有机种植业土壤线虫群落特征的调查研究

为揭示有机种植对土壤线虫群落特征的影响,在2013—2014年期间,对华东、华中和西部地区9个样点的有机种植和常规种植的土壤进行了线虫群落的比较研究。在所有调查样点中,共鉴定出线虫27科57属。有机种植条件下,土壤线虫总数平均为1 037条/100 g干土,显著高于常规种植(748条/100 g干土),食细菌线虫的数量显著高于常规。食细菌线虫头叶属(Cephalobus)和真头叶属(Eucephalobus),食真菌线虫滑刃属(Aphelenchoides)和丝尾垫刃属(Filenchus)为有机种植业的共有线虫属。从土壤线虫的生态指数来看,有机种植的瓦斯乐斯卡指数(WI)1,线虫通道指数(NCR)0.5,表明有机农业的土壤呈相对健康的状态且腐屑食物网的分解途径主要依靠细菌。其他生态指数在有机和常规农业之间没有显著差异。土壤理化性质与线虫数量、WI指数和成熟度指数MI、PPI之间存在明显的相关关系。     

土壤线虫群落对过量施用农用化学品的响应

为研究施用过量的农用化学品对土壤线虫群落组成及多样性的影响,采用定点试验的方法,在哈尔滨市呼兰区选择典型农田生态系统进行试验,对比研究土壤线虫群落对施用过量的氮肥、磷肥、钾肥、除草剂及杀虫剂的响应。在试验田中共鉴定出土壤线虫27科45属,其中Cephalobus和Aphelenchus为优势属。施用不同浓度的各类农用化学品对土壤线虫群落组成、多样性均产生一定影响。线虫总数及食细菌线虫、食真菌线虫、植物寄生线虫数量在不同处理间均存在显著差异(P<0.05);其中,植物寄生线虫的相对丰度随化肥施用量的升高呈增加趋势。从土壤线虫的生态指数来看,除PPI(植物寄生线虫成熟指数)外,其他生态指数[MI(成熟度指数)、F/B(食真菌线虫与食细菌线虫数量比值)、Evenness(均匀度指数)、SR(丰富度指数)、H’(多样性指数)]在施用不同农用化学品处理之间也存在显著差异,并且,MI随着施用钾肥、氮肥浓度的增加而降低。土壤线虫可以作为揭示施用农用化学品过程中土壤质量变化的生物学指标,其群落及多样性的变化表明土壤线虫群落对农用化学品的过量施用产生了响应,过量施用农用化学品会增加土壤生态系统的干扰,对土壤环境造成威胁。     

连作年限对香蕉园土壤线虫群落结构及多样性的影响

为研究连作对蕉园土壤生态系统的影响,以海南香蕉种植区为例,采集不同连作年限(l a、3 a、5 a、7a、10 a和15 a)蕉园土壤,采用线虫形态学鉴定方法,分析了不同连作年限蕉园土壤线虫群落结构及多样性的变化规律。结果表明:整个生育期不同连作年限地块共发现土壤线虫属45个。苗期随连作年限增加线虫总数、食细菌线虫数量和食真菌线虫数量逐渐降低(15 a除外);营养生长期随连作年限增加线虫总数、食细菌线虫数量和食真菌线虫数量先增加后降低;抽蕾期随连作年限增加线虫总数和食细菌线虫数量先增加后降低,食真菌线虫数量逐渐降低。整个生长季,随着连作年限增加植物寄生线虫数量先增加后降低。苗期、营养生长期和成熟期,随着连作年限增加捕食/杂食线虫数量逐渐降低。苗期和抽蕾期的线虫总数显著高于营养生长期和成熟期。苗期的食真菌线虫数量和营养生长期的植物寄生线虫数量显著低于其他各生长时期。苗期和营养生长期的捕食/杂食线虫数量显著低于抽蕾期和成熟期。苗期随连作年限增加,优势度指数(λ)先增加后降低,香农多样性指数(H)和植物寄生线虫成熟度指数(PPI)逐渐增加,瓦斯乐斯卡指数(WI)和通路指数(NCR)逐渐降低;营养生长期随连作年限增加,λ先增加后降低,NCR和PPI逐渐增加,H、自由生活线虫成熟度指数(MI)和WI逐渐降低;抽蕾期随连作年限增加,λ先增加后降低,NCR和PPI逐渐增加,H和WI逐渐降低;成熟期随连作年限增加,H和MI逐渐降低,PPI逐渐增加。从整个生育期来看,随生长时间推移,H逐渐增加,λ逐渐降低,苗期和营养生长期的MI低于抽蕾期和成熟期,苗期和成熟期的WI低于营养生长期和抽蕾期。本研究显示,土壤线虫群落结构可有效反映连作蕉园土壤的健康状况,土壤线虫可作为土壤中重要的指示生物。     

