豫中植烟区土壤速效养分的空间变异分析

利用地统计学和GIS相结合的方法,探讨了豫中烤烟种植区土壤速效氮、磷、钾含量空间变异特征。结果表明:研究区速效氮含量属于偏低水平,而速效钾和速效磷为偏高水平。以速效氮的变异系数为最小,速效磷的变异系数为最大。土壤 pH与速效氮和速效磷都成呈显著的正相关关系,土壤有机质与速效氮、速效磷和速效钾都达到极显著的正相关关系。研究区3种土壤速效养分中,除了速效氮为线性模型外,速效钾和速效磷都是球状模型。速效磷和速效钾属于中等强度的空间变异性,而速效氮属于弱的空间相关性。本烤烟种植区土壤速效养分的等值线图可更准确和直观地了解研究区土壤养分的空间分布,从而为精确施肥提供依据。     

吉林省农田耕层土壤速效磷、钾养分的时空变化特征

分析2005～2013年间测土配方施肥土壤样品,明确吉林省农田耕层土壤速效磷、钾养分的空间分布特征,结合第二次土壤普查数据探讨不同地区和土类农田土壤速效磷、钾养分的时间变化趋势。目前,吉林省农田耕层土壤速效磷含量平均为25.4 mg·kg-1(1.6～84.2 mg·kg-1),速效钾含量平均为123.6 mg·kg-1(24～299 mg·kg-1),均属中等变异。空间分布上,吉林省农田土壤速效磷自东向西逐渐下降,白山地区的靖宇县最高而白城地区的大安市最低,速效钾自北向南逐渐下降,长春地区的农安县最高而通化地区的集安市最低。不同土类间速效磷、钾含量差异显著,前者以白浆土最高而黑钙土最低,后者以黑土最高而水稻土最低。30年间,吉林省农田耕层土壤速效磷含量在省域及地区尺度上均呈显著上升趋势,土壤速效钾含量在地区间增减趋势不同,省域尺度上总体略有下降。土类方面,除黑土和暗棕壤略有下降外,大多数土类速效磷含量均明显提高,速效钾含量以风沙土、黑钙土增幅较高而暗棕壤、草甸土显著下降。基于以上结果,吉林省区域作物养分管理策略与技术需进行相应调整以优化养分资源投入,建议适当下调磷肥用量或改进磷肥品种以减少土壤磷素累积,土壤钾素亏缺地区应合理补充钾肥并积极推广秸秆还田技术。     

模拟氮沉降对森林土壤速效磷和速效钾的影响

通过野外氮沉降模拟试验,研究了氮沉降对亚热带森林(罗浮栲、杉木和浙江桂)土壤速效磷和速效钾的影响,试验处理设置为对照[CK,0 kg/(hm2.a)]、低氮[LN,(30 kg/(hm2.a)]和高氮[HN,100 kg/(hm2.a)]。结果表明,长期氮沉降作用下,罗浮栲和杉木土壤速效磷的含量和速效磷/速效钾值皆随氮沉降水平提高而增加,而浙江桂土壤速效磷和速效磷/速效钾值则随氮沉降水平提高而减小;氮沉降对土壤速效钾有淋失作用(LN>HN),但影响不显著,各处理之间的速效钾含量差异小;不同森林土壤之间的速效磷或速效钾含量差异较大;保留凋落物与去除凋落物处理之间的试验结果呈显著正相关性。     

不同轮作模式农田钾养分表观平衡及其对土壤速效钾含量的影响

通过连续3年监测上海郊区43块定位农田,比较了50种作物以及5种不同轮作模式农田的钾养分表观盈余状况及其对土壤速效钾含量的影响。结果表明：(1)不同作物农田的钾养分盈余趋势为水生蔬菜类、果树类>旱作蔬菜≥草皮>大田作物;不同轮作模式农田钾养分盈余大小表现为作物轮作>菜作轮作>草皮单作>菜菜轮作>果树单作;(2)不同作物及轮作模式农田收获时土壤速效钾含量随土层的加深而逐渐增加,钾养分盈余多的农田土壤的表层速效钾含量也高;(3)不同作物及不同轮作模式农田钾养分盈余量与收获时土壤表层(0~30 cm)的速效钾含量呈正相关,但未达显著水平。     

