施氮量对不同类型花生蔗糖合成及产量的影响

以白沙1016和花育17为材料,在大田高产栽培条件下,研究了不同施氮量对不同类型花生叶片蔗糖合成及产量的影响。结果表明,在一定施氮量范围内,增加施氮量花生叶片磷酸蔗糖合成酶活性提高,蔗糖含量增加,过量施氮磷酸蔗糖合成酶活性下降,蔗糖含量降低,适量施氮有利于花生叶片蔗糖的合成。增施氮肥提高花生荚果产量主要是通过提高花生的生物产量而获得的,过多施氮经济系数降低,而导致荚果产量下降。适当增施氮肥提高花生产量,主要是通过提高单株有效结果数和荚果饱满程度而实现的。不同类型花生品种对氮肥的响应不同,珍珠豆型花生品种的适宜施氮量较普通型花生品种的为低。本试验条件下,珍珠豆型花生品种的适宜施氮量为N 90 kg/hm2左右;普通型花生品种的适宜施氮量为N 135 kg/hm2左右。     

磷石膏专用复混肥缓解红壤花生连作障碍效果

红壤长期连作花生产生严重连作障碍,影响花生生产。本试验研究磷化工废弃物在缓解花生连作障碍上的效果,采用磷石膏与化学氮肥、化学磷肥、化学钾肥不同比例制成磷石膏专用复混肥,施用于中科院江西红壤生态试验站花生连作田块,考察对红壤养分及花生生理性状及产量的影响。结果表明: 施用含磷石膏专用复混肥比使用常规复合肥处理增产3.5-45.1%,土壤中的全氮、速效氮、和速效钾含量升高,植株全N、P、K含量均有提高,施用磷石膏专用肥可以有效缓解红壤地区花生连作障碍。     

化学调控和施磷对玉米/花生间作磷吸收利用和间作优势的影响

为了研究化学调控和磷肥对玉米/花生间作体系磷营养的调控效应,于2012—2013年在河南科技大学农场进行田间试验,试验设单作玉米、单作花生、玉米/花生间作和玉米/花生间作+化学调控4种种植方式,分别施磷[180 kg(P2O5)·hm–2]和不施磷共8个处理,研究了间作玉米和间作花生不同器官磷含量、磷积累分配的特点,分析了化学调控和施磷对间作体系磷间作优势的影响。结果表明:间作显著提高了玉米籽粒磷含量、茎和籽粒磷积累量,促进了磷向籽粒分配;明显降低了花生各器官磷含量、磷积累量,不利于磷向果仁分配;与单作玉米和单作花生相比,间作提高了玉米/花生间作体系磷吸收量,磷吸收间作优势为15.99~19.54 kg(P)·hm–2。在玉米小口期喷施化学调控剂提高了间作玉米籽粒磷含量,降低了茎、叶和籽粒的磷积累量,提高了磷向籽粒分配比例;提高了间作花生果仁磷含量和茎、叶和果仁磷积累量,促进了磷向果仁分配。化学调控间作玉米施磷肥显著增加了间作玉米和花生各器官的磷含量以及磷积累量,提高了磷向玉米籽粒和花生果仁分配比例,促进了间作体系对磷的吸收;磷吸收间作优势为19.50~22.00 kg(P)·hm–2,比不施磷提高16.51%~57.51%,达到显著差异水平。这表明玉米/花生间作具有明显磷间作优势,化学调控间作玉米再施磷有利于间作体系磷吸收量增加,显著提高磷间作优势。因此,生产上可以采用化学调控同时施磷肥来进一步提高磷间作优势。     

不同产量水平下花生功能叶片氮素代谢特征的研究

大田栽培条件下, 研究了不同产量水平下花生功能叶片中氮代谢关键酶活性、可溶性蛋白质和游离氨基酸含量的变化, 重点阐述超高产水平下花生功能叶片氮素代谢变化规律。研究结果表明: 自花生初花期, 不同产量水平的功能叶片中, 硝酸还原酶(NR)活性均呈逐渐下降的变化趋势, 超高产与高产花生相比无明显差异, 但明显高于一般产量花生; 不同产量水平功能叶片中谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)的活性变化呈单峰曲线, 峰值出现在结荚期, 超高产花生功能叶片谷氨酰胺合成酶活性明显高于高产花生和一般产量花生, 而且在生育中后期活性下降速度慢; 功能叶片中谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)活性未表现出规律性变化, 但超高产花生明显高于高产和一般产量的花生; 超高产花生功能叶片中可溶性蛋白质及游离氨基酸含量均明显高于高产花生和一般产量花生。研究认为, 超高产花生叶片氨的同化能力、蛋白质和氨基酸的合成能力均明显高于高产花生和一般产量花生, 而且衰老缓慢, 功能期维持时间长。     

