施用不同磷肥对海泡石钝化修复镉污染土壤影响的研究

通过油菜盆栽试验研究了添加不同剂量磷肥对重金属Cd污染土壤海泡石钝化修复效应的影响。结果表明:海泡石(S)、海泡石钝化的基础上施钙镁磷肥(S+CMP)和普钙(S+SSP)均显著降低了油菜地上部位和根部中Cd含量(P0.05),其中地上部位中Cd含量的降低率分别为74.73%、8.80%~62.63%和67.58%~70.33%;根部中Cd含量的降低率分别为84.40%、33.67%~79.37%和73.79%~92.16%,S处理和S+CMP处理均能显著的增加油菜的生物量(P0.05),但S+SSP处理对油菜生物量影响不明显。与CK相比,S、S+SSP和S+CMP处理均显著提高了土壤pH值,且显著降低了TCLP(Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure,TCLP)浸提态Cd含量(P0.05),其降低率分别为43.86%、36.84%~52.63%和26.32%~31.58%。S处理和S+CMP处理显著的增加了土壤脲酶活性,且S、S+SSP和S+CMP处理均不同程度的增加了土壤过氧化氢酶活性,在一定程度上改善了土壤环境质量。     

油枯对镉污染土壤的钝化研究

为了研究油枯对镉(Cd)污染土壤的钝化效果,以油枯为外源添加物(质量比:1%、2%、3%、4%、5%),模拟田间条件在塑料桶中进行为期45 d的培养,对镉污染土壤中Cd形态分布特征、DTPA提取态Cd(DTPA-Cd)含量、pH、有机质含量进行分析。结果表明,添加油枯可显著降低镉污染土壤中可交换态镉(Ex-Cd)的比例,提高碳酸盐结合态镉(Cb-Cd)、铁锰氧化物结合态镉(Fe-Mnb-Cd)以及有机质及硫化物晶格态镉(OMb-Cd)的比例,而残渣晶格结合态镉(RLb-Cd)变化不明显。添加油枯显著降低镉污染土壤中DTPA-Cd含量,降幅最高可达49%。镉污染土壤p H值维持在6.0左右,1%~4%添加处理中土壤pH波动幅度较大;而5%添加处理的土壤pH波动幅度小。添加油枯均能显著提高镉污染土壤中有机质含量。由此可见,油枯对镉污染土壤有较好的钝化效果,这为重金属污染土壤的修复和农业废弃物的循环利用提供了参考。     

氧化钙改性坡缕石对水稻土中Cd污染的钝化效果研究

在钝化实验和盆栽实验中利用土壤理化性质、Cd形态分布、有效态Cd、以及玉米幼苗生长等因素来分析5种比例氧化钙改性坡缕石（1∶1、2∶1、3∶1、4∶1和5∶1,质量比）的施加对水稻土中Cd污染的钝化效果。结果表明:氧化钙改性坡缕石可以显著提高土壤pH、阳离子交换量和电导率。与对照相比,5种氧化钙改性坡缕石使DTPA提取态、TCLP提取态、酸溶态Cd含量分别降低了3.44% ~ 23.3%、4.12% ~ 30.7%、2.30% ~ 21.8%。添加氧化钙改性坡缕石对玉米的生长起到了明显的促进作用,玉米的茎长、根长、鲜重和干重分别升高了2.04% ~ 17.7%、4.66% ~ 25.1%、7.62% ~ 39.4%和0.70% ~ 26.1%;玉米地上部分和地下部分Cd的含量分别降低了5.17% ~ 27.3%和4.62% ~ 22.7%。可见,氧化钙改性坡缕石钝化材料对Cd的钝化效果优于未改性坡缕石材料,其中以坡缕石与氧化钙的添加量为3∶1时效果最佳。     

