农田土壤孔隙及其影响因素研究进展

土壤孔隙是土壤结构的重要组成部分,是衡量土壤质量的重要指标之一。土壤孔隙的数量及大小分布直接决定着土壤的透气性、持水保水性能以及作物根系在土壤空间的伸展,间接影响土壤的肥力和作物产量。基于前人研究基础,系统介绍了土壤孔隙的类型和分类方法、定量研究技术及其主要的影响因素,并对未来土壤孔隙研究的重点进行了展望,以期为今后土壤孔隙结构的深入研究提供帮助,指导人们采取合理的农业管理措施。     

砂田砾石覆盖对土壤大孔隙特征及其土壤水文过程的影响研究进展

砂田是利用砾石覆盖地表的典型节水范例,砾石覆盖对土壤大孔隙的半径、数量、连通性和密度都有重要影响。大孔隙的研究方法可分为直接观测法和间接描述法,并讨论其适用性和局限性。因为大孔隙及优先流的成因复杂,应将大量的野外实验和室内实验相结合,同时改进观测方法。土壤大孔隙研究的最终目的是调控它,为减少地下水污染、控制养分和水分的流失提供一条新途径。砾石覆盖土壤能增加大孔隙并促进降水入渗,加快壤中流的发生,减少径流和抑制蒸发,改变了土壤水文循环过程,土壤水文生态功能也随之改变。并指出了砾石覆盖下土壤优先流研究中存在的问题和今后应该加强的研究领域。     

华北土石山区森林土壤大孔隙对土壤理化性质及根系的响应

土壤大孔隙是土壤水分、空气、化学物质及污染物优先运移的主要通道,对其形成机制的研究至关重要。以往对大孔隙的量化局限于传统方法,大孔隙三维形态特征的量化分析及其影响因素是目前大孔隙的研究重点。利用CT扫描及图像处理分析技术量化大孔隙三维形态特征参数,同时测定土壤基本理化性质及根长密度,分析土壤大孔隙三维特征对土壤理化性质及根系的响应。结果表明:土壤密度及土壤砂粒含量与大孔隙特征参数不存在相关关系;土壤有机质含量、土壤根长密度与大孔隙体积密度、大孔隙表面积密度、大孔隙数量密度呈现显著正相关关系,与大孔隙平均迂曲度呈现显著负相关关系。林木根系与土壤有机质对土壤大孔隙三维特征产生积极影响,表现为根系及土壤有机质含量越多,则大孔隙含量也越多,并具有更差的弯曲度。在今后对山地森林抚育管理、土壤水分运动机理及地下水污染评估等研究过程中不能忽略根系及土壤有机质差异对土壤大孔隙的重要影响。     

山地土壤优先流路径的染色示踪研究

在山地林区开展土壤大孔隙及优先流的实验研究,可深化对森林土壤涵养水源机理的认识,为山区的水土流失防治和植被恢复提供依据。利用剖面染色与图像分析相结合的方法,沿长江三峡大老岭-邓村一线,对山地不同垂直带内土壤优先流特征进行了调查,分析了优先流路径对剖面水分入渗过程的影响。结果显示,中山常绿落叶针阔混交林-山地黄棕壤、低山暖性针叶林-山地黄壤中大孔隙孔径大、分布广,有利于优先流的形成和入渗。受耕作扰动的弃耕土壤中大孔隙结构遭到破坏,优先流路径与森林土壤不同,且渗流强度较弱,染色区域较浅。森林土壤各发生层内优先流特征差异显著,腐殖质层内以洞穴流为主,水分与土壤基质域交换较少,多通过大孔隙快速下渗。淋溶淀积层内洞穴流消失或减弱,侧向渗透增强。低山暖性针叶林-山地黄壤质地较粗,出现以裂隙为主的大孔隙,优先流表现为裂隙流。弃耕土壤各发生层都表现为指流,染色面积随深度减小,侧向渗透基本稳定。植被-土壤垂直地带性分布是山地土壤优先流存在差异的主要原因,山区生态环境建设中应促进土壤优先流路径的发育。     

