黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错带土壤侵蚀坡向分异特征

定量分析评价水蚀风蚀交错带土壤侵蚀的坡向差异对于土壤侵蚀防治具有重要意义。通过对黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错带六道沟流域一个典型峁坡不同坡向及坡位土壤剖面中137Cs含量的分析研究,表明研究区内梁峁地形的坡向侵蚀差异明显,各坡向平均侵蚀速率大小依次是北坡>东坡>南坡>西坡,南北坡侵蚀差异与黄土丘陵区其它区域相反,分析认为,这与该区域水蚀、风蚀叠加的特殊侵蚀外营力有关,并根据南北坡侵蚀速率的差值估算出该区域风蚀所占比例至少大于18%;峁坡各坡向不同坡位侵蚀差异明显,坡面下部侵蚀最严重,坡面上部和中部次之,侵蚀速率顺坡沿程呈波动变化趋势,坡面水土保持措施减沙效果显著。     

藏东南区梯田和复合坡耕地土壤侵蚀对有机碳和全氮空间分布格局的影响

[目的] 查明青藏高原东南部地区坡耕地土壤侵蚀空间分布格局及其对土壤有机碳(SOC)和全氮(TN)顺坡迁移过程的影响,为该区土地资源利用及土壤资源保护提供科学依据。[方法] 利用¹³⁷Cs核素示踪技术,结合现场调查,研究藏东南地区梯田系列和复合坡耕地土壤侵蚀空间分布格局差异;采用相关分析,探明坡面土壤¹³⁷Cs面积浓度与同样深度(30 cm) SOC、TN面积浓度之间的相关性。[结果] ①在整个梯田系列内,土壤¹³⁷Cs面积浓度从坡顶到坡脚呈离散分布格局,上部梯田下坡部位土壤¹³⁷Cs面积浓度明显高于紧邻的下部梯田上坡土壤,且上坡梯田表现为土壤侵蚀,而下坡和坡脚梯田则表现为土壤沉积;在单个梯田景观内,土壤侵蚀速率主要呈上部坡位高,下部坡位低的趋势; ②复合坡坡耕地土壤侵蚀速率表现为先波动减少,然后逐渐增加的趋势,即坡顶部位土壤侵蚀速率相对较高,顺坡向下逐渐变小,在坡中部和下部表现为沉积,在坡脚部位土壤侵蚀速率又逐渐增加; ③梯田系列和坡耕地土壤¹³⁷Cs面积浓度与SOC,TN面积浓度之间均具有显著的相关关系(p＜0.05)。[结论] 在藏东南地区,梯田有效地改变了该区的土壤侵蚀空间分布格局,土壤¹³⁷Cs示踪技术可以较好地示踪该区坡耕地土壤、SOC和TN顺坡迁移和空间再分布状况,防控耕作侵蚀的危害也应当得到与水蚀同样的重视。     

黄土峁坡农地侵蚀与坡长的关系

采用~(137)Cs法测定土壤侵蚀量和细沟量测的综合研究表明,黄土峁坡的长坡农地,在细沟最大深度未抵达犁底层的坡长范围内,侵蚀速率与坡长呈正相关,大于此坡长后不呈正相关.犁耕层和犁底层组成的双层土壤结构,控制了峁坡农地的细沟发育,决定了侵蚀速率与坡长的关系.径流小区的坡面径流汇聚和细沟发育情况往往与实际峁坡农地差异较大,依据径流小区观测资料统计得出的峁坡农地的侵蚀速率与坡长呈正相关的结论,不适用于长坡农地.     