凹凸棒石-稻秸复合材料的制备及其对污染土壤中镉钝化效果的研究

为提高凹凸棒石(ATP)在土壤重金属修复中的性能，以ATP和水稻秸秆(稻秸)为原料，通过厌氧发酵法制备了ATP占稻秸质量分别为25%(F-25)、50%(F-50)、75%(F-75)、100%(F-100)和125%(F-125)的ATP-稻秸复合材料，研究了复合材料对污染土壤镉(Cd)的钝化效果。通过扫描电镜(SEM)和傅立叶红外光谱(FTIR)对复合材料进行了表征，探讨了复合材料对土壤Cd的钝化机制。结果表明，复合材料减少了土壤可交换态、碳酸盐结合态及铁锰氧化物结合态Cd的含量，而增加了残渣态Cd的含量，其中，F-25分别使土壤可交换态、碳酸盐结合态及铁锰氧化物结合态的Cd含量减少了14.11%、5.95% 和10.66%，而残渣态增加了29.15%。3% 添加量的复合材料F-25或5% 添加量的复合材料F-50对土壤Cd的钝化效果较好，钝化率分别为59.88% 和62.50%。复合材料对土壤Cd的钝化率随着钝化时间的延长急剧增加，但15 d后，钝化率增加缓慢。综合考虑复合材料配比、修复材料添加量及钝化时间对土壤Cd钝化效果的影响并兼顾成本，在污染土壤Cd修复时，应优先考虑复合材料F-25并推荐3% 的添加量。     

贝壳粉对农田土壤镉污染钝化修复效应

通过静态培养试验和盆栽试验,研究了贝壳粉对Cd污染农田土壤的修复效应及其对土壤质量的影响。结果表明:静态培养试验中,随贝壳粉施加量的增加,土壤pH上升,而土壤有机质、速效氮、速效磷和速效钾含量则降低。贝壳粉对土壤中TCLP-Cd的钝化率最高达64.13%,各处理较对照差异显著(P0.05)。施加贝壳粉后土壤过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶、脲酶活性增幅最高分别达到64.31%、30.26%、17.08%。盆栽试验中,施用贝壳粉可以使土壤中重金属Cd由水溶态和还原态向氧化态和残渣态转化。贝壳粉处理使油菜叶片叶绿素含量提高,但对植物鲜质量没有显著影响(P0.05),油菜地上部Cd含量较对照下降了3.13%～26.71%,地下部Cd含量较对照下降了12.22%～31.49%。当贝壳粉投加量达到1%时,油菜可食部分Cd含量符合国家食品中污染物限量标准(GB 2762—2017)。施用贝壳粉钝化修复Cd污染土壤切实可行,可进一步开展大田试验验证效果。     

土壤钝化剂对黑土中铜的原位固定作用

采用盆栽试验研究3种钝化剂(粉煤灰、磷灰石和膨润土)对黑土中铜(Cu)的化学形态、生物积累和有效性的影响。结果表明:3种钝化剂能显著降低Cu污染黑土中水提取态(DW)、TCLP提取态和二乙基三胺五乙酸-三乙醇胺(DTPA-TEA)提取态Cu含量,其中以膨润土的效果最为明显;Tessier连续提取测定发现,3种钝化剂显著降低非残留态Cu(水溶态和交换态、碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态和有机结合态)含量(p<0.01),增加残留态Cu含量,表明3种钝化剂通过改变黑土中Cu的化学形态,降低了黑土中Cu的可淋失性和生物有效性;与对照相比,添加钝化剂能显著降低水稻地上部分的Cu含量(p<0.01),如在400Cu mg/kg处理的土壤上,添加2.5%的粉煤灰、磷灰石和膨润土使米粉中的Cu含量分别降低21.8%,22.7%和31.9%。土壤中可淋失态和生物有效态Cu的分析表明,钝化剂主要是通过改变土壤中Cu的化学形态,降低土壤中Cu的生物有效性,以降低Cu在水稻中的积累;试验表明,Cu污染土壤中施用钝化剂可以修复Cu污染,降低水稻Cu污染风险。     

