带可调导叶的双向潜水贯流泵装置水力性能

为提高双向潜水贯流泵装置正反向运行时的水力性能,该研究提出在叶轮前后布置可调导叶,并通过模型试验和数值模拟的方法研究其水力性能,对比灯泡前置和灯泡后置性能差异.研究结果表明:采用可调导叶的双向潜水贯流泵装置兼顾正、反向性能,灯泡前置和后置最优导叶角度分别为12°和20°,最高效率分别为67.9％和66.5％,最高效率点...     

叶片厚度对轴流泵性能影响及内部流场分析

为研究叶片厚度对轴流泵性能影响及其内部流场变化规律,该文采用圆弧法和流线法进行比转速550、转速2900r/min的QY90-4.4-1.5型潜水轴流泵水力模型设计,完成产品开发及样机型式试验。通过加厚叶轮叶片进行对比试验,阐明泵流量—扬程、流量—轴功率和流量—效率曲线产生差别的原因。采用计算流体动力学(CFD)方法进行叶片厚度对流场影响的数值计算,得到最优工况叶片表面相对速度分布和不同工况叶片表面静压分布。经过分析,阐明薄叶片总体性能优于厚叶片,但抗汽蚀性能可能劣于厚叶片。厚叶片翼型脱流、叶片进出口出现回流及二次流情况更为严重,水力损失较大,是泵效率等性能参数偏低的主要原因。     

不同前缘后掠角的双叶片污水泵性能模拟与试验

为了研究前缘后掠角对前伸式双叶片污水泵水力性能的影响规律并大幅提高泵效率,基于某一款典型的前伸式双叶片污水泵(WQ800-40-132),设计了4个不同的叶轮模型,其前缘后掠角分别为60°、100°、140°、180°。利用ICEM CFD 14.5软件对计算模型进行结构化网格划分,采用Ansys CFX 14.5软件对网格模型进行基于标准k-ε湍流模型和可缩放壁面函数的全流场数值模拟,分别从泵的外特性及内流场分析了前缘后掠角对泵性能的影响规律,结果发现:随着前缘后掠角的增加,扬程流量曲线趋于平坦,轴功率则不断增大,最高效率点向大流量工况方向偏移;在大流量工况下(1.2Qn,Qn为设计流量),前缘后掠角的增大会导致进口前缘外周边的叶片工作面处出现回流,并在前缘上方形成旋涡,造成较大的水力损失。通过对数值模拟与样机试验的结果对比,发现模拟值与试验值有较小的差别,但整体趋势基本相同。该文的研究结果对双叶片污水泵的优化设计具有较好的参考价值。     

双向潜水贯流泵装置性能试验与数值分析

该文针对城市防洪排涝泵站的特点,研发了2套双向潜水贯流泵装置,并采用CFD(computational fluid dynamics)技术计算了双向潜水贯流泵装置的内流场,分析了灯泡体段对泵装置正反向运行的影响,包括灯泡体段的水力损失、导叶体内部的流态及"S"形叶轮的水力性能,并经试验验证分析了数值计算结果的有效性。计算结果表明,反向运行时导叶体内部流态较好,反向运行工况优于正向运行;正向运行工况流量为4和5m3/s时,导叶体内均出现涡旋;灯泡体支撑件对"S"形叶轮的水力性能影响极小,但对泵装置水力性能影响较大;正向工况时"S"形叶轮所受轴向力小于反向工况。通过泵装置模型性能试验比较了2套泵装置的综合水力特性指标,并给出了供参考的潜水贯流泵装置的结构尺寸,其中导叶体扩散角为3°,灯泡体长度为2.43D、灯泡体直径为0.46D、泵装置总长为13.45D(D为叶轮名义直径),灯泡体采用流线型尾部及5片支撑件。     

斜流泵叶轮水力径向力的数值模拟与试验验证

该文采用数值分析法研究了斜流泵叶轮的水力径向力变化规律,通过数值模拟准确地预测了斜流泵的水力性能,扬程预测误差在4.4%以内。通过数值分析获得了斜流泵叶轮的瞬态水力径向力数据,均匀进口条件下,叶轮的瞬态水力径向力均值几乎为零。对瞬态水力径向力进行傅里叶分析,获得其在频域内的分布,结果显示,当工况从0.6倍设计流量点变至0.4倍设计流量点时,1倍和4倍轴频下的径向力突然增大,叶轮的水力不平衡和动静干涉中的叶片通过激励增强了上述频率下的水力径向力数值。流场分析显示,在小流量工况时,叶轮与导叶体之间的回流涡旋完全占据了泵内流道空间。进一步的压力脉动分析证实,在小流量工况下,动静干涉中的叶片通过激励显著增大了叶轮与导叶之间测试点的压力脉动幅值。     