紫色丘陵区小流域土壤侵蚀产沙空间分布的 137Cs法初步研究

该文通过紫色丘陵区响水滩小流域不同土地利用类型、不同坡度和坡长、不同地貌部位土壤剖面中 ¹³⁷Cs含量的测定与分析，对其侵蚀空间分布进行了估算。研究结果表明：该流域 ¹³⁷Cs含量的背景值为1870 Bq/m²；流域内坡耕地、林地的年平均侵蚀强度分别为4468、1759 t/(km²·a)；土壤侵蚀量与坡长、坡度均指数相关；丘顶、丘坡和鞍部的年平均侵蚀强度分别为2125、4676、3625 t/(km²·a)。结果表明土地利用类型、坡长和坡度、地貌部位对土壤侵蚀量影响很大，坡耕地是该流域泥沙的主要来源。     

确定137Cs背景值所需的采样点数与采样面积

137Cs背景值的确定是利用核示踪技术研究土壤侵蚀的前提和根本,直接关系到侵蚀速率计算的准确与否。而大部分研究对137Cs背景值的确定均采取随机采样,没有统一的采样点数与确定的采样面积。本研究利用网格加密采样法,对未扰动地和长期耕种且未平整的农耕地各两块样地的137Cs背景值空间变异进行了分析,结果表明：在未扰动地与农耕地采样地块,137Cs采样点数与背景值空间变异系数都存在指数回归关系;在未扰动地块137Cs背景值存在较大空间变异性,且随着网格面积的扩大137Cs空间变异系数表现为增加趋势,在0.25m2范围内选取最少11个样点才能满足试验精度;在农耕地采样地块,因长期的耕种作用使得137Cs在耕层中混合相对均匀,137Cs背景值空间变异性显著变小,最少选取7个样点就能满足试验精度,且不受采样面积的影响。     

地形对黑土区典型坡面侵蚀—沉积空间分布特征的影响

研究地形对黑土区坡面侵蚀-沉积空间分布特征的影响可以为水土保持措施配置提供科学依据。以典型黑土区——黑龙江省宾县东山沟小流域为研究区域,在流域上游、中游和下游各选取2个典型坡面,坡面种植作物均为玉米。典型坡面坡顶、坡上、坡中、坡下和坡脚的平均坡度分别为3.1°,3.0°,4.0°,2.8°,1.2°。利用137Cs示踪技术,分析了坡度、坡长和坡形对坡面侵蚀—沉积空间分布特征的影响。结果表明:研究流域农耕地坡面以侵蚀为主,平均侵蚀速率为448 t km~(~(-2)) a~(~(-1)) ;坡面不同部位土壤侵蚀—沉积分布特征差异明显,坡顶、坡上、坡中和坡下主要表现为侵蚀,平均侵蚀速率分别为819、376、1 000和634 t km~(~(-2)) a~(~(-1)) ,而坡脚表现为明显的沉积,平均沉积速率为~(~(-1)) 382 t km~(~(-2)) a~(~(-1)) 。不同坡形坡面侵蚀-沉积分布存在差异,凸形坡坡面表现为先侵蚀后沉积的分布特征,而复合坡坡面呈现出侵蚀-沉积交错分布特征;坡面土壤侵蚀速率与坡度和坡长均呈极显著的幂函数关系,而坡度对黑土区坡面侵蚀的影响明显大于坡长,反映了即使在长坡缓地形的黑土区坡度对侵蚀的影响仍然有重要作用。因此,在黑土区配置合理的水土保持措施时,应尽量削弱坡度对坡耕地土壤侵蚀的影响。     

