水酶法提取大豆油脂的中试研究

为了提高水酶法油脂提取率,该文进行水酶法提取大豆油脂的中试和循环酶解试验,验证小试和扩大试验的酶解和破乳参数对中试油脂提取率的影响,并研究循环酶解过程中循环次数及酶添加量对油脂提取率影响和中试工艺中大豆油脂的品质。以大豆为原料,由水酶法提取大豆油的中试得出:脱皮大豆比未脱皮大豆有助于提高油脂提取率和破乳率(P0.05,油脂提取率:脱皮61.85%,未脱皮56.91%;破乳率:脱皮92.01%,未脱皮90.42%)。通过主成分分析可知:大豆油脂的质量分数、离心后游离油和乳状液的质量分数、蛋白质的质量分数和乳状液中水分都是影响油脂提取率的关键因素。采用中试工艺1(1次提取,2次离心,1次破乳)进行循环酶解,随着循环试验次数增加,油脂提取率逐渐增大,在第4次时达到最大值66.46%±0.28%。通过检测大豆油脂的特征值可知:水酶法提取的大豆油脂的酸值、过氧化值、磷含量显著低于溶剂浸提法(P0.05),说明水酶法提取的大豆油品质高于溶剂浸提法,并且除水分和挥发物质量分数外,其他指标均符合国家三级大豆油标准。研究结果为产业化推广提供了理论参考。     

花生植株白藜芦醇提取工艺优化

为了提高花生的综合利用价值,开发天然白藜芦醇新原料,对花生中的白藜芦醇提取工艺进行了研究。通过对花生叶、茎、根和壳中白藜芦醇含量的比较,选出含量最高的花生根为提取原料,并从5种提取方法中选出纤维素酶法作为花生根白藜芦醇的提取方法。通过单因素试验和正交试验对酶法提取花生根白藜芦醇酶解工艺进行了优化。结果表明:最佳的酶解条件为酶用量为1.6mg/g,酶解温度为45℃,酶解pH值为4.5,反应时间为60min,底物浓度为15%,在此条件下白藜芦醇的提取率是传统提取工艺的2倍。     

柚皮中柚皮苷乙醇提取工艺研究

该文采用乙醇浸提法从柚皮中提取柚皮苷，在单因素试验的基础上用正交试验进行工艺参数的优化，其适合的工艺条件为：提取温度60℃，提取时间90 min，提取液乙醇浓度50%，液料比25∶1(v/w)，在此工艺条件下进行试验，柚皮苷提取率为91.784%。     

碱酶两步法制备大米蛋白的研究

该文采用碱法和酶法两步加工碎米，制备得到纯度较高的大米蛋白。通过研究米粉粒度、pH值、温度、水料比和时间对提取率的影响，确定碱法制备大米蛋白的较佳工艺条件为：米粉粒度80目，pH 11.0，温度50℃，水料比8，时间120 min。采用α-淀粉酶对大米蛋白进行纯化，酶解条件为：加酶量60 U/g，pH 6.0，温度50℃，时间30 min。在上述工艺条件下制备大米蛋白，提取率为73.22%，纯度为88.75%。     

酶解鹰嘴豆蛋白制备抗氧化肽工艺优化研究

为优化 Alcalase 蛋白酶酶解鹰嘴豆蛋白制备抗氧化肽的工艺条件,采用响应面分析法,以还原能力、超氧阴离子捕获率为响应值,研究了酶与底物的比值([E]/[S])、酶解温度和酶解时间对制备抗氧化肽工艺的影响.综合考虑成本和工艺要求等问题,最终确定酶解鹰嘴豆蛋白制备抗氧化肽的工艺条件为:底物浓度2%,pH值8.0,[E]/[S]2.72%,温度52℃,时间31 min.该条件下制备的鹰嘴豆酶解产物还原能力和超氧阴离子捕获率分别为0.667和61.55%,与理论预测值的相对误差在±1%以内,说明利用该文建立的模型在实践中进行预测是可行的.     