干湿交替下生物炭对复合污染土壤中镉砷有效性的影响

为了明确活性炭工业的副产品——杏壳生物炭和水分管理模式对石灰性土壤重金属有效性的钝化效果,采用重度Cd、As复合污染的农田土壤,通过土壤培养方法探索了干湿交替水分管理模式下,添加不同用量生物炭对土壤中Cd、As有效性的影响。结果表明:从土壤溶液中Cd、As浓度的变化来看,干湿交替培养条件下,添加2%~10%生物炭处理的土壤溶液中Cd浓度均显著低于对照(P<0.05),降幅为33.1%~62.2%,说明干湿交替模式下添加生物炭显著促进了Cd由土壤液相向土壤固相的转移,而添加生物炭对土壤溶液中砷浓度的影响不稳定,其主要受土壤水分管理模式的影响;从土壤固相Cd、As提取态的变化来看,添加生物炭(6%,8%,10%)处理与CK相比,可显著降低土壤中DTPA提取态Cd和NH4H2PO4提取态As的含量(P<0.05),降幅分别为8.7%~16.8%,5.1%~7.9%,表明干湿交替下添加生物炭显著降低了土壤Cd、As有效性;土壤连续分级提取的结果显示,施用生物炭促进了土壤Cd由酸可提取态和可氧化态向残渣态转化,土壤As由专性吸附态和无定形—弱结晶铁铝或铁锰水化氧化物结合态向残渣态转化,显著降低了污染土壤Cd、As活性。因此,在重度Cd、As复合污染的石灰性土壤区,施用6%生物炭并保持干湿交替的水分管理模式能显著降低土壤镉砷的有效性。     

海南岛砖红壤中铅、镉的化学形态与转化

采用土培实验和连续提取.原子吸收分光光度法,研究了重金属Pb、Cd在海南岛花岗岩砖红壤中的形态组成、外源Pb、Cd污染及化学修复剂磷、钙、硫对土壤重金属形态的影响.结果表明:在供试原土壤中,重金属Pb的化学形态以结合态和残余态为主,土壤有效态Pb含量较低,其中残余态Pb>有机质结合态Pb>铁锰氧化物结合态Pb>碳酸盐结合态Pb>交换态Pb>水溶态Pb,说明土壤Pb的环境风险较低;重金属Cd的化学形态以铁锰氧化物结合态和碳酸盐结合态为主,土壤中交换态Cd含量较高,其中铁锰氧化物结合态Cd>碳酸盐结合态Cd>交换态Cd>有机结合态Cd>残余态Cd>水溶态Cd,说明土壤Cd的环境风险较高.当外源Pb、Cd污染土壤时,有铁锰结合态Pb>残余态Pb>有机态Pb>碳酸盐结合态Pb>交换态Pb>水溶态Pb,交换态Cd>铁锰氧化物结合态Cd>碳酸盐结合态Cd>残余态Cd>有机态Cd>水溶态Cd的趋势.向污染土壤施加化学改良剂过磷酸钙、硫化钠和石灰,能显著降低水溶态Pb、Cd和交换态Pb、Cd的含量,并使有机结合态Pb、碳酸盐结合态Pb和铁锰氧化物结合态Pb含量下降,但残余态Pb、碳酸盐结合态Cd、铁锰氧化物结合态Cd和有机态Cd有增加的趋势,残余态Cd的含量基本稳定.     