龙门山地震带坡耕地土壤侵蚀对有机碳迁移的影响

坡耕地土壤再分布对土壤有机碳(SOC,soil organic carbon)迁移的作用机制研究已成为土壤侵蚀学研究的热点,然而目前极少有研究关注地震后生态脆弱的龙门山地震带坡耕地土壤侵蚀机理及其导致的土壤有机碳再分布规律。该研究选择龙门山地震带内(都江堰市)一块陡坡耕地和一个梯田系列,采用137Cs法和野外调查,对比分析强震导致田埂垮塌和未受损情况下坡耕地土壤侵蚀空间变化特征和有机碳运移变化机理。结果表明,该区黄棕壤有效137Cs背景值为1 473 Bq/m2;坡度较小的坡式梯田内部上坡表现为侵蚀,下坡表现为沉积,同时,上部梯田的侵蚀速率高于下部梯田,但整个梯田系列净侵蚀量非常小,这表明梯田之间由于缺乏田埂的保护,水力也起着侵蚀、搬运上坡梯田土壤的作用,但是整个坡式梯田系列可以起到较好的保土作用,同时,坡式梯田内部主要以耕作侵蚀为主,是造成梯田上部坡位土壤流失严重的主要原因;陡坡耕地的地形为复合坡,由于田埂垮塌导致其土壤侵蚀速率显著高于坡式梯田系列,在整个坡面上,除了坡顶土壤侵蚀速率高之外,下坡坡度变大(曲率较大)的部位土壤侵蚀速率也非常高,同时,土壤沉积也发生在2个坡位(中下坡坡度较缓的部位和坡脚部位);在梯田系列和陡坡耕地上,SOC与土壤137Cs的空间变化规律较为一致。研究结果表明,在龙门山地震带,质量较好的石埂梯田仍然发挥着较好的土壤保持效果,同时,耕作侵蚀是该区坡耕地上一种重要的土壤侵蚀形式,在制定相应的土壤保持措施时,必须充分考虑耕作侵蚀的作用,才能有效地控制土壤侵蚀,此外,该研究结果还表明采用137Cs核素示踪技术可以比较科学地解释该区域的土壤侵蚀速率和SOC的空间变异规律。     

宁南黄土高原阳洼流域137Cs分布及侵蚀特征研究

利用137Cs示踪方法,对宁南黄土高原阳洼流域土壤137Cs分布及土壤侵蚀进行了初步研究。结果表明:流域137Cs基准值为(1 966.99±112.06)Bq/m2。流域内林草地土壤剖面137Cs呈指数型分布,坡耕地137Cs在耕层内呈均一分布。受坡位影响,坡耕地上坡137Cs质量活度为中、下坡的25.14%~27%。流域内坡耕地土壤侵蚀最高,平均为3 889.95 t/km2,自然荒坡最小,仅为坡耕地的17.83%,坡耕地是流域泥沙的主要侵蚀溯源区。阳洼流域土壤侵蚀存在明显的空间格局,不同土地类型下土壤137Cs面积活度、土壤侵蚀模数呈斑块状镶嵌分布,以靠近流域西南边界、中部及东南部区域土壤侵蚀模数最大,平均侵蚀速率在3 405.59~7 080.73 t/(km2.a),沉积与侵蚀明显区域间有过渡区域。坡度是影响该流域土壤侵蚀空间变化的主导因子,但土壤侵蚀速率并不简单随坡度增加而增大,它还受土地利用方式、坡位、降雨等因素影响。     

川中丘陵区坡耕地侵蚀空间分布的WEPP模型和137Cs法研究

当前核素示踪技术和侵蚀产沙模型联合应用于侵蚀空间分异规律研究甚少且主要集中在流域尺度上。本研究利用WEPP模型和137Cs核素示踪技术估算了川中丘陵区简阳县贾家村附近两块坡耕地的侵蚀速率,进而对两种方法估算的侵蚀速率在坡面上的空间分布规律进行了分析。研究表明用137Cs核素示踪法测算的两块坡耕地的侵蚀速率随坡长增加而呈波动变化特征,用WEPP模型估算的坡耕地和坡耕地的土壤侵蚀速率随坡长增加而增大。坡耕地I顶部极高的137Cs计算的侵蚀速率和极低的WEPP模型计算的侵蚀速率表明人工刨地耕作逐渐把该坡耕地顶部的耕作土迁移至下部并将坡顶变成该坡耕地内最贫瘠的部分。用WEPP模型模拟的侵蚀速率与用137Cs计算的侵蚀速率在量上和空间分布上都有较大的不同,这说明在川中丘陵区用WEPP模型来估算传统耕作方式下坡耕地的侵蚀速率存在一定的局限性。     

西汉水流域典型林草地侵蚀特征分析

为了说明西汉水流域典型林草地的侵蚀特征,为农业工程和流域治理提供依据,采用137Cs土壤侵蚀核素示踪技术,按野外采样、核素检测、模型计算三步开展研究。结果表明,6个本底区域的137Cs面积活度为1 600～2 402 Bq/m2,平均值为2 022 Bq/m2;本底区域和未扰动的林草地,剖面核素活度随深度呈指数递减分布;采样荒草地为轻度侵蚀,林地为沉积或无明显流失,退耕还林用地为中度侵蚀;侵蚀强度：林草地＜荒草地＜退耕还林用地;对于同坡面的不同坡位,侵蚀强度：坡面上部＞中部＞下部;植被发育程度影响侵蚀量的大小,对于同一土地利用类型,通常植被覆盖度越高,侵蚀速率越小,反之侵蚀速率越大。     