模糊评判优化水酶法提取膨化大豆油脂和蛋白

针对水酶法同时提取大豆油与蛋白时,两种目标对工艺参数的优化有差别,因此应用模糊综合评判法对工艺参数进行双目标综合优化,得到同时兼顾高油脂提取率与高蛋白提取率的酶解工艺参数。其结果为：加酶量1.85%,酶解温度50℃,酶解时间3.6 h,料液比1︰6,pH值为9。此时,油脂提取率为92.76%左右,蛋白提取率为93.81%左右。利用扫描电子显微镜、能谱分析以及显微切片分别就蛋白水解状态对油脂释放影响机理进行了研究。通过研究可知,挤压膨化再粉碎后的大豆粉水解过程中油脂的释放取决于蛋白水解状态,经过挤压膨化后大豆细胞结构已经被较充分破坏,而大豆油脂与蛋白的作用没有被完全破坏,所以需要把蛋白充分水解才能使油脂释放聚集,因此挤压膨化后水酶法可以兼顾得到高油脂提取率和高蛋白提取率。     

超声波结合微波辅助提取米糠多糖的研究

采用超声波技术及微波技术联合应用辅助处理脱脂米糠,提取其中的米糠多糖,研究了超声波处理时间、微波处理时间以及料液比对米糠多糖提取率的影响.并与传统的热水浸提法进行比较,结果表明:微波处理时间及超声波处理时间两个因素对多糖提取率有明显影响,料液比的影响较小,根据实验数据确定出最佳的处理方法,即超声处理30min,微波处理3min,料液比为1∶15时效果最好,此时米糠多糖的提取率为1.55％,与传统的热水浸提法(1.12％)相比,提取率提高了38.4％,同时可以显著缩短提取时间.     

缓控释肥料缓释期的快速测定研究

采用25℃水浸提法和高温快速浸提法,研究了3种不同类型的缓控释肥料缓释期快速测定的最佳温度,测定三者在25℃下的缓释期,并对其在缓释期最佳测定温度和25℃下达到相同氮素累积释放率所需时间进行相关分析.结果表明:微溶性二价金属磷酸铵钾盐为包裹层的多层包裹粒状水溶性肥料(1#)肥料缓释期最佳预测温度为40℃,热塑性树脂包膜...     

超声辅助提取水不溶性大豆膳食纤维及其物理特性

为研究超声辅助提取对豆渣中水不溶性大豆膳食纤维提取效率及物理特性的影响,该文以超声波为辅助,在液料比、超声功率强度、超声温度和超声时间4个单因素试验的基础上,通过四元二次通用旋转组合设计试验优化超声辅助提取水不溶性大豆膳食纤维的工艺条件,并采用扫描电镜、红外光谱仪等对超声辅助、酸溶碱沉、酶解辅助提取所获得的水不溶性大豆膳食纤维产品进行了物理特性表征。优化试验结果表明,在液料比35 mL/g、超声功率强度600 W/g、超声温度50℃、间歇性超声处理累计时间50 min条件下水不溶性大豆膳食纤维提取率较高,达92.11%。物性分析结果显示,与酸溶碱沉、酶解辅助提取的水不溶性大豆膳食纤维相比,超声辅助提取的水不溶性大豆膳食纤维具有更高的持水力、溶胀力、结合水力和结合脂肪能力以及更丰富的空间网状结构。研究结果揭示,超声辅助提取法不仅能够提高豆渣中水不溶性大豆膳食纤维的提取率,而且对其加工性能有很好的改进作用。     

大目金枪鱼加工副产物中鱼油提取制备及EPA分离纯化

为获得较高纯度的乙酯型EPA金枪鱼油,以大目金枪鱼加工副产物为原料,通过响应面法优化酶辅助提取粗鱼油的工艺参数,并采用粗鱼油精制、化学催化乙酯化、多级分子蒸馏和尿素包合初步纯化、精馏高纯化,以及合成银离子功能材料螯合制备分离等一系列技术手段进行制备。结果表明,优化的酶解提取法工艺条件为:酶解pH值8.5、酶解温度45℃、酶解时间3 h,此条件下粗鱼油提取率高达43.69%。乙酯化鱼油经多级分子蒸馏和尿素包合处理后,EPA和DHA总量可达80.00%以上,且分别占46.34%和34.58%。对该鱼油进行精馏试验,获得EPA乙酯,其含量达到82.40%,得率为39.00%,在此基础上,进一步使用银硫醇硅胶制备得到96.30%的EPA乙酯,得率为32.90%。本研究结果为鱼类加工副产物的高值化利用提供了一定参考。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.