花生主要碳代谢指标与根瘤固氮能力的关系

  【目的】  比较花生叶片碳代谢指标与根瘤固氮的关系,以寻找与根瘤固氮能力关系最为密切的叶片碳代谢指标,为花生育种提供可靠的判定方法。  【方法】  盆栽试验在山东省花生研究所莱西试验站进行,试验以19个花生品种 (系) 为材料,包括山东、河南、河北、四川等省份近年来审定或育成的品种 (系),辅助利用15N示踪技术,测定了花生叶片叶绿素含量、可溶性糖含量、蔗糖合成酶和蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性及根瘤固氮量,分析了碳代谢各指标品种间的差异性及其与根瘤固氮能力的关系。  【结果】  1) 不同品种叶绿素含量、净光合速率、可溶性糖含量、蔗糖合成酶和蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性及根瘤固氮量均存在显著差异,其中叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素和总叶绿素含量变异系数均达12.0%以上,叶绿素a变异系数最大;净光合速率变幅为14.5～29.7 μmol/(m2·s),变异系数为21.5%,净光合速率最大值较平均值高36.9%;可溶性糖含量以日本千叶半蔓最高,较平均值高34.4%,约是可溶性糖含量最低品种日花1号的1.9倍;蔗糖合成酶和蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性变异系数分别为18.4%和24.3%,日本千叶半蔓蔗糖合成酶活性最高,豫花9326蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性最高;根瘤固氮量变异系数达20.0%以上,最大根瘤固氮量是最小根瘤固氮量的2.6倍。2) 根瘤固氮量与碳代谢各指标均呈极显著正相关关系,相关系数达0.793～0.950,相关性大小依次为蔗糖合成酶活性 > 可溶性糖含量 ≈ 类胡萝卜素含量 > 蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性 > 总叶绿素含量 ≈ 叶绿素b含量 > 净光合速率 > 叶绿素a含量。  【结论】  花生叶片碳代谢特性和根瘤固氮能力不仅具有显著的遗传变异性,而且碳代谢与根瘤固氮呈密切正相关,碳代谢为根瘤固氮提供能量,而根瘤固氮为花生叶片提供氮素营养,二者共同调节花生碳氮代谢及营养平衡。叶片可溶性糖含量及蔗糖合成酶活性不仅遗传变异性较大,而且与根瘤固氮量呈正相关,相关系数均达0.9以上,因此,可以选择叶片可溶性糖水平和蔗糖合成酶活性作为培育高根瘤固氮能力花生品种的依据。     

福建沿海花生空秕诊断及其防治技术

系统阐述了福建沿海花生空秕的典型症状,揭示了导致花生空秕的原因,并提出土壤化学诊断指标,介绍了经长期田间实践掌握的一整套成熟的花生空秕综合防治技术。     

不同铁制剂与施用方法对矫正花生缺铁黄化症的效果

研究了在盆栽和田间小区试验条件下,叶面和土壤施用铁肥以及土施酸化肥料对纠正花生缺铁黄化症的作用效果。在盆栽条件下,叶面喷施黄腐酸铁(FeFA)、土施硫酸亚铁及酸化肥料都可以提高花生新叶中活性铁以及叶绿素含量,促进花生植株的生长;在田间小区栽培条件下,叶面喷施FeFA可以提高花生的叶绿素含量,尿素与FeFA结合使用的作用效果大于单喷FeFA。土施硫酸亚铁在花生生长前期提高了花生叶绿素含量,后期作用不明显。叶面喷施与土施铁肥都可以增加花生产量,土施铁肥的作用效果不如叶面喷施效果明显,酸化肥料对提高花生叶绿素含量及产量没有明显效果。     