陇东黄土高塬沟壑区土壤侵蚀的137Cs法研究

该文通过运用铯－１３７法对陇东黄土高塬沟壑区土壤侵蚀进行研究，定量地分析了塬、坡、沟各土地利用类型的侵蚀及产沙。结果表明，通过生物及工程措施治理后的沟谷其侵蚀量都大大减小，然而塬面侵蚀问题却相对突出，塬面侵蚀量不可忽视。     

137Cs tracing of the spatial patterns in soil redistribution,organic carbon and total nitrogen in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau

The southeastern Tibetan Plateau, which profoundly affects East Asia by helping to maintain the stability of climate systems, biological diversity and clean water, is one of the regions most vulnerable to water erosion, wind erosion, tillage erosion, freeze–thaw erosion and overgrazing under global climate changes and intensive human activities. Spatial variations in soil erosion in terraced farmland (TL), sloping farmland (SL) and grassland (GL) were determined by the ¹³⁷Cs tracing method and compared with spatial variations in soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (total N). The ¹³⁷Cs concentration in the GL was higher in the 0–0.03 m soil layer than in the other soil layers due to weak migration and diffusion under low precipitation and temperature conditions, while the ¹³⁷Cs concentration in the soil layer of the SL was generally uniform in the 0–0.18 m soil layer due to tillage-induced mixing. Low ¹³⁷Cs inventories appeared at the summit and toe slope positions in the SL due to soil loss by tillage erosion and water erosion, respectively, while the highest ¹³⁷Cs inventories appeared at the middle slope positions due to soil accumulation under relatively flat landform conditions. In the GL, the ¹³⁷Cs data showed that higher soil erosion rates appeared at the summit due to freeze–thaw erosion and steep slope gradients and at the toe slope position due to wind erosion, gully erosion, freeze–thaw erosion and overgrazing. The ¹³⁷Cs inventory generally increased from upper to lower slope positions within each terrace (except the lowest terrace). The ¹³⁷Cs data along the terrace toposequence showed abrupt changes in soil erosion rates between the lower part of the upper terrace and the upper part of the immediate terrace over a short distance and net deposition on the lower and toe terraces. Hence, tillage erosion played an important role in the soil loss at the summit slope positions of each terrace, while water erosion dominantly transported soil from the upper terrace to the lower terrace and resulted in net soil deposition on the flat lower terrace. The SOC inventories showed similar spatial patterns to the ¹³⁷Cs inventories in the SL, TL and GL, and significant correlations were found between the SOC and ¹³⁷Cs inventories in these slope landscapes. The total N inventories showed similar spatial patterns to the inventories of ¹³⁷Cs and SOC, and significant correlations were also found between the total N and ¹³⁷Cs inventories in the SL, TL and GL. Therefore, ¹³⁷Cs can successfully be used for tracing soil, SOC and total N dynamics within slope landscapes in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau.     

Soil erosion evaluation in a small basin through the use of Cs technique

Soil erosion significantly affects the most productive lands in Argentina, particularly the region called “Pampa Ondulada”. Quantification of the actual rates and patterns of soil loss is necessary for designing efficient degradation control strategies. The aim of this investigation was to gather using the ¹³⁷Cs technique a reliable set of data of erosion and sedimentation rates, in order to describe the long-term erosive landscape dynamic in a 300 ha basin representative for the “Pampa Ondulada” region of Argentina. The general topography of the basin is undulated with slopes gradients between 0 and 2.5% and slope lengths up to 800 m long. The main land use consisted in annual cropping under conventional tillage.For the soil erosion study in the basin the ¹³⁷Cs technique was used, which is based on the comparison between the ¹³⁷Cs inventories surveyed with a local reference ¹³⁷Cs profile. The sampling strategy was based on a multiple transect approach.The estimated mean soil erosion rates obtained applying Mass Balance Model 2 for the studied hillslopes ranged between −11.5 and −36 t ha⁻¹ per year and fitted the low and moderate erosion classes according to FAO. These values ranged beyond the admitted tolerance. Sedimentation was observed at the lower landscape positions probably related to changes from convex to concave slopes. The application of the ¹³⁷Cs technique in the studied basin proved to be a useful and sensible tool for assessing erosion/deposition rates. In areas with low topographic gradients like the Pampa Ondulada region, the slope length appears to be an important property for predicting spatial patterns of erosion rates.     