钙质钝化材料对四川盆地6种主要旱作土壤Cd的钝化效应

为针对性、定量化地利用钝化处理实现不同类型Cd污染土壤的安全利用,以四川盆地6种主要旱作土壤为研究对象,采用室内培养试验和土培试验探讨了6个剂量水平下,钙质钝化材料对土壤pH、CEC、有效Cd含量、Cd形态、小白菜生物量和Cd含量的影响。结果表明:(1)钙质钝化材料可提升6种土壤的pH和CEC,土壤CEC随用量的增加而持续增加,而土壤pH在提升至微碱性水平后,不再随用量的增加而增加;(2)6种土壤有效Cd含量随钝化材料用量的增加先显著降低,后趋于平稳,用量＞2.5%后均无显著变化。该添加量下,有效Cd含量降幅为典型黄壤(63.32%)＞酸性紫色土(46.65%)＞漂洗黄壤(38.51%)＞中性紫色土(34.97%)＞石灰性紫色土(18.03%)＞灰潮土(16.60%);土壤中可交换态Cd主要向碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态和残渣态形态转化;(3)除石灰性紫色土外,钙质钝化材料可显著提升其余5种污染土壤中小白菜的生物量并显著降低其可食部位Cd含量。用量为2.5%时,典型黄壤、漂洗黄壤和酸性紫色土中小白菜Cd含量降幅高达84.28%,79.90%,69.87%,显著优于中性紫色土、灰潮土和石灰性紫色土(5%用量时降幅仅为40.27%,31.13%,17.98%)。该研究揭示钙质钝化材料对6种Cd污染旱作土壤的剂量-效应差异,并在典型黄壤、漂洗黄壤和酸性紫色土中钝化效率较优,为不同土壤条件下钙质钝化材料的合理使用提供科学依据。     

膨润土、褐煤及其混合添加对铅、镉复合污染土壤重金属形态的影响

为研究膨润土与褐煤对铅镉复合污染土壤重金属形态变化的影响,以河南济源某铅冶炼企业周边重金属污染土壤为研究材料,将膨润土(S)、褐煤(P)按1.5%、3.0%、5.0%单独添加和两者混合添加,进行60天的室内培养后,用BCR连续提取法,研究了添加不同含量的膨润土和褐煤对重金属污染土壤中Pb、Cd形态的影响。结果表明,单一添加褐煤能显著降低土壤中Pb、Cd的有效态含量,褐煤添加量5.0%时土壤中铅和镉弱酸提取态含量分别降低了42.60%和25.20%。单一添加膨润土能显著降低土壤中Pb的有效态含量,而对Cd的有效态含量影响不明显。膨润土5.0%和褐煤(1.5%、3.0%、5.0%)混合处理土壤中铅的弱酸提取态含量降幅达44.50%～46.00%,铅的残渣态含量增幅达30.90%～66.80%。褐煤5.0%和膨润土(1.5%、3.0%、5.0%)的混合添加使土壤中镉的弱酸提取态含量降低、降幅达21.70%～26.00%,镉的残渣态含量增幅达81.60%～110.9%。褐煤单一施用对复合污染土壤中Pb、Cd的钝化效果整体优于膨润土,两者配施的修复效果优于其中一种单一施用的效果,且因配施比例而异。     

Not All Phosphate Fertilizers Immobilize Lead in Soils

The effects of six phosphate (P) fertilizers in mobilizing and immobilizing water-soluble lead (Pb) were determined in a contaminated soil (Alfisol from Shaoxing) from China and four Australian soils (an Oxisol from Twonsville Queensland and three South Australian soils from Cooke Plains (Typic Palexeralf)), Inman Valley (Vertisol), and Two Wells (Natric Palexeralf). The fertilizers tested were single superphosphate (SSP), triple superphosphate (TSP), monoammonium phosphate (MAP), diammonium phosphate (DAP), monocalcium phosphate (MCP), and dicalcium phosphate (DCP) to produce an initial P concentration of 1,000 mg/L. The Chinese soil contained 16,397 mg/kg total Pb, but the Australian soils were uncontaminated. The four Australian soils were each spiked with 1,000 mg Pb/kg soil (as Pb(NO₃)₂) and incubated for a month. Single superphosphate treatments decreased total soluble Pb in soil solution to 2–14 % of those of the nil-P (0P) treatment in the four Pb-spiked soils and to 48 % in the Chinese Pb-contaminated soil. The DAP treatment followed by the MAP treatment greatly increased the total soluble Pb in soil solution up to 135–500 % of the 0P treatment, except in the Two Wells soil. MCP could decrease the total soluble Pb in Cooke Plains, Inman Valley, Shaoxing, and Two Wells soils while increase it in the Queensland soil; DCP decreased the total soluble Pb in Cooke Plains and Queensland soils while increased it in the Shaoxing and Inman Valley soils. There were close relationships between the total soluble Pb, total soluble Al, and total soluble Fe in the water extracts of each. Soluble Al and Fe ions in soil solution increased soluble Pb concentrations. We conclude that not all phosphate fertilizers immobilize Pb in soils equally well. SSP and TSP are excellent Pb-immobilizing fertilizers, while MAP and DAP are strong Pb-mobilizing fertilizers. MCP and DCP are either Pb-immobilizing fertilizers or Pb-mobilizing fertilizers depending on their reactions with individual soils.     