太湖地区主要水稻土的大孔隙特征及其影响因素研究

土壤孔隙是土壤中水分与空气存在的场所,是植物根系与微生物的生活空间.土壤的孔隙特征是土壤的一项重要的物理性质,它对土壤肥力有多方面的影响.孔隙性质良好的土壤能够满足作物对水分和空气的需求,有利于养分的调节、合理供给以及作物的正常生长.但土壤是一个复杂的多相体系,其内部存在着形态各异、大小不同的孔隙.而土壤大孔隙是土壤中水分和空气的主要通道,它的存在可以导致土壤优先水流和溶质优先迁移的产生,并是水分和化学物质快速、远距离运移的主要甚至可能是唯一的途径.大孔隙流是发生在土壤大孔隙中的一种水分流动现象,它可以导致土壤水分的快速非平衡流动,使降水或灌溉水及其溶质（养分、盐分、污染物等）不能与绝大部分土体充分地相互作用,而是“直接”快速流出土体或补给地下水.因此,研究太湖地区主要水稻土的大孔隙特征及其影响因素对提高农田水分的利用效率、开展节水农业等具有十分重要的科学意义;同时对研究该地区化学氮肥和农药的施用量逐年递增,且淋溶流失极为严重,加剧地下水的污染等问题也有重要的实际意义.     

矿区机械压实对土壤孔隙特性影响的研究进展

在矿区开采和复垦过程中大型机械的使用产生了土壤压实,并严重扰动了土壤内部结构,导致土壤孔隙数量减少,连通性和渗水能力下降,土壤孔隙作为土壤水气交换的重要场所决定着土壤水分和空气状况,进而影响复垦土壤质量与肥力。为探究矿区机械压实作用对土壤孔隙的影响,系统梳理了矿区机械压实作用下土壤孔隙的获取和表征方法,对农业机械压实相关研究进行了简单归纳,在此基础之上阐述了矿区机械压实对土壤孔隙影响的研究进展,总结了当前研究存在的问题,并提出今后在探究矿区机械压实对土壤孔隙特性影响时应创新压实土壤孔隙的定量表征方法,重视机械压实对土壤孔隙特性影响机理的考究,以期为改善矿区土地复垦效果提供理论指导。     

重庆四面山草地土壤大孔隙的数量和形态特征研究

以重庆四面山草地为研究对象,利用染色示踪法观察优先流的发生区域,采用水分穿透曲线和Poiseulle方程分析土壤大孔隙的数量、形态特征及其对优先流的影响。结果表明:研究地土壤剖面大孔隙呈现聚集态分布,孔径范围在0.3~2.2mm之间,其中半径大于1.3mm的大孔隙是优先流发生的主要通道。各孔径范围内染色区土壤大孔隙数量较未染色区高出1个数量级,大孔隙数量随土壤深度增加而减小,这样的分布特征有利于水压梯度的形成,有助于水分的快速垂直运移。染色区较非染色区有更大的稳定出流速率,约1.12~2.02倍,这得力于大孔隙数量和密度上的优势,这一优势极大地影响了优先路径分布和优先流发生。     

鹤大高速（G11）低路基边坡土壤优先流特征研究

为了探明盐分在低路基公路边坡土壤中的运移方式,以鹤大高速公路(G11)低路基段边坡土壤为研究对象,引入优先流,来探讨盐分随土壤水分运动的过程。采用亮蓝染色示踪和图像解析方法,分析土壤剖面优先路径水平和垂直分布特征。结果显示:染色区和非染色区的土壤性质存在显著差异,染色区土壤存在较多的大孔隙。在水平剖面上,相同影响半径优先路径数量随着土层深度的增加而减少,同一土层中1.0~10.0mm影响半径的优先路径数量要远远多于10.0mm影响半径的优先路径数量。在垂直剖面上,优先流特征指标染色覆盖率(DC)、均匀入渗深度(UF)、优先流分数(PF-fr)、长度指数(LI)和峰值(PI)分别为40.10%,4.10cm,801.96cm2,74.44%,543.6cm和5。低路基边坡土壤这种重塑的土体中存在较为明显的优先流现象,且优先流对氯盐在土壤中的运移起着重要的作用。优先流指标的提出,为今后量化土壤优先流发生程度提供了一个很好的研究方法。     

