羊道沟流域侵蚀产沙模型原型选定问题

侵蚀的空间尺度不同,在建立土壤侵蚀模型时,要考虑由于空间变化所引起的侵蚀因子对侵蚀产沙响应的不同。土壤侵蚀模型在空间尺度上可以划分为坡面、小流域和区域三个不同层次。在坡面尺度上,主要考虑坡面侵蚀的垂直分带性及其相互影响;小流域尺度上,不但考虑坡面侵蚀的特点,还要考虑坡面来水来沙对沟道侵蚀产沙的影响、重力侵蚀及泥沙输移情况;在区域尺度上则主要考虑小流域各自的侵蚀产沙特点及其相互影响。通过分析国内外常用的不同尺度上的侵蚀产沙模型及其最新发展情况,并借鉴羊道沟流域研究的丰富经验,提出了羊道沟流域作为王家沟流域-侵蚀产沙单元的侵蚀产沙概念模型,为流域侵蚀产沙模型尺度之间转换提供借鉴。     

嘉陵江李子口小流域侵蚀产沙模型初探

到目前为止,国内外对土壤侵蚀产沙模型已经进行了大量的研究,建立了大量的土壤侵蚀产沙模型,从嘉陵江流域、李子口小流域的基本情况（尤其是水土流失现状）入手,结合长江流域侵蚀产沙模型研究情况,初步探讨了李子口小流域侵蚀产沙模型。     

不同空间尺度上侵蚀产沙模型研究

土壤侵蚀模型在空间尺度上可以划分为坡面、小流域和区域3个不同层次。在坡面尺度上,主要考虑坡面侵蚀的垂直分带性及其相互影响;小流域尺度上,不但考虑坡面侵蚀的特点,还要考虑坡面来水来沙对沟道侵蚀产沙的影响、重力侵蚀及泥沙输移情况;在区域尺度上则主要考虑小流域各自的侵蚀产沙特点及其相互影响。因侵蚀的空间尺度不同,在建立土壤侵蚀模型时,要考虑由于空间变化所引起的侵蚀因子对侵蚀产沙响应的不同。通过分析国内外常用的不同尺度上的侵蚀产沙模型及其最新发展情况,提出模型建立中存在的问题,可以为以后建立土壤侵蚀产沙模型提供借鉴。     

SWAT模型及其在农业面源污染研究中的应用

由于面源污染的不确定性和复杂性,数学模型成为分析与评估面源污染的重要手段,是面源污染研究的核心内容。SWAT模型是基于GIS基础上的一个具有很强物理机制的长时段的流域分布式水文模型,近些年来在面源污染方面得到了广泛和深入的应用。本文介绍了SWAT模型的发展概况其在国内外农业面源污染研究中应用动态。     

基于GIS的次降雨分布式土壤侵蚀模型构建——以晋西王家沟流域为例

利用野外试验小区观测与人工模拟降雨资料,在定量分析羊道沟小流域坡面—沟坡—沟道侵蚀产沙关系基础上,建立了羊道沟小流域侵蚀产沙模型。借助GIS技术,将王家沟小流域划分为40个沟间地、40个沟坡地及它们组成的40个子流域和一个输水输沙通道。通过对比分析每个子流域降雨、地貌、治理、植被覆盖、耕作措施和土壤6个主要侵蚀产沙影响因子与羊道沟小流域各因子的关系,得到王家沟各子流域相对于羊道沟小流域侵蚀产沙模型相应参数的修正系数,结合王家沟流域主沟道泥沙输移关系,建立了王家沟流域次降雨分布式侵蚀产沙模型。利用王家沟流域1963-1968年22次天然降雨资料,对模型进行检验,结果较为理想,预测精度达到55％。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区小流域水蚀预报模型构建

根据黄土丘陵沟壑区侵蚀产沙垂直分带性规律,提出小流域土壤侵蚀方式发生部位界定方法。基于黄土丘陵沟壑区侵蚀环境特点,设计了GIS支持下的小流域分布式水蚀预报模型结构,模型考虑的侵蚀过程包括雨滴击溅侵蚀、片蚀、细沟侵蚀、浅沟侵蚀、切沟侵蚀以及沟道侵蚀。同时。提出模型各模块的计算方法,根据动态物质平衡原理。完成了流域侵蚀产沙过程演算。     