A Comparison of Snow Quality in Two Swedish Municipalities – Luleå and Sundsvall

Lead (Pb) is toxic to humans, especially to young children, as well as animals. Toxicity is strongly related to the bioavailability of Pb and soil Pb bioavailability can be influenced by soil amendments. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of Mn oxides and phosphorus (P) on Pb bioaccessibility in five lead-contaminated soils or mine spoils from Kansas and Missouri, USA. Fifteen treatments were used: Brazilian (BMN) and Amonone #4 (AM#4) (commercial Mn oxides), birnessite (BIR) and cryptomalene (CRYP) (synthetic Mn oxides), phosphate rock (PR) and triple superphosphate (TSP) phosphorus sources, and combinations of each P source with the Mn oxides. A physiologically based extraction test (PBET) was used to evaluate time and treatment effects. All amendments significantly decreased Pb bioaccessibility compared with control although treatment effects differed from soil to soil. In general, TSP, PR, and BIR treatments were most effective in decreasing Pb. Some amendments reduced the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) concentration for Pb to below the critical value of 5 mg L^?1, but were not able to reduce TCLP extractable Cd to below 1 mg L^?1. Our results indicated that the use of P and Mn oxides for reducing soil Pb bioaccessibility in contaminated soils is promising.     

不同氮磷钾肥对土壤pH和镉有效性的影响

采用土壤培养方法研究了不同氮、磷、钾肥对土壤pH和镉有效性的影响。结果表明,在培养60 d时,所有氮肥处理均降低了土壤pH,增加了Cd的提取量;但高量尿素和氯化铵处理土壤pH降低最多,提取的Cd也最多;硫酸铵提取的Cd较对照增加最小。所有磷肥处理均引起土壤pH小幅降低,但对土壤Cd提取量的影响以普钙稍大。3种钾肥处理均降低了土壤pH,其中氯化钾在0 d时提取的Cd在所有钾肥处理中为最高,其提取能力15 d后逐渐消失,试验结束时所有钾肥处理对Cd提取量均低于对照。本研究进一步表明,在土壤Cd含量处于污染临界值附近或已受Cd污染的土壤上,应避免施用高量的酸性肥料如尿素、氯化铵、普钙,以及其他酸性物料。在常用磷、钾肥中,磷酸二铵和硫酸钾在Cd污染土壤上施用更为适合。     

EFFECT OF DIFFERENT PHOSPHORUS SOURCES ON THE GROWTH,YIELD, ENERGY CONTENT AND PHOSPHORUS UTILIZATION EFFICIENCY IN MAIZE AT RAWALAKOT AZAD JAMMU AND KASHMIR,PAKISTAN

Effect of poultry manure (PM) and four inorganic phosphorus (P) fertilizers sources, i.e., diammonium phosphate (DAP), single super phosphate (SSP), nitrophos (NP) and triple super phosphate (TSP) on crop production and P utilization efficiency (PUE) of maize was studied. Both inorganic P fertilizers and PM applied alone or combined in 50:50 proportions at equivalent rate of 90 kg P₂O₅ ha^?1. Results indicated that inorganic P sources with PM significantly increased plant height, leaf area and chlorophyll content. Average values showed that combined application of inorganic P with PM increased grain yield by 19 and 41% over inorganic P and PM alone, respectively. Similarly, increase in P-uptake due to the combined application of inorganic P + PM was 17% compared to sole inorganic P. Phosphorus utilization efficiency of inorganic P was increased with PM and the highest PUE was recorded in DAP + PM. Generally, combination of DAP + PM proved superior over the remaining P fertilizers.     