斜流泵叶轮水力径向力的数值模拟与试验验证（英文）

该文采用数值分析法研究了斜流泵叶轮的水力径向力变化规律,通过数值模拟准确地预测了斜流泵的水力性能,扬程预测误差在4.4%以内。通过数值分析获得了斜流泵叶轮的瞬态水力径向力数据,均匀进口条件下,叶轮的瞬态水力径向力均值几乎为零。对瞬态水力径向力进行傅里叶分析,获得其在频域内的分布,结果显示,当工况从0.6倍设计流量点变至0.4倍设计流量点时,1倍和4倍轴频下的径向力突然增大,叶轮的水力不平衡和动静干涉中的叶片通过激励增强了上述频率下的水力径向力数值。流场分析显示,在小流量工况时,叶轮与导叶体之间的回流涡旋完全占据了泵内流道空间。进一步的压力脉动分析证实,在小流量工况下,动静干涉中的叶片通过激励显著增大了叶轮与导叶之间测试点的压力脉动幅值。     

轴流泵多工况优化设计及效果分析

为了提高轴流泵非设计工况的运行效率,拓宽轴流泵高效区范围,对轴流泵进行多工况优化设计。结合轴流泵段的模型试验,采用数值模拟手段和数值优化技术,改变叶轮的几何设计参数。对轴流泵叶片进行参数化建模,再对轴流泵叶轮结果进行泵段数值模拟。最后以轴流泵段3个流量工况点的加权平均效率最高,扬程为约束条件,改变轴流泵叶轮的设计参数,对轴流泵段进行多工况优化设计。研究结果表明:优化后轴流泵段效率曲线较初始泵段明显变宽,其中小流量工况点效率提高约2.6%,设计工况点效率提高约0.5%,大流量工况点效率提高最多,约7.4%,而对于扬程变化范围较小,各工况点扬程均能满足运行要求,大大降低了运行成本,缩短了优化设计的周期。同时采用CFD计算的学科分析方式,结合试验研究的手段取代人工凭经验的优化方式,证实了轴流泵段多工况优化设计的可靠性、高效性。该研究将为泵站的高效运行和轴流泵的多工况优化设计提供参考。     

轴流泵装置导叶出口水流速度环量对出水流道水力损失的影响

为了定量研究大型泵装置导叶出口水流的速度环量对出水流道水力性能的影响,提出了泵装置导叶出口断面水流的速度环量定量表示方法和平均角速度的测量方法,分别采用数值计算和模型试验的方法研究了导叶出口水流的剩余环量对虹吸式出水流道和直管式出水流道水力损失的影响。结果表明:导叶出口水流的环量对出水流道水力损失的影响较为明显,存在使出水流道水力损失最小的最优环量,虹吸式和直管式出水流道的最优环量分别为0.972和1.308 m2/s;虹吸式出水流道和直管式出水流道最优环量时的水力损失计算值较零环量时的水力损失计算值分别小0.126和0.180 m。研究结果不仅有助于改进低扬程泵装置出水流道的优化水力设计,同时对改进轴流泵导叶的优化水力设计也有重要意义。     

高比转速斜流泵内部非定常压力脉动特性

为了研究斜流泵叶轮和导叶的动静相干作用引起的内部压力脉动特性,该文基于标准k-ε模型,采用SIMPLEC算法和滑移网格技术,对高比转速斜流泵进行非定常数值模拟,分析了不同工况下的叶轮进出口、导叶中部和导叶出口等位置的压力脉动的时域和频域特性。通过定常计算的扬程、效率值与试验值进行对比,证明该计算方法和网格可以较准确地反映斜流泵内的流动特性。计算结果表明,斜流泵最大压力脉动发生在叶轮进口前,泵运行偏离最优工况越远,叶轮进口处压力系数幅值越大,在0.7Qopt工况时叶轮进口监测点P03的压力系数幅值约为最优工况的1.5倍;压力脉动主频为叶轮叶片通过频率。研究成果为揭示斜流泵内部压力脉动规律提供了一定的理论参考。     