美国花生脱壳加工技术特点及启示

脱壳加工是花生进入消费领域前的关键环节,其技术与装备水平决定了花生果仁质量,关系到花生食品安全。美国先进而独特的花生脱壳加工技术,是其花生制品丰富及国际竞争力提升的重要原因之一。为发掘可供中国借鉴的技术和经验,在实地考察基础上,运用社会调查法、文献研究法和经验总结法,从美国花生脱壳概念、加工分类及其重要性入手,系统分析了美国花生脱壳加工方式、脱壳厂及脱壳加工装备、典型花生脱壳工艺及装备配置流程。分析了美国花生收储、脱壳和销售的产地化、一体化和工厂化脱壳加工等特点。总结了花生脱壳技术和设备的最新进展,包括果仁储藏技术、典型花生脱壳加工工艺等技术和在脱壳加工装备总体构成中增加花生与果仁处理设备、独立驱动多滚筒花生脱壳机分级脱壳等。分析了中国花生脱壳技术概况和向双滚筒循环脱壳、设备大型化发展等最新进展。针对中国花生脱壳加工的主要问题,在分析中国国情和借鉴美国花生脱壳加工经验的基础上,提出了进一步加强脱壳技术研究、提高花生预处理、果仁精选技术与储藏技术、建立适当规模的花生收储与脱壳中心和提高花生产业有序化等发展建议。     

高纯度o,p-DDT的合成

为提高稳定同位素利用率和产物的化学纯度,对DDT的合成方法进行了改进:利用浓硫酸及发烟硫酸混合催化的方法,直接使用水合三氯乙醛为原料,经低温长时间反应,半微量合成纯度高于98%的O,P-DDT。以碳酸钡计,DDT合成收率为17.1%。该方法可用于DDT的稳定同位素标记合成。     

玉米—花生混作体系中不同施氮水平对花生铁营养及固氮的影响

盆栽试验结果表明,不同氮水平条件下玉米—花生混作可明显改善花生铁营养。与单作相比,混作花生新叶叶绿素SPAD值明显提高,新叶活性铁浓度提高12.4%～27.1%,同时花生根瘤数和固氮酶活性显著增加。在本试验种植密度下,施氮水平和种植方式对单株花生生物量无显著影响,而施氮对玉米根际土壤活性铁浓度的提高有一定的促进作用,并且花生根瘤数和固氮酶活性受施氮水平影响较大。说明石灰性土壤上玉米—花生混作对花生铁营养改善及提高花生的固氮能力具有重要作用;施氮水平对花生铁营养影响不大,但随施氮量增加对花生共生固氮有抑制作用。     

Development of a real-time PCR and a sandwich ELISA for detection of potentially allergenic trace amounts of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) in processed foods

Hidden allergens in food products are, especially for peanut-allergic consumers, a serious problem because even low amounts (approximately 200 microg) of peanut can elicit allergic reactions. Undeclared peanut traces can be found in processed food products, because contaminations with peanut during production processes are frequent. To minimize the risk of such cross-contaminations, it is necessary to develop sensitive analytical methods for the detection of hidden allergens in foods. For this approach we developed two peanut-specific assays based on the detection of peanut protein by specific antibodies (sandwich ELISA) and by the detection of peanut-specific DNA (part of the coding region of Ara h 2) by a real-time PCR. Both tests did not show any cross-reactivity with 22 common food ingredients (cereals, nuts, legumes), and the limit of detection is <10 ppm peanut in processed foods. Thirty-three random samples of food products were tested for the presence of peanut to compare both assay types with each other and to evaluate the percentage of foods on the German market that are contaminated with peanut traces. We found that four products (13.3%) without peanut in the list of ingredients contained peanut protein in a range from 1 to 74 ppm peanut protein and that the results of both tests correlated well. The real-time PCR was able to detect one more positive sample than the sandwich ELISA. In conclusion, both assays are sensitive and specific tools for the detection of hidden allergens in processed foods.     

Allergenicity of Maillard reaction products from peanut proteins

It is known that peanut allergy is caused by peanut proteins. However, little is known about the impact of roasting on the allergenicity of peanuts. During roasting, proteins react with sugars to form Maillard reaction products, which could affect allergenicity. To determine if the Maillard reaction could convert a nonallergenic peanut protein into a potentially allergenic product, nonallergenic lectin was reacted with glucose or fructose at 50 degrees C for 28 days. Browning products from heat-treated peanuts were also examined. The products were analyzed in immunoblot and competitive assays, using a pooled serum (i.e., IgE antibodies) from patients with peanut anaphylaxis. Results showed that the products were recognized by IgE and had an inhibitory effect on IgE binding to a peanut allergen. Thus, the findings suggest that these Maillard reaction products are potentially allergenic and indicate the need to verify whether the Maillard reaction products formed in peanuts during roasting increase their allergenicity.     