设施菜地种植年限对土壤理化性质和生物学特征的影响

【目的】 研究分析北京郊区不同种植年限设施菜地的土壤生态环境、土壤理化性状、土壤微生物数量、土壤线虫群落结构的差异,为不同种植年限设施菜地土壤管理提供科学依据。 【方法】 以露地土壤为对照 (CK),采集种植 3年、5年、8年和 12年的0—30 cm设施蔬菜土壤样品,采用常规土壤理化性质检测方法测定了土壤的理化性状,采用荧光定量法和线虫形态学鉴定方法,分析土壤细菌、真菌数量以及土壤线虫群落组成。 【结果】 随种植年限增加,设施菜地土壤容重和pH值均明显下降,总孔隙度、EC值、SO₄2–、Ca2+、有机碳、NH₄+-N、NO₃–-N含量均持续升高。与CK相比,种植年限 3年、5年、8年、12年的样地土壤细菌和真菌的数量均显著增加 (P < 0.05)。随种植年限增加,根结线虫属 ( Meloidogyne)、螺旋属 (Helicotylenchus)、异皮属 (Heterodera) 丰度逐渐增加;土壤线虫密度、植物寄生性线虫丰度显著增加 (P < 0.05),而食细菌、食真菌、杂食/捕食线虫丰度逐渐降低。线虫群落的多样性 H′、SR指数和均匀性J′ 指数均呈现出先增加后降低趋势,与CK相比,种植年限 12年样地的指标值显著降低 (P < 0.05)。所有种植样地NCR > 0.5,表明样地土壤食物网以食细菌通道为主,土壤有机质以细菌分解途径为主。WI、MI指数逐渐降低,而PPI指数表现出相反的趋势,其中种植年限12年样地WI < 1,这表明土壤矿化途径转变为以植物到植食性线虫为主要参与者,土壤生态系统受干扰程度逐渐增强,土壤健康状况变差。土壤环境因子与土壤生物数量间的冗余分析表明,土壤pH 、总孔隙度、容重、EC值、有机碳、SO ₄2–、NH₄+-N、NO₃–-N是影响细菌、真菌和线虫数量的关键因子,不同种植年限设施菜地由于改变这些因素而影响土壤生物群落组成。 【结论】 连续种植导致京郊设施菜地盐分含量显著升高、养分失衡、土壤酸化。理化性状的变化改变了细菌和真菌数量,进而导致土壤线虫总数、植物寄生性线虫比率逐渐增加,尤其根结线虫属比率增加显著,食细菌、真菌和杂食/捕食线虫比率逐渐降低。以种植12年后的土壤受干扰程度最大,土壤微生态失衡最严重。      