土壤速效氮、磷、钾含量空间变异特征及其影响因子

利用地统计学和GIS相结合的方法,探讨了双流县土壤速效氮、磷、钾含量空间变异特征及其影响因子。结果表明:1) 土壤速效氮和速效钾含量具有强烈的空间相关性,相关距离分别达38754 m和56187 m,结构性因子是影响其空间变异的主要因子;土壤速效磷含量具有中等空间相关性,相关距离为24210 m,其空间变异受结构性因子和随机性因子共同影响。2) 土壤速效氮含量主要由北向南逐渐降低;速效磷含量主要在东北向西南及东南向西北方向上逐渐降低,而速效钾含量主要由东南向西北逐渐降低。3) 土壤速效氮含量在不同土壤类型及地形地貌间呈极显著差异;土壤速效磷含量在不同成土母质及地形地貌间呈显著或极显著差异;土壤速效钾含量在不同成土母质间呈极显著差异。土壤速效氮、磷、钾含量高值区单位面积化肥施用量明显高于低值区。     

鲁北低平原内陆盐碱地不同种植方式对土壤理化性质的影响

采用农户调查和室内试验相结合的方式,研究内陆盐碱地农田管理方式对土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明,作物种植方式主要有小麦—玉米轮作、小麦—棉花轮作、西瓜—棉花套种、玉米—大豆间作和春玉米单作5种。这5种种植方式的土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾平均含量分别为20.1,60.1,106.2和170.2mg/kg,不同种植方式间差异显著,西瓜—棉花套种方式的养分含量最高。不同种植方式下,土壤碱解氮含量最高值仅为70.2mg/kg,应适当增施氮肥;土壤速效磷含量平均值高于作物所需磷含量15mg/kg,应适当减少磷肥的施用;土壤速效钾平均值为170.2mg/kg,应根据作物对钾的需求特点,控制钾肥的使用。     

干湿交替程度对土壤速效养分的影响

降雨和灌溉引起的干湿交替显著影响土壤速效养分的转化和迁移。为了探究干湿交替程度对土壤速效养分的影响,采用室内模拟干湿交替试验,设置轻度(DW1,复水至60%WHC)、中度(DW2,复水至45%WHC)、重度(DW3,复水至30%WHC)3种干湿交替程度,并以恒湿处理(CM,恒定60%WHC)为对照,探究试验前后土壤pH、水溶性有机碳(dissolved organic carbon,DOC)、铵态氮、硝态氮、速效磷及速效钾的变化。结果表明:DW1土壤pH比其他各组低0.25~0.45,其余各组间差异不显著;培养后CM组DOC下降20.01%,DW组下降37.04%~41.36%,不同程度干湿交替处理间差异不显著。土壤铵态氮含量在培养后下降18.19%~42.02%,各处理间表现为DW3>DW2>DW1;土壤硝态氮含量较培养前急剧增长,表现为DW1>DW2>DW3,DW2的铵态氮和硝态氮含量与CM组基本一致。土壤速效钾和速效磷培养前后变化不大,但DW2速效磷含量较其他各处理减少2.93~4.00 mg/kg,而DW3的速效钾含量较其他各处理减少3.69~14.72 mg/kg。干湿交替显著降低土壤DOC和铵态氮含量,增加土壤硝态氮含量,对土壤pH、速效磷、速效钾影响不大。干湿交替程度的增强能提高土壤pH,促进铵态氮的产生,抑制硝态氮和速效钾的生成,但对DOC和速效磷影响不大。     