Phosphate rock and a phosphate rock/superphosphate mixture as fertilizers for crops grown on a calcareous soil

Abstract

The agronomic effectiveness of Mussoorie phosphate rock (MPR) from India and a 2:1 mixture of MPR and single superphosphate (SSP) was compared against SSP as phosphate fertilizers for crops. The experiment was conducted for three seasons and was designed to study the response of crops to current application as well as residual effects of the various P fertilizers. Three crops were grown in sequence: finger millet (Eleusine coracana), maize (Zea mays L.), and blackgram (Phaseolus mungo) on a calcareous soil under irrigated conditions. The phosphate fertilizers were applied to finger millet and/or maize but not to the blackgram. Soil samples were collected at intervals and analysed for Olsen bicarbonate‐extractable P. The agronomic effectiveness of fertilizers relative to SSP (RAE) were calculated from the fertilizer substitution ratios. When used on finger millet, the RAE of MPR, calculated at a yield which corresponded to 90% of calculated maximum yield on applying SSP, was 42%. For the mixture of MPR and SSP the RAE was 68%. On maize, yield in MPR treatment plateaued at too low a level (about 80% of calculated maximum yield for SSP) to calculate RAE but for MPR/SSP the RAE was 80%. The residual effectiveness of fertilizers on the second crop, compared against freshly applied SSP was 41% for SSP, 49% for MPR, and 73% for MPR/SSP. Olsen bicarbonate‐extractable P values determined one month after fertilizer application increased over control by about 55% in MPR and 86% in MPR/SSP treatments relative to SSP. Economic calculations indicated that, application of MPR is of equal value to SSP for the cropping sequence whereas MPR/SSP for the cropping sequence as well as for individual crops.     

滴施不同水溶性磷肥对石灰性土壤磷分布及玉米磷素吸收利用的影响

  【目的】  磷的形态影响着其施入土壤后的移动分布。研究滴灌施肥中不同水溶性磷肥在石灰性土壤中的分布特征及玉米对磷素的吸收和利用,为滴灌玉米生产中的磷肥选择提供理论依据。  【方法】  于2018—2020年在新疆石河子市实验站开展滴灌玉米田间试验,选用玉米品种‘郑单958’作为试验材料。试验共设磷酸脲(UP)、磷酸二氢钾(MKP)、聚磷酸铵(APP)、磷酸二铵(DAP)、磷酸一铵(MAP)、不施磷肥(CK) 6个处理,除CK不施磷肥外,其余处理灌溉量及氮磷钾投入量均相同。玉米开花期和成熟期,分别在滴头下、根系、宽行3个位点,在垂直方向0—10、10—20、20—40 cm处采集土样,测定pH、速效磷和全磷含量。采集玉米地上部植物样品,测定茎、叶、穗器官磷素含量。在完熟期测产,计算磷肥利用效率等指标。  【结果】  与DAP和CK处理相比,UP处理能显著降低0—40 cm土层土壤pH,开花期UP处理土壤pH较CK和DAP分别降低了0.20和0.32个单位,成熟期分别降低了0.24和0.31个单位,MAP、APP和MKP也不同程度地降低了滴头下0—10 cm土层土壤pH。UP处理土壤有效磷在0—40 cm土层的分布最均匀,APP处理10—20 cm土壤速效磷含量显著高于UP和MAP。玉米开花期APP、UP、MAP处理土壤速效磷含量较DAP分别增加了65.47%、44.18%和23.14%,成熟期分别增加了58.08%、40.13%和127.89%。APP处理的玉米穗、叶和总磷素积累量均最高,开花期较DAP分别显著增加了29.22%、43.97%和22.43%,成熟期较DAP分别增加了65.39%、26.63%和50.60%。APP、UP、MAP处理的玉米产量没有显著差异,较DAP分别增产了18.03%、11.64%和9.46%,磷肥利用率分别较DAP增加了29.62个百分点、13.65个百分点和9.93个百分点。APP处理的磷肥偏生产力和磷肥农学效率分别较DAP增加了18.03%和174.96%。相关分析表明,玉米产量和磷素积累量与0—20 cm土层的土壤有效磷含量正相关,与20—40 cm土层土壤速效磷含量负相关或相关性较弱。  【结论】  速效磷的分布与土壤pH的变化高度一致。酸性水溶性磷肥可不同程度地降低玉米根系周围土壤pH,磷酸脲的影响范围可达滴头周围0—40 cm土层,磷酸二氢钾、聚磷酸铵和磷酸一铵仅在滴头周围0—10 cm土层范围内有影响,而磷酸二铵对土壤pH无显著影响。滴施磷酸脲土壤中速效磷在0—40 cm土层中的分布较均匀,其在10—20 cm土层中的速效磷含量低于聚磷酸铵并高于其他磷肥处理。磷肥利用率与10—20 cm土层速效磷含量极显著相关。因此,滴施聚磷酸铵的玉米产量和磷肥利用率高于其它磷肥处理。综合3年试验结果,在新疆滴灌玉米生产中,水溶性磷肥中以聚磷酸铵最优,其次是磷酸脲和磷酸一铵等酸性磷肥,应减少磷酸二铵等碱性磷肥的施用。     