蚓粪和益生菌配施对设施番茄地土壤线虫群落的影响

为探究蚓粪和益生菌互作对大棚番茄地土壤线虫数量和群落结构的影响,设置CF(单施化肥)、CF+BM(化肥配施巨大芽孢杆菌)、CF+BA(化肥配施解淀粉芽孢杆菌)、VC(单施蚓粪)、VC+BM(蚓粪配施巨大芽孢杆菌)和VC+BA(蚓粪配施解淀粉芽孢杆菌)6个处理。结果表明:与单施化肥相比,单施蚓粪有助于土壤线虫数量的提高,而蚓粪配施益生菌相比单施蚓粪对线虫数量的提高更加显著;化肥配施益生菌在盛花期时对土壤线虫数量提高不显著,收获期时有显著提高但效果不及蚓粪配施益生菌。单施化肥或蚓粪提高了植食性线虫短体属(Pratylenchus)的相对丰度,且单施蚓粪提高幅度显著高于单施化肥。与单施化肥相比,单施蚓粪显著降低了食细菌线虫比例,而化肥配施益生菌显著降低了食细菌线虫和植食性线虫比例,增加了食真菌线虫比例。蚓粪配施益生菌相比单施蚓粪显著增加了食细菌和食真菌线虫比例,降低了植食性和捕杂食性线虫比例。与单施化肥或蚓粪相比,蚓粪配施益生菌对瓦斯乐斯卡指数(WI)、食真菌线虫与食细菌线虫比率(F/B)和植食性线虫成熟指数(PPI)均能够产生积极影响,且效果优于化肥配施益生菌。综合比较可以发现,与单施化肥或蚓粪相比,蚓粪配施益生菌能够减缓植食性线虫增长,土壤环境和线虫群落趋于健康和稳定,是值得推荐的施肥方式。     

生物炭基肥施用对棉田土壤线虫群落结构的影响

为比较生物炭基肥、生物质炭施用以及常规施肥对棉田土壤线虫群落结构的影响设置棉花田间试验。试验处理为常规施肥(CK)、生物炭基肥+常规追肥(T+C)、生物炭基肥+木醋液追肥(T+M)、生物质炭+常规追肥(SWT)。采用浅盘法分离土壤线虫,用显微镜进行数量统计和种类鉴定,计算多样性生态指数。棉田各施肥处理土壤线虫密度范围为175～334 ind/100 g,表现为T+CT+MCKSWT。CK处理主要线虫优势属为螺旋属Helicotylenchus;T+C处理的线虫优势属为原杆属Protorhabditis、螺旋属Helicotylenchus和针属Paratylenchus,T+M处理的线虫优势属为原杆属Protorhabditis和螺旋属Helicotylenchus,SWT处理的线虫优势属为原杆属Protorhabditis和真头叶属Eucephalobus。所获得的土壤线虫隶属于35个属,添加生物炭基肥提高了土壤线虫总数量、食细菌性线虫数量、食真菌性线虫数量和杂食-捕食性线虫数量,抑制了植食性线虫数量,并且提高了线虫的多样性指数(H)、均匀度指数(J)和瓦斯乐斯卡指数(WI);T+C和T+M处理的植物寄生线虫成熟指数(PPI)高于CK处理;SWT的植物寄生线虫成熟指数(PPI)低于CK处理。添加生物炭基肥增加了线虫数量,提高了食细菌线虫和食真菌线虫丰度。     

麦地土壤线虫群落结构对有机肥和秸秆还田的响应

通过猪粪有机肥的施用和秸秆还田,研究其对农田土壤线虫数量、属的种类及群落结构的影响。田间试验处理为CK(不施肥对照)、HF(施化肥)、ZH(猪粪堆肥 化肥)、JHB(秸秆 化肥 秸秆伴侣)、ZHJ(猪粪堆肥 化肥 秸秆)、ZDH(猪粪堆肥有机无机复合肥 化肥)6个处理。结果表明：在6个施肥处理中共鉴定出4目11科22属线虫,其中食细菌线虫9属,食真菌线虫5属,植食线虫4属,杂食-捕食线虫4属。JHB、ZHJ和ZDH处理的土壤线虫数量显著高于CK和HF处理,而HF与CK处理之间没有显著差异;化肥、有机肥和秸秆配施可以增加食细菌线虫的丰度,抑制植食线虫垫刃属和螺旋属的繁殖;除了ZDH外,其他4个处理的植食线虫丰度明显低于CK。 JHB、ZHJ和ZDH的线虫通路比值(NCR)显著高于CK,表明有机管理的农田土壤腐屑食物网的分解途径主要依靠细菌分解途径。CK、JHB、ZHJ和ZDH的的成熟指数(MI)显著高于HF,表明单施化肥对土壤环境干扰较大。多样性指数(H′)、优势度指数(λ)、均匀度指数(J) 和瓦斯乐斯卡指数(WI)在6个处理中均没有显著差异。在6个施肥处理中,均以c-p 2类群的土壤线虫比例最高,其次是c-p 3-5,c-p 1类群比例最低。通过线虫营养类群、群落结构及生态指数综合分析得出,JHB和ZHJ为最佳施肥方式。     