国内主要流域侵蚀产沙模型评述

流域侵蚀产沙模型是国际土壤侵蚀研究的重点领域之一,国内以往进行了较多研究,建立了许多模型。正确分析和评价这些模型对于合理地使用它们进行流域侵蚀产沙预报和水土保持规划等工作具有重要意义。从研究方法、模型结构、模型中各参数的确定等方面对我国主要流域侵蚀产沙经验模型和具有一定成因的模型进行了分析,并在此基础上对各模型进行了评价。     

农业面源污染模型及其应用研究

论述了国内外农业面源污染模型的研究进展及应用现状,重点对几种常见农业面源污染模型进行分析比较,提出相关模型现存问题及解决措施,并同时对农业面源污染模型未来研究趋势进行展望。     

黄土区不同空间尺度土壤侵蚀预报模型研究

土壤侵蚀预报模型在空间尺度上可以划分为坡面、小流域和区域三个层次。坡面尺度主要考虑坡面侵蚀的垂直分带性及其相互影响;小流域尺度不但要考虑坡面侵蚀的特点,还要考虑坡面来水来沙对沟道侵蚀产沙及泥沙输移的影响;区域尺度主要考虑小流域各自的侵蚀产沙特点及其相互影响。因侵蚀的空间尺度不同,在建立土壤侵蚀模型时,要考虑由于空间变化所引起的侵蚀因子对侵蚀产沙响应的不同。     

国内坡面土壤侵蚀预报模型述评

坡面侵蚀预报模型的研究可加深对土壤侵蚀过程及其机理的认识，为坡面水土保持措施配置提供科学支持。我国坡面侵蚀预报模型研究大体可分为三个阶段：(1)利用主要水蚀区径流小区观测资料，基于美国通用土壤流失方程USLE(Universal Soil Loss Equation)建立坡面侵蚀预报统计模型研究；(2)结合黄土高原侵蚀特点，考虑陡坡地浅沟侵蚀，建立坡面侵蚀预报经验模型研究；(3)基于物理成因的坡面侵蚀预报模型研究。根据我国坡面侵蚀产沙的特殊性及地形的复杂性，提出建立我国坡面侵蚀预报模型应加强的研究领域，即浅沟侵蚀过程及机理、坡面薄层水流、细沟水流以及浅沟水流的水流剥离方程、坡面水沙汇集传递关系和陡坡地侵蚀过程模拟等研究。     

Using Cs measurements to validate the application of the AGNPS and ANSWERS erosion and sediment yield models in two small Devon catchments

Distributed erosion and sediment yield models are being increasingly used for predicting soil erosion and sediment yields in agricultural catchments. In most applications, validation of such models has commonly been restricted to comparison of the predicted and measured sediment output from a catchment, because spatially distributed information on rates and patterns of soil redistribution within the catchment has been lacking. However, such spatially distributed data are needed for rigorous model testing, in order to validate the internal functioning of a model and its applicability at different spatial scales. The study reported in this paper uses two approaches to test the performance of the agricultural non-point source pollution (AGNPS) and areal non-point source watershed environmental response simulation (ANSWERS) erosion and sediment yield models in two small catchments in Devon, UK. These involve, firstly, comparison of observed and predicted runoff and sediment output data for individual storm events monitored at the basin outlets and, secondly, information on the spatial pattern of soil redistribution within the catchments derived from ¹³⁷Cs measurements. The results obtained indicate that catchment outputs simulated by both models are reasonably consistent with the recorded values, although the AGNPS model appears to provide closer agreement between observed and predicted values. However, the spatial patterns of soil redistribution and the sediment delivery ratios predicted for the two catchments by the AGNPS and ANSWERS models differ significantly. Comparison of the catchment sediment delivery ratios and the pattern of soil redistribution in individual fields predicted by the models with equivalent information derived from ¹³⁷Cs measurements indicates that the AGNPS model provides more meaningful predictions of erosion and sediment yield under UK conditions than the ANSWERS model and emphasises the importance of using information on both catchment output and sediment redistribution within the catchment for model validation.     