陕西省农田土壤速效钾时空变化及其影响因素

分析陕西省农田土壤速效钾时空变化特征及其影响因素,旨在为实现陕西省农田土壤养分分区管理、作物优化施肥和指导陕西省农业生产实践提供科学依据。于2016—2017年采集陕西省农田土壤样品705份,测定速效钾含量,采用普通克里金插值法进行空间插值分析,探讨其影响因素,在此基础上提出科学分区施肥建议。结果表明:陕西省农田土壤速效钾含量范围为55～301 mg/kg,不同地貌区速效钾含量排序为关中平原陕北高原陕南山区,各行政区速效钾含量排序为咸阳市渭南市西安市宝鸡市延安市铜川市安康市汉中市榆林市商洛市;时间上,陕西省各市2017年速效钾含量均值较1980s均存在不同程度的涨幅,且关中平原涨幅最大;陕西全省速效钾含量均值为181 mg/kg,整体处于极高水平,关中平原速效钾含量以1级、2级水平为主,陕北高原和陕南山区速效钾含量以2级水平为主;空间上,陕西省速效钾含量整体自北向南呈先递增后递减的趋势,陕北高原速效钾含量自北向南呈递增趋势,延安市西南区域速效钾富集;关中平原咸阳与西安交界处、渭南东北部速效钾明显高于其他区域;陕南山区速效钾含量北部高于南部,商洛市中部速效钾含量较低。陕西省不同地貌区农田土壤速效钾含量时空变化特征差异显著(P0.05),与土壤pH、土壤类型、地形、气候和人为因素有关,建议陕西省各区域结合以上影响因素因地制宜,实施钾肥分区管理,保持土壤钾素盈亏平衡。     

江苏省环太湖地区速效磷和速效钾含量时空变化研究

对土壤养分时空变异的充分了解是土壤养分管理和合理施肥的基础。本文以江苏省环太湖地区为例,利用1982年全国第二次土壤普查成果和2004年的野外采样数据,以速效磷和速效钾为指标,通过传统的统计学和GIS地统计技术,探讨区域尺度上土壤速效养分的时空变化规律。结果表明:从1982年到2004年,研究区土壤速效磷和速效钾的含量都有所增加,前者增加更为显著。速效磷和速效钾含量为Ⅱ级的土壤面积分别增加了12.5%和13.6%,Ⅲ级的土壤面积则分别有8.9%的增加和13.4%的减少,速效磷含量为Ⅳ级的土壤面积减少了21.3%,速效钾含量为Ⅲ、Ⅰ级以及速效磷含量为Ⅰ级的土壤面积都有不到1%增减。土壤速效磷增幅最大的区域在常熟市东部和宜兴市的环太湖地区,武进市东部降幅最大。土壤速效钾含量在宜兴市南部和无锡市区西北部增加最明显,宜兴市中北部、太仓市和张家港市则有明显下降。研究结果可为本区土壤质量的综合研究和管理决策提供依据。     

植被混凝土护坡基材p H、有机质及其与速效养分的相关性分析

采集了宜昌境内4处采用植被混凝土生态防护边坡的33个基材土壤样品,对其pH值、有机质和速效N、P、K含量进行测定,分析pH值、有机质含量与速效养分含量的相关性.结果表明:植被混凝土护坡基材pH值为7.73～8.39,属于微碱性和碱性土壤;有机质含量为9.29～18.75 g/kg,属于极低水平和较低水平;速效氮含量为34.34～46.10 mg/kg,速效磷为96.86～146.13 mg/kg,速效钾为196.98～333.53 mg/kg.4个边坡的速效氮含量均属于较低水平,速效钾、速效磷含量均为高水平.pH与有机质、速效K含量呈极显著负相关,与速效N和速效P含量均呈负相关,但不显著;有机质与速效N含量呈极显著正相关,与速效K和速效P含量均呈负相关,但不显著.表明植被混凝土护坡基材的pH值和有机质影响着土壤速效养分的含量.     

The phosphorus status of German cropland—An inventory of top‐ and subsoils

Background : In search for more sustainable crop production, the subsoil has recently come into focus as considerable reservoir of nutrients and water. Aims : Dimensions of subsoil phosphorus (P) reserves are yet largely unknown but crucial for identifying regions suitable to include subsoil into sustainable management strategies. Methods : We analyzed stocks of total and plant‐available (calcium acetate lactate‐extractable) P in 96 representative soil profiles of German arable land down to 1 m depth. Results : We found that the German arable soils stored, on average, 8 t ha^?1 of total P, of which nearly 500 kg ha^?1 were readily plant‐available. Notably, one third of plant‐available P was located below the plow layer and one fifth even at depths below 0.5 m. The depth gradients of plant‐available P stocks were affected more by major reference soil group than by texture. Generally, Chernozem but also Anthrosol, Gleysol and Fluvisol exhibited the largest P stocks in German cropland. The contribution of plant‐available P to total P stocks was larger in sandy and extremely acidic (pH < 4.5) soils compared with more fine‐grained and slightly acidic to alkaline soils, possibly because fertilization compensated for overall lower total P stocks at these sites. Generally, the more P was stored in topsoils, the more P was stored also in subsoils. Conclusions : A hypothetical crop utilization of 10% from plant‐available P stocks and 0.1% from total P stocks from shallow subsoil could compensate for P fertilization by ca. 8 kg ha^?1, but the rate of plant‐available P replenishment in subsoil likely remains the crucial factor for the role of subsoil P stocks in crop nutrition. Generally, the large P reserves found in subsoil could act as an ‘insurance' system for crops.     