不同水分管理模式下坡缕石修复稻田土壤镉污染效果

  目的  探究在合理的水分管理模式下提高坡缕石钝化稻田土壤镉的效率,及坡缕石施加对土壤理化性质、环境质量和水稻抗氧化胁迫的影响。  方法  采用盆栽试验方法,试验设置长期淹水、传统灌溉和湿润灌溉3种水分管理措施,每一水分管理模式下设0%、0.5%、1.0%、1.5%、2.0%和2.5% 6个坡缕石施加浓度,共18个处理,通过测定土壤pH、zeta电位、有效态镉、稻米生物量、稻米镉含量、土壤酶和叶抗氧化酶活性,分析不同水分管理措施与坡缕石用量组合修复镉污染的效果。  结果  长期淹水、传统灌溉和湿润灌溉下,坡缕石处理土壤pH分别增加0.49 ~ 1.24、0.49 ~ 1.47和0.42 ~ 1.64个单位,0.025 mol L?1 HCl提取态镉含量分别下降15.4% ~ 46.2%,11.5% ~ 39.7%和11.4% ~ 32.4%,毒性浸出法提取态镉最大降幅分别为47.4%、42.4%和40.2%（P < 0.05）。未施加坡缕石条件下,与传统灌溉比,长期淹水、湿润灌溉的稻米生物量降低11.2%和19.3%（P < 0.05）。3种水分管理模式下,坡缕石处理的稻米镉含量分别下降21.9% ~ 75.0%,17.8% ~ 70.2%和17.4% ~ 66.5%,土壤磷酸酶活性最大增幅分别为40.0%、57.1%和40.9%,叶超氧化物歧化酶活性最大增幅分别为33.9%、50.2%和37.4%（P < 0.05）。  结论  长期淹水下坡缕石钝化土壤镉的效率最高,1.0%坡缕石施加使稻米镉含量降至我国食品污染物含量限量标准0.20 mg kg?1（GB 2762—2012）以下,长期淹水联合坡缕石施加组合为镉污染稻田土壤修复技术。     

Residual effects of organic acid-treated phosphate rocks on some soil properties and phosphate availability