沿海区土壤线虫对海水入侵土壤盐渍化的响应

在2013年对大连市大魏家镇海水入侵污染区域进行了土壤理化性质和线虫群落调查,在此基础上,应用线虫多样性指数和功能类群指数研究海水入侵土壤盐渍化以及不同土地利用方式对土壤线虫群落结构的影响。研究期间共鉴定出土壤线虫30科48个属。其中食细菌类群的比例最高,共17属,占总数42.81%;其次为杂食/捕食类群,共9个属,占总数25.26%。优势属为Plectus。结果显示:海水入侵已造成该地区土壤盐渍化;土壤盐分与线虫生态指数SR、f/b、NCR、PPI、MI、PPI/MI、PP%、FF%、BF%和OP%存在显著的相关关系;土地利用方式、土壤盐分对线虫群落的生态指数影响显著,是影响该地区土壤线虫群落结构的主要因素。通过开展土壤线虫对海水入侵土壤盐渍化响应的研究,为促进沿海受海水污染区土壤生态系统的健康发展提供科学依据。     

设施菜地长期施肥对土壤线虫群落结构和多样性的影响

基于设施菜田肥料定位试验地,研究了长期施用化肥对土壤线虫群落结构及多样性的影响,为设施蔬菜的合理施肥和可持续生产提供理论依据。研究期间,共鉴定土壤线虫38个属,其中假海矛属(Pseudhalenchus)、短体属(Pratylenchus)和真滑刃属(Aphelenchus)为优势属。长期施用化肥显著增加各研究土层的线虫总数,并改变线虫的群落结构。长期施化肥对0～10 cm土层线虫各生态指数的影响不显著。在10～20 cm和20～40 cm土层,长期施用化肥显著提高食真菌与食细菌线虫比例(F/B)而降低线虫通路比值(NCR),表明其促进以食真菌为主的腐屑食物网分解通道;其显著提高优势度指数(λ)而降低香农指数(H)'、均匀度指数(J)和丰富度指数(SR),表明长期施用化肥导致土壤线虫多样性降低。土壤线虫可以作为评价施肥对土壤质量影响的生物指标。     

施用化学农药对大豆田土壤线虫群落的影响

针对大豆生长期内单一与复合施用乙草胺和呋喃丹对土壤线虫群落结构的影响进行研究。研究结果表明,乙草胺和呋喃丹单一与复合处理中土壤线虫的数量在各采样时期之间、处理之间及二者的交互作用之间均呈现极显著差异(P<0.01);在大豆生长的不同时期,线虫各营养类群的数量受到不同程度的抑制。对线虫生态指数的分析结果表明,乙草胺单一处理对线虫的丰富度表现出促进效应,而呋喃丹单一处理和二者复合处理对线虫丰富度表现出抑制效应;各处理均显著降低了线虫的总成熟度指数(ΣMI),表明线虫群落受到扰动,食物网受到胁迫。     