Using the modified agricultural non-point source pollution model in German watersheds

The modified agricultural non-point source pollution model (AGNPSm) was used in this study to predict runoff volume, peak flow rate, and sediment yield in three different watersheds in Germany. It is a distributed parameter soil erosion model which uses simple approaches to hydrological and sediment calculations. Simulations were carried out in the Glonn G1 (1.2 km²), and Glonn G2 (1.6 km²), and the Salzboede (81.7 km²) watersheds in Germany. Runoff volume was predicted reliably in all three watersheds. Sediment yield predictions were excellent in the Glonn G1 and acceptable in the Glonn G2 watersheds. There were some uncertainties in the sediment yield calculations for the Salzboede watershed. This study shows that a less complex soil erosion model such as AGNPSm is able to produce reliable assessments of non-point source pollution for planning purposes.     

黄土区空闲坡耕地地表径流产沙近似解析模型

准确地预测农田地表径流是实现农业面源污染控制的基础,根据降雨和地表径流的运动特征,耦合Green-Ampt模型累积入渗量显函数、运动波模型和稳态的产沙模型,建立了降雨条件下的坡面产流产沙近似解析模型。该模型通过线性表示入渗率和水深之间的关系近似求解了运动波方程,通过设置30~90 mm/h的5种不同雨强的模拟降雨试验,推求模型参数并验证模型精度,并对模型参数进行敏感性分析。结果表明:(1)径流和泥沙的模型计算值与实测值吻合较好,且模型更适合于模拟60 mm/h雨强下的产流产沙过程,曼宁糙率系数均分布在0.00026~0.00029 min/cm^1/3,入渗率参数c与雨强的关系可以用指数函数c=9×10^-4p^-0.644对其进行描述,产沙模型中的参数a和b分别分布于0.13~0.15和0.10~0.12,由于泥沙运动的偶然性因素,产沙过程的模型模拟精度低于径流过程。(2)当c取值为0~0.05时,Dif值变化较小,即地表径流对入渗率参数c敏感性较弱;径流产沙过程中,Dif值随参数a和b的变化均有不同程度的波动。总体来看,径流产沙率对径流冲刷系数a比雨滴侵蚀系数b更为敏感。     

三峡库区大宁河流域AnnAGNPS模型参数评价

AnnAGNPS是一个基于连续事件、流域尺度的分布式农业非点源污染模型,用来模拟流域地表径流、泥沙与化学物质迁移,进而评价流域内农业管理措施对流域水文和水质的响应。构建完善的数据库是模型合理应用的前提条件,以位于长江三峡库区的大宁河沟流域为例,应用3S(GIS,RS和GPS)技术,结合实地调查,建立了AnnAGNPS模型数据库,评价了气候、地形、土壤、土地利用和作物等相关参数的确定,重点分析了模拟单元划分、土地利用数据库和土壤相关参数等因子,为大宁河流域侵蚀产沙和农业非点源污染模拟研究提供了基础数据平台,也为该模型在长江三峡库区的合理应用奠定了科学基础。     