长期施肥和耕作管理对华北平原土壤肥力的影响

In the North China Plain, fertilizer management and tillage practices have been changing rapidly during the last three decades; however, the influences of long-term fertilizer applications and tillage systems on fertility of salt-affected soils have not been well understood under a winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-maize (Zea mays L.) annual double cropping system. A field experiment was established in 1985 on a Cambosol at the Quzhou Experimental Station, China Agricultural University, to investigate the responses of soil fertility to fertilizer and tillage practices. The experiment was established as an orthogonal design with nine treatments of different tillage methods and/or fertilizer applications. In October 2001, composite soil samples were collected from the 0–20 and 20–40 cm layers and analyzed for soil fertility indices. The results showed that after 17 years of nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) fertilizer and straw applications, soil organic matter (SOM) in the top layer was increased significantly from 7.00 to 9.30–13.14 g kg-1 in the 0–20 cm layer and from 4.00 to 5.48–7.75 g kg-1 in the 20–40 cm layer. Soil total N (TN) was increased significantly from 0.37 and 0.22 to 0.79–1.11 and 0.61–0.73 g N kg-1 in the 0–20 and 20–40 cm layers, respectively, with N fertilizer application; however, there was no apparent effect of straw application on TN content. The amounts of soil total P (TP) and rapidly available P (RP) were increased significantly from 0.60 to 0.67–1.31 g kg-1 in the 0–20 cm layer and from 0.52 to 0.60–0.73 g kg-1 in the 20–40 cm layer with P fertilizer application, but were decreased with combined N and P fertilizer applications. The applications of N and P fertilizers significantly increased the crop yields, but decreased the rapidly available potassium (RK) in the soil. Straw return could only meet part of the crop potassium requirements. Our results also suggested that though some soil fertility parameters were maintained or enhanced under the long-term fertilizer and straw applications, careful soil quality monitoring was necessary as other nutrients could be depleted. Spreading straw on soil surface before tillage and leaving straw at soil surface without tillage were two advantageous practices to increase SOM accumulation in the surface layer. Plowing the soil broke aggregates and increased aeration of the soil, which led to enhanced organic matter mineralization.     

Soil quality in east coastal region of China as related to different land use types

Purpose

The impacts of different land use practices on soil quality were assessed by measuring soil attributes and using factor analysis in coastal tidal lands. The study provided relevant references for coastal exploitation, land management and related researches in other countries and regions.

Materials and methods

Measured soil attributes include physical indicators [bulk density (ρ _b), total porosity (? _t) and water-holding capacity (WHC)], chemical indicators [pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total nitrogen (TN), soil organic matter (SOM), available N, available P and available K] and biological indicators (urease activity, catalase activity and phosphatase activity), and 60 soil samples were collected within five land use types [(1) intertidal soils, (2) reclaimed tidal flat soils, (3) farmland soils, (4) suburban vegetable soils, (5) industrial area soils) in Jianggang village of Dongtai county, Jiangsu province of China.

Results and discussion

The results from the investigation indicated that selected soil properties reduced to three factors for 0–20-cm soil depth; “Soil fertility status” (factor 1), “Soil physical status” (factor 2) and “Soil salinity status” (factor 3). For the first factor, the measured soil attributes with higher loadings were TN and SOM, which represented soil fertility feature, and for the second and third factors, the measured soil attributes with higher loadings were ρ _b and available K as well as EC, which reflected soil physical properties and soil salinity feature, respectively.