黄土坡面的土壤侵蚀波动性

 通过对黄土高塬沟壑区不同土地利用情况下土壤侵蚀的137Cs法研究,发现从坡顶到坡脚,土壤剖面的137Cs含量呈现强、弱交替的波动变化。通过对土壤侵蚀波动性的分析以及与其他研究成果的对比分析,发现随着坡长的增加,土壤侵蚀在坡面上总是呈现出一定的波动性,并由坡面细沟侵蚀的变化规律所决定。坡面土壤侵蚀的波动性可分为2种类型:一种是受人类活动影响较大的耕作型;另一种是受人类活动影响较少的自然型。     

黄土峁坡侵蚀的137Cs法研究

本文运用¹³⁷Cs法,对陕北峁坡耕地的土壤侵蚀与泥沙运移进行了研究,定量地分析了峁坡侵蚀的特征,指出峁坡侵蚀存在由上往下呈强烈、减弱,再强烈、再减弱的波动。并利用非农耕地和农耕地土壤侵蚀公式,计算了峁顶非农耕地自1963年以来的侵蚀模数为1068t/（km²·a）;农耕地的侵蚀模数为4059t/（km²·a）。并与径流试验场实测的梁峁坡坡耕地侵蚀模数进行了对比分析。     

应用137Cs示踪技术估算土壤侵蚀的若干问题探讨

[目的]探讨用~(137)Cs示踪技术估算土壤侵蚀量方法(以下简称"~(137)Cs示踪方法")所存在的几个关键问题,促进该方法的标准化和系统化。[方法]对大量已发表的相关文献进行分析,根据作者的研究经验,归纳出~(137)Cs示踪方法在实践应用中所存在的核心问题。[结果]~(137)Cs示踪方法中关于~(137)Cs在空间是均匀分布的假设存在不合理性,不能直接用于定量估算单钻点取样的土壤侵蚀量。~(137)Cs活度的空间变化存在随机性的成分。敏感度和不确定性分析结果证明~(137)Cs活度的空间随机变化量是~(137)Cs示踪方法不确性的最大来源。[结论]可以用多钻点样本平均值来减少~(137)Cs随机变化量所引起的侵蚀估算误差。以统计学为基础的试验设计和采取独立样本的办法可以消除该误差。虽然~(137)Cs模型已被广泛应用,但由于缺乏长期观测资料诸多模型还处在理论研究阶段,没有得到严格的验证和评判。因为不同模型估算的侵蚀量差别甚大,模型验证和筛选对该方法的成功运用至关重要。     

Assessment of soil erosion on arable land using Cs measurements: a case study from Jaslovske Bohunice, Slovakia

