants

ABSTRACT

Boron (B) toxicity is an important disorder that can limit plant growth on soils of arid and semi arid environments throughout the world. Although of considerable agronomic importance, our understanding of B toxicity is rather fragmented and limited. The effects of increasing levels of B (0, 0.5, 5, 50 mg kg^{? 1}) on plant growth, proline accumulation, membrane permeability, nitrate reductase activity (NRA), and mineral nutrient interactions of tomato and pepper plants were investigated in greenhouse conditions. Increasing levels of B increased the B contents of plants. Boron toxicity symptoms occurred at 5 and 50 mg kg^{? 1} levels. Fresh and dry weights of the plants clearly decreased with the application of the 50 mg kg^{? 1} level of B. Membrane permeability and proline accumulation were significantly increased by the 50 mg kg^{? 1} level of B. Nitrate reductase activity of tomato plants was increased with increasing levels of B. With the exception of potassium (K) and calcium (Ca) in pepper and magnesium (Mg) in tomato, B treatments significantly affected nutrient concentrations of tomato and pepper. Except for sulfur (S) and Ca in tomato, the highest rate of B applied increased the N, phosphorus (P), and K concentrations of tomato and N, P, Mg, and S concentrations of pepper.