桂西北喀斯特地区不同土地利用类型土壤抗蚀性研究

土壤抗蚀性是反映土壤抵抗侵蚀能力的重要参数之一,是土壤侵蚀研究的重要内容。本文选取土壤有机质、水稳性团聚体、团聚体结构破坏率、团聚状况、团聚度、分散率和<0.05 mm粉黏粒含量等7个指标,通过单因素方差分析及主成分分析,探讨了桂西北喀斯特地区5种不同土地利用类型土壤抗蚀性的差异。结果表明:原生林和次生林土壤有机质含量显著(P<0.05)高于撂荒地、坡耕地和人工林,撂荒地土壤有机质含量较坡耕地和人工林高,但差异不显著。原生林、次生林及撂荒地土壤>0.25 mm水稳性团聚体总量及团聚状况显著高于坡耕地及人工林,但其土壤团聚体结构破坏率及分散率显著低于坡耕地;人工林土壤团聚体结构破坏率显著高于次生林,但与原生林、撂荒地和坡耕地差异不显著;人工林土壤分散率则与坡耕地类似,显著低于原生林、次生林及撂荒地;原生林、次生林土壤团聚度与撂荒地、坡耕地差异不显著,但显著高于人工林;次生林、撂荒地及人工林<0.05 mm粉黏粒含量与原生林、坡耕地差异不显著,但坡耕地土壤<0.05 mm粉黏粒含量显著高于原生林。由主成分分析综合评分得到土壤抗蚀性强弱顺序为:原生林>次生林>撂荒地>坡耕地>人工林。因此,喀斯特地区人为干扰严重降低了土壤的抗蚀性,耕地通过撂荒方式能够提高土壤抗蚀性。     

施用化肥对下辽河平原稻田土壤线虫群落产生的影响

通过田间小区试验,研究了施用化肥对下辽河平原稻田土壤线虫群落组成产生的影响。结果表明,共获得15科、19属,其中绕线属、小杆属、垫刃属为优势属。线虫总数、食细菌线虫、植物寄生线虫和杂食-捕食线虫数量在不同处理之间存在极显著差别(p<0.01),三个施肥处理中的线虫总数显著高于无肥处理(对照)。在水稻收获后土壤线虫数量变化对不同种类肥料具有不同的响应。     

长期施用有机肥对红壤旱地土壤线虫群落的影响

基于红壤旱地(玉米)的长期施肥试验,研究长期施用有机肥对土壤线虫分布特征及群落结构的影响。田间试验处理包括:CK(对照)、ON1(低量有机肥)、ON2(高量有机肥)和ON2L(高量改良有机肥)。结果表明,施肥8a后,红壤旱地中共鉴定出15科、29属土壤线虫,包括8属植物寄生线虫、9属食细菌线虫、3属食真菌性线虫和9属捕食杂食性线虫,短体属(Pratylenchus)、小杆属(Rhabditis)和原杆属(Pro-torhabditis)为优势属。不同施肥处理中,土壤线虫总数的大小顺序为ON2>ON1>ON2L>CK。线虫群落生态指数对于施用有机肥有不同的响应:除SI外,其他虫群落生态指数均有显著差异,通过线虫群落结构的变化很好地反映了土壤的肥力变化状况,土壤线虫可以作为施有机肥过程中指示土壤健康质量的一个重要的生物学指标。     

Effects of organic,low input,conventional management practices on soil nematode community under greenhouse conditions

A comparative study of organic, low input, conventional vegetable greenhouse systems was conducted to assess the effect of management practices on the soil nematode community. Bacterivores were the most dominant trophic group in all three systems with a mean proportion of over 80%, followed by omnivore-carnivores. In general, organic management practices increased the abundance of total nematodes, bacterivores, fungivores, and omnivore-carnivores in comparison with low input and conventional management practices. Though inhibitory effects of plant feeders were found in organic and low input systems, these effects were more evident in organic systems. However, small differences were observed in the composition of trophic groups and fauna analysis. All three systems displayed enriched soil conditions and structured food webs. We inferred that the bottom-up effect resulting from organic input in the soil food web may play a more important role than the disruption effects under our high input greenhouse conditions. The Shannon index (H′) and genus dominance (λ) suggested that in greenhouse conditions, excessive manure input would cause a decrease in nematode diversity but increase the dominance, particularly for enrichment opportunists. We concluded that management practices under greenhouse conditions were more influential on nematode biomass (including trophic groups) than community structure.     