The effects of the application of organic acid-treated phosphate rocks on the growth and nutrient uptake of Italian rye grass (Lolium multiflorum Lam. cv. Tachiwase) and some properties of the soil were evaluated in a greenhouse pot experiment. Phosphate rocks (PRs) collected from six countries; China, Florida (USA), Jordan, Sri Lanka, Togo, and Tanzania, were treated with 1 M oxalic or tartaric acid at the ratio of 2.5 mL g^-1 PR. The organic acid-treated PRs, containing 12–31% water soluble P, were applied to a granitic regosol (pH 5.8) at 200 mg P pot^-1 (4 kg soil). Untreated PRs and single superphosphate (SSP) were included in the treatments. Italian ryegrass was grown for 175 dafter planting (DAP) with ample supply of other nutrients and water. Shoots were harvested at 56, 119, and 175 DAP and the soils were analyzed for pH and Olsen-P after the experiment. Application of organic acid-treated PRs consistently increased the dry matter yield and P uptake of the plants compared with the application of untreated PRs at each harvest, but they were less effective than SSP. A larger amount of P (calculated per unit water-soluble P applied) was recovered from the organic acid-treated PRs than from SSP. The amount of residual extractable P in the soils with the organic acid-treated PRs was about the same as or significantly larger than that in the soil treated with SSP. Soil pH was also significantly higher than in the control and SSP soils. The results suggest that organic acids could be used to improve the P availability of PRs to plants with favorable residual effects in terms of available P and soil pH, without exerting any adverse effects on plant growth or nutrient acquisition.     

Agronomic Efficiency of Indian Rock Phosphates in Acidic Soils Employing Radiotracer A‐Value Technique

Abstract

A greenhouse pot culture study was conducted to evaluate the agronomic efficiency of two rock phosphates from Mussoorie (MRP) and Purulia (PRP) in two acidic soils from Dapoli (Maharashtra) and Aruvanthklu (Karnataka), India, by growing maize (cv. Ganga) as the test crop and using ³²phosphorus (P) single superphosphate (³²P=SSP) as a tracer (A‐value technique). Dry‐matter yield and P uptake increased significantly with the application of P fertilizers compared to control treatment (without P) in both the soils. There was no significant difference with respect to dry‐matter yield among the P fertilizer treatments. However, P uptake by the shoots was found to be significantly higher in the PRP treatment in only Dapoli soil compared to other P fertilizer treatments. Phosphorus derived from fertilizer decreased in rock phosphate treatments compared to standard ³²P‐SSP treatment in both the soils, indicating an excess availability of P from the rock phosphates. A‐values of soil and rock phosphate indicate a relatively higher P availability from Aruvanthklu soil compared to Dapoli soil; A‐values for the rock phosphates were in the order PRP>MRP. The substitution ratio showed that the availability of P from both the rock phosphates were less than SSP in both the soils.     

Evaluation of phosphorus availability from three phosphorus sources in Nigerian soils

Abstract

In an attempt to search for a cheaper source of phosphorus (P), both for direct application and industrial use, three P fertilizers were evaluated in incubation and greenhouse studies. Indigenous Sokoto rock phosphate (SRP) imported, Togo rock phosphate (TRP), and conventional single superphosphate (SSP) were applied on three soil types namely Oxisol, Ultisol, and Alfisol at rates ranging from 0–800 mg P kg^‐1 soil. Evaluation of the P sources was conducted for 12 weeks in incubation study, and five weeks in the greenhouse using maize as test crop. Evaluation of direct application of SSP and SRP on an oxic paleudult was carried out in the field for three years. The results of incubation studies revealed in general, that P availability increased as fertilizer rates increased. The P availability was, however, greater when SSP was applied on the Alfisol than on the Oxisol and Ultisol. The rock phosphates on the other hand were more efficient on acid soils than on soils neutral in pH. Optimum P availability from the fertilizers was observed to occur predominantly between four and eight weeks of incubation. In the greenhouse study, SSP gave the highest cumulative P uptake and optimum rate of application was 200 mg P kg^‐1 soil, while optimum rate for rock phosphate was 400 mg P kg^‐1 soil. The agronomic effectiveness (EA) of the rock phosphates was about 40% relative to SSP on the Alfisol. The EA, however, for TRP and SRP was 120% and 160%, respectively, on the Oxisol, while on the Ultisol, SRP was equally effective as SSP and TRP had 65% effectiveness. The results of the field trial indicated that the SRP had 54%, 83%, and 107% agronomic effectiveness of SSP, respectively, in the first, second, and third year of cropping. Optimum rate for SSP and SRP application was considered to be 50 and 75 kg P₂O₅ ha^‐1, respectively.