土壤孔隙结构与土壤微环境和有机碳周转关系的研究进展

土壤结构是土壤功能的基础,不仅影响土壤养分的供应、水分的保持及渗透、气体的交换等过程,还为土壤微生物提供了物理生境,并调控土壤有机碳的周转这一关键过程。土壤的孔隙特征能够直接、真实地反映土壤结构的好坏;用土壤的孔隙特征作为试验指标能更好地反映土壤结构对这些过程的调节作用。在此基础上,将高度异质性的土壤孔隙结构同土壤微环境的变化和土壤有机碳的周转过程进行定量分析,对深入了解土壤结构在土壤生态系统中的功能至关重要。因此,着重从土壤孔隙结构对土壤微环境的影响及其与有机碳的关系两方面展开,剖析土壤孔隙结构调控作用下的土壤微环境响应过程,阐述土壤孔隙结构对土壤有机碳周转产生的直接、间接影响,强调土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转进程中的重要作用,并对土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转、植物残体分解及其与微生物协调作用机制等方面研究提出展望。     

基于CT分析露天煤矿复垦年限对土壤有效孔隙数量和孔隙度的影响

露天煤矿排土场由于排土过程中大型机械压实等作用会对土壤的孔隙结构产生影响,重构适合于植被生长的土壤孔隙结构是排土场土地复垦的重要工作。为对排土场重构土壤孔隙结构进行定量分析,该文采用高精度无损计算机断层扫描技术(CT)对山西平朔矿区安太堡露天煤矿排土场平台全黄土母质覆盖的不同复垦年限(0、20、23 a)以及原地貌的土壤进行分层扫描成像,并利用Photoshop和Arcgis软件对扫描图像进行处理和统计分析,探讨了排土和复垦对土壤孔隙数量和孔隙度的影响,分析了排土场重构土壤大、中和小孔隙的变化。结果表明:原地貌土壤孔隙数量和孔隙度最大,其次是复垦23和20 a的土壤,排土后未复垦土壤孔隙数量和孔隙度最小。采矿和排土等活动由于大型机械压实作用降低了土壤孔隙数量和孔隙度,尤其是大孔隙数量和大孔隙度;土地复垦对增加土壤孔隙数量和孔隙度有一定的作用,但是过程比较缓慢。采矿和排土等活动对表层土壤孔隙数量和孔隙度的影响要高于底层土壤。该研究可为黄土区大型露天煤矿排土场重构土壤结构的优化与土地复垦措施选择提供依据。     

预测土壤水力性质的形态学网络模型应用研究

土壤水力性质是研究非饱和带中水分和溶质运移的重要参数 ,可以用孔隙网络模型进行预测。通常采用的网络模型中的参数是任意指定的 ,无法真实反映土壤孔隙空间的形态特征。本文采用了一种基于孔隙形态学的网络模型来预测土壤的水力性质 ,即通过图像分析来直接测定孔隙的大小分布及其连通性 ,并将其结合到网络模型中 ,最大程度地再现了三维的土壤孔隙结构。本文根据河南封丘地区采集的砂壤土样本图像分析结果 ,采用形态学网络模型预测了其水力性质 ,同时也进一步评价了这种模型的优缺点及其应用前景。     

Variations in pore distribution of reconstructed soils induced by opencast mining and land rehabilitation based on computed tomography images

Opencast coal mining is an anthropogenic activity that changes the antecedent soil profile, and it was important to understand the distribution characteristics of soil pore and then select suitable land rehabilitation measures. To better quantify the pore distribution characterization of reconstructed soils in opencast coalmine dumps, high-resolution and non-destructive computed tomography (CT) method was used to study the effect of opencast coal-mining and land rehabilitation on the soil pore distribution by scanning soils from the Antaibao Opencast Coal-mine in China. The soils were taken from the dump platforms with different rehabilitation time and an unmined site. ImangeJ 2 was used to process the scanned images and the soil pore densities and porosities of different pore sizes were used to analyze the distribution characteristics of soil pore. Opencast mining activities decreased soil pore density and soil porosity, especially in macropores. Compared to unmined soils, the total porosity of the non-rehabilitated soils reduced by 25.0%, 20.5%, 17.7% at the depths of 0–25, 25–50, 50–75 cm, respectively. Vegetation rehabilitation should be used to develop soil pore structure and improve the proportion of different pore sizes.     