Conclusions

Changes in different land use types due to plants (corn, wheat and green vegetable) and application of fertilizers were characterized by promoted soil quality, including improvements in chemical properties (increasing SOM concentration, TN and nutrient available to plants; decreasing EC), improvements in soil physical properties (decreasing ρ _b; increasing ? _t and WHC) and enhancements in soil enzyme activities. Judging from the soil quality indices, the soil quality was affected by different land use practices and decreased in sequence of suburban vegetable soils, farmland soils, industrial area soils, reclaimed tidal flat soils and intertidal soils in the study area.     

Tillage Effects on Crop Yield and Physicochemical Properties of Sodic Soils

Tillage modifies soil structure and has been suggested as a practice to improve physical, hydrological and chemical properties of compacted soils. But little is known about effect of long‐term tillage on physicochemical soil properties and crop yield on sodic soils in India. Our objective was to investigate the effect of different tillage regimes on crop yield (wheat and paddy rice) and physicochemical properties of sodic soils. Two sodic sites under conventional tillage for 5 (5‐YT; 5‐year tillage) and 9 (9‐YT; 9‐year tillage) years were selected for this study. Changes in crop yield and physicochemical soil properties were compared with a control, sodic land without any till history, that is, 0‐year tillage/untilled (0‐YT). Five replicated samples at 0‐ to 10‐cm and 10‐ to 20‐cm soils depths were analysed from each site. In the top, 0‐ to 10‐cm soil depth 5‐YT and 9‐YT sites had higher particle density (Pd), porosity, water holding capacity, hydraulic conductivity, organic carbon, total nitrogen (N_t), available nitrogen (N_avail), phosphorus (P_avail) and exchangeable calcium (Exch. Ca⁺⁺) than 0‐YT, whereas bulk density (Bd), C : N ratio and CaCO₃ were significantly lower. Bd, pH, EC and CaCO₃ increased significantly with depth in all the lands, whereas Pd, porosity, water holding capacity, hydraulic conductivity, organic carbon, N_t, N_avail, P_avail and Exch. Ca⁺⁺ decreased. We conclude that continuous tillage and cropping can be useful for physical and chemical restoration of sodic soils. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

黔中喀斯特区典型土地利用方式及耕作措施的水土流失调控效应

[目的]探讨贵州省中部喀斯特地区坡面几种典型土地利用类型及耕作措施对土壤水分、土壤侵蚀及坡面径流的调控效应,探明其差异显著性,为区域坡面水土流失防治提供参考。[方法]采用野外径流小区定位观测法,以贵州省龙里县羊鸡冲小流域及贵阳修文龙场小流域为研究对象,开展坡面不同土地利用及耕作方式水土流失调控效应的研究。[结果]林地、撂荒地及农耕地对土壤水分的调控效应差异不显著(p0.05),对土壤侵蚀的调控效应差异显著(p0.05)。3种土地利用方式对径流的调控效应相对复杂,具体为撂荒地显著低于林地(p0.05),但林地与农耕地间、撂荒地与农耕地间均无显著差异(p0.05);两种典型耕作措施研究结果显示,蔬菜种植(春甘蓝)对土壤水分、水土流失的调控效应优于玉米种植(单作),但两者对土壤水分及水土流失的调控效应均无显著差异(p0.05)。[结论]黔中喀斯特区3种土地利用方式中,撂荒地水土流失调控效应显著高于林地和耕地;蔬菜种植水土流失调控效应高于玉米单作,但是两者无显著差异(p0.05)。     

Twelve‐year tillage and crop rotation effects on yields and soil chemical properties in northeast Iowa