进口管壁面轴向开槽消除轴流泵特性曲线驼峰

当轴流泵在小流量工况下运行时,由于叶轮进口的冲角增大,导致在叶轮内产生脱流等不稳定流动结构,降低泵的水力性能。该文采用计算流体动力学分析方法对轴流泵内部流场进行了研究,结果表明:该轴流泵的特性曲线存在明显的驼峰区域,在0.3到0.61倍最优流量工况区间,轴流泵的扬程和效率明显下降。在临界失速工况下(0.61倍最优流量工况),叶片吸力面前缘靠近轮缘处及叶片尾缘靠近轮毂处均出现了脱流;在深度失速工况下(0.45倍最优流量工况),脱流进一步发展,并与来流共同作用形成稳定的涡旋结构,阻塞整个流道。为了提高轴流泵在小流量工况下的水力性能,引入一种轴流泵进口管开槽技术,分析其对轴流泵内部流场的影响及驼峰的改善作用。结果表明:在小流量工况下,轴向开槽可以减小叶轮进口环量和冲角,可以减小叶片背部的脱流,轴流泵的驼峰得到明显的改善。开槽深度是改善轴流泵小流量工况下驼峰的重要因素之一,当槽深与叶轮直径比为0.02时,叶轮内的通道涡几乎完全消除,轴流泵深度失速工况点的扬程、效率分别提高了66%和32%,极大地改善了轴流泵的水力性能。沟槽数目越多,槽长越长,消除驼峰的能力越好,60个沟槽与2/3倍叶轮直径的槽长在其他参数相同的条件下消除驼峰的能力更强。该文可为避免轴流泵内部的失速流动以及消除水力性能曲线上的驼峰相关研究提供参考。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Aircraft operations near concentrations of birds in Antarctica: The development of practical guidelines

Aircraft operations have the potential to disturb and to impact negatively on bird life. A gradient of increasing behavioural response is evident in birds when exposed to increasing aircraft stimulus. The most major disturbance is likely to lead to impacts on the health, breeding performance and survival of individual birds, and perhaps bird colonies. A process of revision to policies on aircraft operations contained in management plans for a number of specially protected areas in Antarctica by the United Kingdom, accompanied by consultations made within the scientific community through the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and with operational interests through the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programmes (COMNAP) resulted in new guidelines being adopted by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties in June 2004. The principal recommendations of the guidelines are that bird colonies should not be overflown below 2000 ft (∼610 m) above ground level and landings within 1/2 nautical mile (∼930 m) of bird colonies should be avoided wherever possible. These guidelines are less stringent and less specific than those that were recommended by the SCAR specialist group on birds, and represent a compromise to accommodate operational needs. While the adoption of clear and consistent guidelines for the operation of aircraft in Antarctica is welcome in that this provides practical advice that is likely to reduce incidences of close aircraft/bird encounters, there remains insufficient knowledge of the interactions between aircraft and birds in Antarctica, and the consequent impacts on individual birds and on bird populations. It is important, therefore, that the guidelines adopted are considered interim, and should be kept under scrutiny with revisions made as new and improved research results appear.     

The abundance of heterocystous blue-green algae in rice soils and inocula used for application in rice fields

Summary Algal populations were quantified (as colony-forming units [CFU] per square centimetre) in 102 samples of rice soils from the Philippines, India, Malaysia and Portugal, and in 22 samples of soil-based inocula from four countries. Heterocystous blue-green algae (BGA) were present in all samples. Nostoc was the dominant genus in most samples, followed by Anabaena and Calothrix. In soils, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 1.0 × 10² to 8.0 × 10⁶ CFU/cm² (median 6.4 × 10⁴) and comprised, on average, 9% of the total CFU of algae. Their abundance was positively correlated with the pH and the available P content of the soils. In soil-based inocula, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 4.6 × 10⁴ to 2.8 × 10⁷ CFU/g dw (dry weight), comprising only a moderate fraction (average 13%) of the total algae. In most soils, the density of indigenous N₂-fixing BGA was usually higher than that attained by applying recommended rates of soil-based inoculum. Whereas research on the practical utilization of BGA has been mostly directed towards inoculation with foreign strains, our results suggest that attention should also be given to agricultural practices that enhance the growth of indigenous strains already adapted to local environmental conditions.Maître de Recherches ORSTOM (France), Visiting Scientist at IRRI