The anisotropy of the structure and the microspatial pattern of the pores at the aggregate level of texturally differentiated soils

The anisotropy of the soil pores in texturally differentiated soils is an important soil-genetic index. The morphological study of thin soil sections with vertical and horizontal orientation showed that the pore space of a texturally differentiated light gray forest soil at the aggregate level of organization has isotropic, anisotropic, and partially anisotropic structures in the different horizons. In the horizons with a platy structure, the anisotropy of the pore space is largely determined by the anisometry of the structural units. In the horizons with a massive structure not separated into aggregates, the anisotropic indices can be related to the structural features of the recent and relic biogenic pores. To reveal the total anisotropy of the soil pore space, the most informative and genetically determined indices should be studied: the shape, area, and orientation of the pores. In the soil studied, the variation of the pore sizes in the vertical thin sections was higher than in the horizontal thin sections, which agreed with the concept of the anisotropy of the entire soil profile. The fixed vertical and horizontal orientation of the soil thin sections allowed the obtained results to be integrated into the full-profile anisotropy of the soil properties. The vertical thin sections were found to be of greater information value for the profile-genetic analysis of the structure and variability of the soil pore space than their horizontal analogues.     

利用计算机断层扫描技术研究土壤改良措施下土壤孔隙

为探明不同土壤结构改良措施（秸秆覆盖、免耕、有机肥、保水剂）对土壤孔隙特征及分布的影响,采用计算机断层（computed tomography,CT）扫描法定量分析了土壤孔隙的数目、孔隙度及孔隙在土壤剖面上的分布特征。结果表明：不同措施均提高了土壤总孔隙数、大孔隙数及0.13～1.0 mm孔隙数,且其孔隙度也相应提高。同时孔隙成圆率也得到了改善。各处理中以有机肥和免耕处理效果较佳,其次为保水剂和秸秆覆盖,对照最低。此外,不同措施显著提高了土壤的田间持水量和＞0.25 mm 水稳性团聚体含量,降低了土壤容重,且各处理中,仍以有机肥和免耕处理效果最佳,其田间持水量分别较对照提高了15.9%和16.4%,而土壤容重较对照降低了6.8%和8.8%。相关分析表明：田间持水量、容重和＞0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量与土壤总孔隙度和大孔隙度呈显著或极显著正相关;而土壤容重对于总孔隙度和大孔隙度及孔隙成圆率呈显著负相关。     

探索“透明”土壤体：土壤孔隙学的时代已经启航

土壤是地球表面由固、液、气三相组成的疏松多孔介质体,土壤物理、化学和生物学等过程主要发生在液相和气相填充的土壤孔隙中及其与固相的交界面。随着无损探测土壤孔隙结构、土壤生物化学原位分析和计算机模拟等技术的快速发展和计算能力的提升,从土壤孔隙的形态、结构和功能的角度,原位、直观、精确地研究土壤中动态发生的各种过程成为可能,推动了对真实土壤中各种微观过程与机制的研究。基于前期的研究进展,本文提出,研究透明土壤体的物理学—土壤孔隙学（Soilporelogy）的时代已经启航。土壤孔隙学主要针对土壤孔隙空间,研究其动态变化与土壤物理、土壤化学和土壤生物（生态）互作过程及其效应。以土壤孔隙学为主线,本文首先介绍了获取土壤孔隙方法的进步,进而论述了基于土壤孔隙的流体运动、生物化学过程、根系和生物活动以及土壤微观生态学等的试验和模拟研究。最后,本文对土壤孔隙学的研究方法和理论发展方向进行了展望,相信基于土壤孔隙的研究会推动土壤学研究新的发展。     

基于数字图像技术的土壤孔隙结构定量研究进展

土壤孔隙结构是土壤孔隙的形态大小、数量搭配和空间分布状况的综合反映，其结构的复杂性和异质性决定着土壤水分迁移、气体扩散和生物活动等过程。近年来数字图像技术的发展虽然实现了土壤孔隙结构的直接可视化和定量化，但孔隙提取的精度仍然受采样方法、设备分辨率和分割技术的限制。本文基于现有土壤孔隙研究方法的发展历程，以图像获取、图像分割和量化分析为主线，综述了当前常用土壤孔隙研究方法(间接法和直接法)的基本原理、主要步骤和优缺点，剖析了从图像中提取孔隙结构的分割技术，概括了孔隙结构的常用量化指标，最后针对现有研究方法存在的问题和不足，对未来研究方法的发展方向进行了展望。     

Micromorphological analysis to characterize structure modifications of soil samples submitted to wetting and drying cycles