栽培对黑土线虫营养群体的空间分布的影响

Geostatistics combined with GIS was applied to assess the spatial distribution of nematode trophic groups following two contrasting soil uses in the black soil region of Northeast China.Two plots,one with fallow for 12 years and the other cultivated,were marked on regular square grids with 2-m spacing.Soil samples were collected from each sampling point,nematodes were extracted from these samples and classified into four trophic groups:bacterivores,fungivores,plant parasites,and omnivores/predators.The numbers of total nematodes and trophic groups analyzed had normal distributions on both fallow and cultivated plots.The absolute abundances of total nematodes and trophic groups were observed to be much nore homogeneous on cultivated plot than on fallow one.Geostatistical analysis showed that the densities of total nematodes and trophic groups on both fallow and cultivated plots exhibited spatial dekpendence at the sampled scale and their experimental semivariograms were adjusted to a spherical or exponential model,except those of bacterivores and fungivores oncultivated plot.The spatial distribution of nematode trophic groups was found to be different for the two land uses,indicating that cultivation changed the native condition for soil nematode activities.     

Cattle grazing increases microbial biomass and alters soil nematode communities in subtropical pastures

This study focused on examining the impacts of cattle grazing on belowground communities and soil processes in humid grasslands. Multiple components in the soil communities were examined in heavily grazed and ungrazed areas of unimproved and improved bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge) pastures in south-central Florida. By using small (1-m×1-m) sampling plots, we were able to detect critical differences in nematode communities, microbial biomass, and mineralized C and N, resulting from the patchy grazing pattern of cattle. Soil samples were collected on three occasions between June 2002 and June 2003. Microbial C and N were greater (P?0.01) in grazed than in ungrazed plots on all sampling dates. Effects of grazing varied among nematode genera. Most genera of colonizer bacterivores were decreased (P?0.10) by grazing, but more persistent bacterivores such as Euteratocephalus and Prismatolaimus were increased, as were omnivores and predators. Higher numbers of persisters indicated that grazing resulted in a more structured nematode community. Some herbivores, particularly Criconematidae, were decreased by grazing. Abundance of omnivores, predators, and especially fungivores were strongly associated with C mineralization potential. Strong correlation of microbial C and N with nematode canonical variables composed of five trophic groups illustrates important links between nematode community structure and soil microbial resources. Including the analysis of nematode trophic groups with soil microbial responses reveals detection of grazing impact deeper into the hierarchy of the decomposition process in soil, and illustrates the complexity of responses to grazing in the soil foodweb. Although highly sensitive to grazing impacts, small-scale sampling could not be used to generalize the overall impact of cattle grazing in large-scale pastures, which might be determined by the intensity and grazing patterns of various stocking densities at the whole pasture level.     

Short-term effects of different tillage in a sustainable farming system on nematode community structure

This study investigated the effects of different tillage practices on the nematode community structure. The different tillage systems were: untilled control, conventional deep plough, two-layer plough and cultivator. Sampling was carried out in a field experiment at Wörrstadt-Rommersheim (Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany) in order to study the effects of these tillage systems in a sustainable farming system. Soil samples were taken every 3?months from June 1994 to March 1995 and divided into two depths of 0–10 and 10–20?cm in order to study the vertical distribution of nematode density and community structure. Nematode density was significantly reduced after the first tillage. The second tillage had no effect on the nematode density, whereas the nematode community structure was strongly influenced on both structural (taxonomic) and functional (trophic group, life strategy) level. After tillage, the density of plant parasitic nematodes decreased and the density and dominance of bacterivorous nematodes increased. In the tilled plots, and especially in the cultivator and the two-layer plough plot, the nematode community was dominated by bacterial feeders, whereas, in the untilled control, plant feeders were more dominant. Our results showed that the nematode Maturity Index and Plant Parasite Index are suitable for indicating immediate tillage effects on the nematode community.     

Effect of compost and chemical fertilizer on soil nematode community in a Chinese maize field