This study was carried out to obtain a representative set of data on long-term erosion rates from a pilot area located close to the Jaslovske Bohunice village, in western Slovakia using the ¹³⁷Cs-method. The study area chosen was representative of the hilly loess cultivated areas of Slovakia. The sampling strategy was based on a multiple transect approach. Analyses of the samples for ¹³⁷Cs activity were made at the Nuclear Power Plant Research Institute, Jaslovske Bohunice. The ¹³⁷Cs-method was used to obtain long-term estimates of soil erosion in the Jaslovske Bohunice site, a representative hilly loess cultivated area of Slovakia. The estimated reference ¹³⁷Cs inventory was 2910 Bq m⁻², with a coefficient of variation of 4.3%.Examination of the ¹³⁷Cs redistribution in relation to the topography of the study area revealed that, within individual transects the ¹³⁷Cs inventories were closely related to major landforms. The ¹³⁷Cs inventories were considerably lower on the slopes than on the plateau and they were highest in the valley. However, when plotted against a selection of individual quantitative slope parameters, i.e. the S and the LS factors of the USLE or slope inclination, the correlations obtained were weak.Three conversion models, i.e. the proportional model (PM), the simplified mass balance model (MBM1) and the standard mass balance model (MBM2), from the set of models developed at Exeter University, Great Britain were selected to interpret the resulting ¹³⁷Cs measurements into soil erosion/deposition rates. The mean erosion rates estimated with the PM were 22.4, 35.6 with MBM1 and 17.3 t ha⁻¹ per year with MBM2. There was a good agreement between the average of these mean erosion rates (25.1 t ha⁻¹ per year) for the Jaslovske Bohunice site and the estimated mean soil erosion rate obtained for small erosion plots (15 t ha⁻¹ per year) for conditions similar to the study site. Nevertheless, further research on the application of the ¹³⁷Cs-method, in particular the independent validation of the results obtained, is needed. Several issues requiring further study have been highlighted.     

Impacts of soil erosion on organic carbon and nutrient dynamics in an alpine grassland soil

The impact of soil erosion on the nutrient dynamics in alpine grassland soils is still an essential problem. Selecting a grass-covered hillslope in eastern Tibet Plateau, the cesium-137 (¹³⁷Cs) technique was used to determine the impacts of soil erosion on soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and total potassium (TK). The ¹³⁷Cs data revealed that there were distinct soil redistribution patterns in different hillslope positions because of the influences of slope runoff, plant coverage and grazing activity. For the upper slope, soil erosion first decreased downward, followed by soil deposition in its lower part. In contrast, for middle and toe slopes, there was an increasing soil erosion along a downslope transect. Across the lower slope, soil erosion showed an irregular variation. Influenced by the selective transport of water erosion, SOC, TN and TP storage decreased with increasing soil erosion in upper, middle and toe slopes. In contrast, SOC, TN and TP storage varied little with soil erosion in the lower slope. On the whole hillslope, TK storage also varied little with soil erosion due to the large amount of potassium elements derived from soil parent materials. Particularly noteworthy was the greatest storage of SOC, TN and TP in the lower slope where most obvious net soil erosion occurred, which is closely related to the humus accumulation combined with gravel separation as well as weathering and pedogenesis of parent rocks induced by soil freeze-thaw.     

赣南红壤丘陵区137Cs示踪土壤侵蚀对土壤养分元素的影响

赣南红壤丘陵区是我国土壤侵蚀与土地退化比较严重的地区,以南丰县为例,应用137 Cs示踪技术探讨不同土地利用方式下土壤侵蚀与养分元素的关系。结果表明:(1)湿地松林、桔园、水田3种土地利用方式作用下土壤中137 Cs与养分元素分布差异显著,在垂直剖面上,湿地松林137 Cs含量呈指数递减分布,水田与桔园137 Cs含量因人为干扰在耕层内均匀分布;有机质与137 Cs有相似的分布特征;全氮、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量均呈现一定表聚性。(2)位于坡地的2种土地利用方式中,湿地松林137 Cs、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、有机质含量均表现为下坡>上坡>中坡;桔园137 Cs活度表现为中坡>下坡>上坡,全氮、碱解氮、速效磷表现为下坡>中坡>上坡,而速效钾、有机质最大值均出现在上坡。(3)相关性分析表明,土壤137 Cs与有机质、全氮、碱解氮显著正相关,表明小流域有机质、氮元素可能与137 Cs有相同的物理运移方式,pH与137 Cs显著负相关,速效磷、速效钾则与137 Cs不相关。(4)3种土地利用方式中位于小流域谷地的水田137 Cs、有机质、全氮、碱解氮含量最高,坡地上桔园坡面137 Cs与土壤养分元素含量均高于湿地松林地,表明一定程度的坡改梯桔园种植模式能有效缓解土壤侵蚀与养分流失,改善区域生态环境。