The physical characteristics of the soil surface are of extreme importance in relation to energy and matter transfer processes between the atmosphere and the soil. Soil internal structure changes can be due to natural or artificial causes and one important natural process is the alternation of wetting and drying (W–D) processes, which induce swelling and shrinking of soil particles, causing modifications in pore size and shape. To study the consequence of these W–D events on possible modifications in pore size distribution, pore number, and pore shape of soil samples collected in metal rings pore image analysis was used. Samples were taken from profiles of three soils of different characteristics, named as Geric Ferralsol (GF), Eutric Nitosol (EN), and Rhodic Ferralsol (RF). Confined volumetric samples (50 cm³) were submitted to none (T₀), three (T₁), and nine (T₂) subsequent W–D cycles. Image cross sections of resin impregnated soil permitted the micrometric and macrometric characterization of changes in soil structure induced by sequences of W–D cycles. Duncan's statistical test indicated that there were significant differences (α = 0.05) among treatments for all soil samples. General conclusions indicate that total pore area increased for all soils after repeated W–D processes, specifically 19.0 to 28.9% for GF, 5.9 to 11.7% for EN, and 13.0 to 17.2% for RF. Main changes of pore diameter occurred in pores larger than 500 μm, and minor changes were observed in the total number of these pores. It is demonstrated that soil samples undergo important changes in their structures after repeated W–D cycles. The information presented here is very important for the evaluation of soil water retention curves and other soil hydric properties, because soil samples used in these procedures are collected in rings and frequently submitted to several W–D cycles.     

Impact of short-term organic amendments incorporation on soil structure and hydrology in semiarid agricultural lands

Soil structure plays an important role in edaphic conditions and the environment. In this study, we investigated the effects of organic amendment on soil structure and hydraulic properties. A corn field in a semiarid land was separately amended with sheep manure compost at five different rates (2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 t/ha) and corn stover (6 t/ha) in combination with two decomposing agents. The soil structure of different amended soils was analyzed from the aggregate and pore domain perspectives. The internal pore structure of the soil was visualized through X-ray computed tomography and quantified using a pore-network model. Soil aggregate-size distribution and stability, saturated hydraulic conductivity, and water-retention curves were measured by sampling or in situ. The gas permeability and diffusivity of different amended soils were simulated based on the extracted pore networks. The aggregate stability of the amended soils was improved compared with the control, that is, the mean weight diameter increased and the percentage of aggregate destruction decreased. The stability of soil aggregates varied non-monotonically with the application rate of compost and decreased after treatment with corn stover and decomposing agents. The pore-network parameters including air-filled porosity, pore radius, throat length, and coordinate number increased for the amended soils compared with the control. The mean pore size increased with increasing compost incorporation rate. The saturated hydraulic conductivity of the compost-amended soils was higher than that of the control but varied quadratically with the application rate. The saturated hydraulic conductivity of soil treated with corn stover and decomposing agents was clearly higher than that without the agent and the control. The greater gas diffusivity and air permeability indicate that soil aeration improved following the incorporation of organic amendments. The air permeability versus air-filled porosity relationship followed a power law, and the gas diffusivity versus air-filled porosity relationship was characterized by a generalized density-corrected model regardless of amendment. The findings of this study can help improve the understanding of soil structure and hydrological function to organic fertilizer incorporation and further monitor the quality of soil structure through the pore space perspective.     

土壤微生物对不同粒径、不同表面和孔隙性质生物炭的响应

Biochars are known for their heterogeneity, especially in pore and surface structure associated with pyrolysis processes and sources of feedstocks. The surface area of biochar is likely to be an important determinant of the extent of soil microbial attachment, whereas the porous structure of biochar is expected to provide protection for soil microorganisms. Potential interactions between biochars from different sources and with different particle sizes were investigated in relation to soil microbial properties in a short-term incubation study. Three particle size(sieved) fractions(0.5–1.0, 1.0–2.0 and 2.0–4.0 mm) from three woody biochars produced from jarrah wood,jarrah and wandoo wood and Australian wattle branches, respectively, were incubated in soil at 25?C for 56 d. Observation by scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and characterisation of pore and surface area showed that all three woody biochars provided potential habitats for soil microorganisms due to their high porosity and surface areas. The biochars were structurally heterogeneous,varying in porosity and surface structure both within and between the biochar sources. After the 56-d incubation, hyphal colonisation was observed on biochar surfaces and in larger biochar pores. Soil clumping occurred on biochar particles, cementing and covering exposed biochar pores. This may have altered surface area and pore availability for microbial colonisation. Transient changes in soil microbial biomass, without a consistent trend, were observed among biochars during the 56-d incubation.