Nematode density and biodiversity in maize field soil treated with compost, chemical fertilizer and with no amendments were investigated in a multi-year field experiment at the Qu-Zhou experimental station, China Agricultural University. The soils were collected from the upper (0–20 cm) soil layer during the maize growing stages in 2004. The results demonstrated that significant differences for the total nematode density, bacterivores, fungivores, plant parasites and omnivores-predators density were found between treatments and between dates. The total nematode density and bacterivores density were greater in compost-treated soil than in chemical fertilizer-treated soil, and were greater in chemical fertilizer-treated soil than in control soil during all sampling periods. The total nematodes density ranged from 106 to 657 individuals per 100 g dry soil in the present study. Total 40 nematode genera were found in all treatments and sampling periods, and 12 genera were bacterivores, 4 genera were fungivores, 16 genera were plant parasites and 8 genera were omnivores-predators. Cephalobus, Rhabditis, Tylenchorhynchus, Pratylenchus, Helicotylenchus and Rotylenchus were dominant genera in present study. The plant parasites and bacterivores were dominant trophic groups. The ratio of bacterivores plus fungivores to plant parasites was higher in compost-treated soil compared to chemical fertilizer-treated soil except October. Maturity index and combined maturity index were lower in compost-treated soil compared to chemical fertilizer-treated and control soil except July. The plant parasite index was higher in compost-treated soil compared to chemical fertilizer-treated soil except July. The multi-year application of compost and chemical fertilizer had effected on soil nematode population density and community structure.     

Recovery of soil nematode populations from cropping stress by natural secondary succession to meadow land

The spectrum and densities of soil nematode species were studied in an extensively managed sub-thermophilous meadow and in conventionally managed and abandoned fallow fields left to natural succession. In the meadow, 115 species and 71 genera of soil nematodes were found and the total mean nematode abundance was 1019×10³ individuals/m². The dominant feeding groups were root-fungal feeders (31%, mainly Filenchus), bacterivores (26%; variety of genera, mainly Panagrolaimus, Rhabditis, Acrobeloides, Bursilla, Plectus, Anaplectus, and Eucephalobus), and fungivores (16%, Aphelenchoides). The cultivated field had 66 species and 41 genera of nematodes and a mean nematode abundance of 546×10³ individuals/m². The eudominant trophic group was bacterivores (53%; mainly Panagrolaimus and Acrobeloides) accompanied by fungivores (28%, Aphelenchoides). During 2 years of natural succession in an abandoned field, the total mean nematode abundance rose to 938×10³ individuals/m², and the number of species and genera increased to 73 and 46, respectively. Omnivores (25%, Aporcelaimellus and Eudorylaimus), fungivores (24%, Aphelenchus) and bacterivores (21%, Eucephalobus and Panagrolaimus) became the leading trophic groups, and the values of the Shannon Index of diversity and the Maturity Index increased. The development of soil nematode populations in the early successional stages of abandoned cambisol fields in Central Europe is discussed.     

管理措施及土壤因子对5种农田生境地表蜘蛛群落多样性的影响

以往的研究表明有机管理有利于生物多样性保护,但在不同农业生境类型中是否都存在这个结论呢?基于此问题,本研究在一个多生境的有机管理农场与一个相邻的多生境常规集约化管理农区,采用陷阱法进行蜘蛛取样,对比有机和常规管理措施下大棚菜地、果园、稻田田埂、露天田块及农田边界等5种生境类型的农田蜘蛛多样性的差异,并分析土壤因子对蜘蛛多样性的影响。研究发现:1)有机管理与常规管理的蜘蛛物种数没有显著差异,但有机管理的果园中蜘蛛个体数比常规管理的果园中多139%,且差异显著。同一管理措施下,仅常规管理农田区的农田边界蜘蛛个体数和物种数分别显著高于其他生境均值104%和59%。2)有机管理农场比常规管理农田的蜘蛛物种组成差异略大,且在有机管理下不同生境间的蜘蛛群落组成差异更明显。3)土壤因子中有机质、全氮、全磷含量等对蜘蛛群落结构有显著影响,但对蜘蛛个体数和物种数没有显著影响,仅土壤Cu含量和蜘蛛个体数呈显著负相关。在本研究中虽然有机管理和土壤因子对蜘蛛多样性有一定影响,但不同生境间管理强度、植被结构等差异对蜘蛛多样性的影响更大。因此,发展多种农业生境类型的有机农业可提升物种β多样性。同时,在常规集约化管理农区,保留农田边界等半自然生境、适当减少化肥和农药等投入、降低农田内部的管理强度、防止土壤重金属污染等措施均有助于保护蜘蛛多样性。