有机无机复混肥对花生生长和品质的影响

试验以不施肥(CK)为对照处理,在同等施肥量下设置化肥处理(NPK)、有机无机复混肥处理(T1和T2),研究其对土壤养分含量、花生农艺性状和花生产量、品质指标的影响。结果表明:与CK相比,化肥处理(NPK)和有机无机复混肥处理均促进了花生生长,增加了土壤速效养分含量,且NPK、T1和T2分别增产9.5%、17.3%和19.7%;与单施化肥处理相比,有机无机复混肥处理改良了土壤pH,提高了土壤速效钾含量,明显改善花生农艺性状,T1和T2处理分别增产7.1%和9.3%,分别提高肥料偏生产力21.0%和23.5%、肥料贡献率6.0%和7.8%。因此,在等量施肥下,有机无机复混肥对土壤速效养分含量的增加、花生农艺性状的改善以及产量的提升具有更好的促进作用,肥料的偏生产力和肥料贡献率更高,是未来花生可持续生产的重要施肥措施。     

花生壳和麦秸用于饲养肉牛的营养价值和化学处理

为了评定花生壳、麦秸和花生壳-麦秸型典型肉牛日粮的营养价值，分析了粗饲料和日粮的营养成分，以3只瘤胃瘘管山羊和尼龙袋技术评价了粗饲料和日粮中干物质和粗蛋白质的瘤胃降解率，以5头肉牛进行了日粮消化率测定；对花生壳和麦秸分别进行氨化处理和综合化学处理，以不同组的肉牛进行60 d的饲养试验，比较氨化处理以及综合化学处理对粗饲料饲养效果的影响。结果表明，花生壳中粗纤维含量高于麦秸，花生壳和麦秸中粗蛋白质含量低、干物质降解率高而粗蛋白质降解率低；以花生壳和麦秸为主要成分的典型肉牛日粮，干物质和粗蛋白质的降解率高且稳定，其干物质、粗蛋白质和粗纤维的消化率分别为44.60%, 61.88% 和30.41%。以3.5%的尿素氨化处理花生壳及麦秸对肉牛具有良好的饲养育肥效果；对花生壳以3.5%的尿素和4%的Ca(OH)₂进行综合化学处理，其效果优于单纯的氨化处理。     

Non-detectable levels of trans-fatty acids in peanut butter

The fatty acid composition of 11 brands of peanut butter and paste freshly prepared from roasted peanuts was analyzed with emphasis on isomeric trans-fatty acids. No trans-fatty acids were detected in any of the samples in an analytical system with a detection threshold of 0.01% of the sample weight. Hydrogenated vegetable oils are added to peanut butters at levels of 1--2% to prevent oil separation. Some hydrogenated vegetable oils are known to be sources of trans-fatty acids in the human diet. The addition of these products was not found to result in measurable amounts of trans-fatty acids in the peanut butters analyzed.     

持续施用生物有机肥对花生产量和根际细菌群落的影响

我国红壤旱地花生连作现象普遍，化肥施用量大，花生产量却逐年降低。为了揭示集约化经营制度下施用生物有机肥对花生连作障碍的调控，采集旱地红壤进行了连续5年的盆栽实验，实验处理包括花生-玉米轮作、施用化肥的花生连作和施用生物有机肥的花生连作，探究持续施用生物有机肥防控花生连作障碍的根际微生态机制。结果显示，相比于轮作，施用化肥的连作花生产量显著降低；相比于连作花生施用化肥，持续施用生物有机肥可以显著缓解连作花生产量降低的问题，在施用有机肥第5季荚果干重提高27%。与施用化肥的连作处理相比，持续施用生物有机肥显著增加了花生根际细菌多样性和丰富度，与轮作花生处理无显著差异。持续施用生物有机肥显著提高了连作花生根际变形菌门和拟杆菌门的相对丰度，降低了厚壁菌门的相对丰度。属水平上，花生根际促生菌Rhizobium，Mesorhizobium和Bradyrhizobium的相对丰度较化肥处理分别提高了295%、89%和40%，而Leifsonia和Burkholderia的相对丰度分别降低了67%和47%。冗余分析进一步发现，土壤有机质和pH值是根际细菌群落结构改善的重要理化因素。这表明持续施用生物有机肥可以改良红壤理化环境（如pH值和有机质含量），进而优化连作花生根际细菌群落结构并提高根际抗病性能，实现花生稳定增产的目标。     