Estimate of sediment yield in a basin without sediment data

In this study, three mathematical models for the estimate of sediment yield, due to soil and stream erosion, at the outlet of a basin are presented. Each model consists of three submodels: a rainfall-runoff submodel, a soil erosion submodel and a sediment transport submodel for streams. The rainfall-runoff and the stream sediment transport submodels are identical in the three mathematical models. The rainfall-runoff submodel that is used for the computation of the runoff in a sub-basin is a simplified water balance model for the soil root zone. For the estimate of soil erosion in a sub-basin, three different submodels are used alternatively, owing to the fact that erosion or sediment yield data are not available. The soil erosion submodels are (a) a modified form of the classical Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE, [Foster, G.R., Meyer, L.D., Onstad, C.A., 1977. A runoff erosivity factor and variable slope length exponents for soil loss estimates. Transactions of the ASAE, 20 (4), 683–687]) taking into account both the rainfall erosion and the runoff erosion, (b) the relationships of Poesen [Poesen, J., 1985. An improved splash transport model. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, 29, 193–211] quantifying the splash detachment, as well as the upslope and downslope splash transport, (c) the relationships of Schmidt [Schmidt, J., 1992. Predicting the sediment yield from agricultural land using a new soil erosion model. Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on River Sedimentation. Karlsruhe, Germany, pp. 1045–1051] including the momentum flux exerted by the droplets and the momentum flux exerted by the runoff. The sediment transport submodel for streams aims to estimate the sediment yield at the outlet of a sub-basin. This quantity results by comparing the available sediment amount in the main stream of a sub-basin with the sediment transport capacity by stream flow, which is computed by the relationships of Yang and Stall [Yang, C.T., Stall, J.B., 1976. Applicability of unit stream power equation. Journal of the Hydraulics Division, ASCE, 102, 559–568]. The mathematical models were applied to the basin of Kompsatos River, in northeastern Greece, with an area of about 565 km². The whole basin was divided into 18 natural sub-basins for more precise calculations. Monthly rainfall data were available for 27 years (1966–1992); therefore, the calculations were performed on a monthly basis. The deviation between the three mean annual values of sediment yield at the basin outlet, for 27 years, resulting from the three mathematical models is relatively small.     

基于SWAT模型的大宁河流域非点源污染空间特性研究

以三峡库区大宁河流域为研究区域,应用SWAT模型进行了流域农业非点源污染负荷的模拟计算。利用巫溪水文站2000-2004年的实测日径流和泥沙数据进行了模型的率定与验证。验证结果表明,SWAT模型适用于大宁河流域。利用验证后的模型分析了大宁河流域2003年的非点源污染空间分布特征,结果发现,大宁河流域西部地区是土壤侵蚀发生相对严重的地区,有机氮产小的地区和高泥沙量产出的地区大致相同。总体上,大宁河流域非点源污染的产生量西部高于东部,南部高于北部,中部地区最小。针对SWAT模型的空间分析结果提出了该区非点源污染的防治措施。     

小流域侵蚀产沙分布式数学模型的研究

 为反映因下垫面因子空间分布不均和人类活动对流域侵蚀产沙的影响,建立了基于场次暴雨的小流域侵蚀产沙分布式数学模型。该模型能够模拟出流域在不同水土保持措施(不同土地利用类型)下的径流和侵蚀产沙的时空过程,从而加强了在水土保持措施制定中的应用,并能够检测流域管理措施对径流泥沙过程产生的影响,进而为配置流域内水土保持措施和检测流域管理,提供技术支撑和科学依据。经黑草河小流域实测资料率定和验证,计算值与实测值符合良好。     

ASSESSING THE PERFORMANCE OF A SPATIALLY DISTRIBUTED SOIL EROSION AND SEDIMENT DELIVERY MODEL (WATEM/SEDEM) IN NORTHERN ETHIOPIA

Most regional‐scale soil erosion models are spatially lumped and hence have limited application to practical problems such as the evaluation of the spatial variability of soil erosion and sediment delivery within a catchment. Therefore, the objectives of this study were as follows: (i) to calibrate and assess the performance of a spatially distributed WATEM/SEDEM model in predicting absolute sediment yield and specific sediment yield from 12 catchments in Tigray (Ethiopia) by using two different sediment transport capacity equations (original and modified) and (ii) to assess the performance of WATEM/SEDEM for the identification of critical sediment source areas needed for targeting catchment management. The performance of the two model versions for sediment yield was found promising for the 12 catchments. For both versions, model performance for the nine catchments with limited gully erosion was clearly better than the performance obtained when including the three catchments with significant gully erosion. Moreover, there is no significant difference (alpha 5 per cent) between the performances of the two model versions. Cultivated lands were found to be on average five times more prone to erosion than bush–shrub lands. The predicted soil loss values in most parts of Gindae catchment are generally high as compared with the soil formation rates. This emphasises the importance of implementing appropriate soil and water conservation measures in critical sediment source areas prioritising the steepest part of the catchment (i.e. areas with slope >50 per cent). The applicability of the WATEM/SEDEM model to environments where gully erosion is important requires the incorporation of permanent gully and bank gully erosion in the model structure. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.