长期不同施肥模式下赤红壤旱地花生–甘薯轮作体系产量稳定性研究

  【目的】  研究不同施肥模式下赤红壤旱地花生–甘薯轮作体系中两种作物产量的稳定性，以优化作物养分管理。  【方法】  化肥定位试验和化肥配施有机肥定位试验在闽东南典型赤红壤旱地分别连续进行了15和13年，种植制度均为花生–甘薯轮作。化肥定位试验处理包括农民习惯施肥、推荐施肥以及在推荐施肥基础上不施氮、磷、钾的处理，以不施肥为对照；化肥有机肥定位试验处理包括农民习惯施肥、推荐施肥以及以商品有机肥、猪粪和稻草替代1/3推荐施氮量处理，以不施肥为对照。根据历年花生和甘薯产量，计算了产量的可持续性指数和变异系数，构建一元灰色线性模型，计算了不同施肥模式的长期趋势产量。  【结果】  长期化肥定位试验中，推荐施肥处理的花生和甘薯产量均值显著高于其它5个处理；在长期有机无机肥配合试验中，3个有机无机肥配施处理的产量均高于推荐施肥处理。花生和甘薯化肥推荐施肥的产量可持续指数 (SYI) 分别为0.729 ± 0.019和0.501 ± 0.028，化肥配施猪粪花生的SYI为0.689 ± 0.013，显著高于推荐施肥和化肥配施稻草处理，与配施商品有机肥处理差异不显著；化肥配施稻草甘薯的SYI为0.514 ± 0.029，显著高于推荐施肥处理和化肥配施商品有机肥处理，与化肥配施猪粪处理的差异不显著。一元灰色线性模型显示，推荐施肥处理的花生和甘薯趋势产量均值分别为3780和19408 kg/hm2，均显著高于其他化肥处理。化肥配施猪粪的花生趋势产量均值为3492 kg/hm2，在95%置信区间，显著高于推荐施肥和其余两个有机无机肥配施处理；化肥配施稻草处理甘薯的趋势产量均值为17567 kg/hm2，显著高于推荐施肥处理和化肥配施商品有机肥处理，与化肥配施猪粪处理没有显著差异。产量可持续性指数较变异系数可更加有效地区分不同处理之间的产量波动差异，与产量的绝对高低没有关系。  【结论】  化肥推荐施肥有利于提高赤红壤旱地轮作体系中花生和甘薯的产量；猪粪或商品有机肥替代1/3的化肥氮均可提高花生产量的稳定性和增产潜力，而稻草或猪粪替代1/3的化肥氮对甘薯产量及其稳定性最为有利。     

Peanut Straw Decomposition Products Promoted by Chemical Additives and Their Effect on Enzymatic Activity and Microbial Functional Diversity in Red Soil

ABSTRACT

The objectives of the present study were to determine the promotional effect of chemical additives on quality of peanut straw decomposition products and to evaluate the influence of the resulting products on soil biological properties. Straw was mixed with or without chemical additives, such as iron(II) sulfate (FeSO₄), alkali slag, or FeSO₄ combined with alkali slag, and decomposed for 50 days. The decomposition products were used as organic fertilizer and added to red soil for an incubation experiment. The chemical additives increased total organic carbon (C), total nitrogen (N), and available N content but decreased the C:N ratios in decomposition products compared to controls. Adding FeSO₄ gave the highest humic acid content (HA, 30.34 g kg^?1) and ratio of humic to fulvic acid (HA/FA, 0.53) and the lowest ratio of HA absorption value at 465 nm to that at 665 nm (E₄/E₆, 6.05), suggesting high humification of decomposition products. Application of the resulting products to soil increased soil urease and invertase activities. BIOLOG analysis showed that microbial C utilization ability, Shannon–Weaver diversity, and McIntosh evenness indexes were improved by the organic fertilizer promoted by chemical additives. Principal component analysis indicated that microbial community structures were also influenced by different amendments in decomposition products. Our study provides a reference point for acquiring high quality straw compost and improving soil biological functions by organic fertilizer.     

Comparative study of two methods for extraction of aflatoxin from peanut meal and peanut butter

The difference between the CB and Best Foods methods in extracting aflatoxins from peanut products has been studied. The CB method yields 60, 121, 35, and 22% higher results for aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2, respectively for 4 samples of peanut meal and 6 samples of peanut butter studied. Both reverse phase liquid chromatography and thin layer chromatography were used to quantitate the extracted aflatoxins.