Abstract

Long‐term tillage and crop management studies may be useful for determining crop production practices that are conducive to securing a sustainable agriculture. Objectives of this field study were to evaluate the combined effects of crop rotation and tillage practices on yield and changes in soil chemical properties after 12 years of research on the Clyde‐Kenyon‐Floyd soil association in northeastern Iowa. Continuous corn (Zea mays L.) and a corn‐soybean [Glycine max L. (Herr.)] rotation were grown using moldboard plowing, chisel plowing, ridge‐tillage, or no‐tillage methods. Tillage and crop rotation effects on soil pH, Bray P1, 1M NH₄OAc exchangeable K, Ca, and Mg, total C, and total N in the top 200 mm were evaluated. Profile NO₃‐N concentrations were also measured in spring and autumn of 1988. Crop yields and N use efficiencies were used to assess sustainability. Bray P1 levels increased, but exchangeable K decreased for all cropping and tillage methods. Nutrient stratification was evident for no‐tillage and ridge‐tillage methods, while the moldboard plowing treatment had the most uniform soil test levels within the 200 mm management zone. Chisel plowing incorporated fertilizer to a depth of 100 mm. Soil pH was lower with continuous corn than with crop rotation because of greater and more frequent N applications. Profile NO₃‐N concentrations were significantly different for sampling depth and among tillage methods in spring 1988. In autumn the concentrations were significantly different for sampling depth and for a rotation by tillage interaction. Estimated N use efficiencies were 40 and 50 kg grain per kg N for continuous corn, and 48 and 69 kg grain per kg N for rotated corn in 1988 and 1989, respectively. The results suggest that P fertilizer rates can be reduced, but K rates should probably be increased to maintain soil‐test levels for this soil association. Crop rotation and reduced tillage methods such as ridge‐tillage or chisel plowing appear to meet the criteria for sustainable agriculture on these soils.     

金沙江流域干旱河谷区坡耕地作物类型对耕作侵蚀的影响

为了研究干旱河谷区坡耕地农作物种植对耕作侵蚀的影响,在不同作物类型坡耕地(玉米地和荞麦地)上进行耕作试验,通过磁性示踪法测量坡耕地顺坡耕作的耕作位移距离,分析了不同作物类型下的耕作侵蚀速率特征。结果表明：(1)试验地类的耕作位移距离表现为玉米地<荞麦地<裸地(对照地)的变化趋势,荞麦地和玉米地的耕作位移距离均显著低于裸地(p<0.05),表明坡耕地种植玉米和荞麦可以显著减小坡耕地土壤耕作位移距离;(2)3种地类的耕作位移距离与坡度均呈显著正相关关系,玉米地和荞麦地的耕作位移距离系数k₂值和传输系数k₄值明显小于裸地,说明作物因素减小了耕作位移距离随坡度的增加幅度;(3)裸地的耕作侵蚀速率显著高于玉米地和荞麦地(p<0.01),分别是玉米地和荞麦地的1.99倍和1.88倍,说明坡地种植农作物可明显减小坡面耕作侵蚀。综上,种植农作物可有效减少坡耕地耕作侵蚀,研究成果丰富了对坡耕地作物根系防蚀特性的认识,也为完善耕作侵蚀模型奠定重要基础。     

Soil‐test values after eight years of tillage research on a Norfolk loamy sand

Abstract

Long‐term effects of alternate tillage systems on soil‐test values for Coastal Plain soils were unknown. Therefore, soil pH, organic carbon, and Mehlich I extractable P, K, Ca, and Mg concentrations measured during an eight‐year tillage study on Norfolk loamy sand (fine‐loamy, silicious, thermic, Typic Paleudults) have been summarized. Yields for corn (Zea mays L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] are also summarized to provide an indication of nutrient removal by the crops. Soil‐test measurements after six years showed no significant differences in Mehlich I extractable nutrient concentrations for the 0‐ to 20‐cm depth between disked (conventional) and nondlsked (conservation) tillage treatments, but for pH, P, Ca, and Mg, the tillage by depth of sampling interaction was significant at P‐0.05. Stratification did not appear to affect crop yield. Soil organic matter concentration in the Ap horizon nearly doubled after eight years of research at this site. This change occurred within both tillage treatments, apparently because high levels of management produced good crop yields, residues were not removed, and even for the disked treatment, surface tillage was not excessive. These results show that long‐term average yields for corn and soybean on Norfolk soil will not be reduced by adopting reduced or conservation tillage practices. They also show that nutrient levels can be maintained at adequate levels for crop production on Coastal Plain soils by using current soil‐test procedures and recommendations for lime and fertilizer application.     

福建耕地土壤磷素富集空间差异及其影响因素

利用1∶250 000福建省耕地土壤类型空间数据库以及1982年1 676个和2008年200 322个耕地土壤调查样点数据资料,借助GIS技术与灰色关联分析模型,探讨了26年间研究区耕地耕层土壤有效磷富集程度空间差异及其影响因素。结果表明:26年来福建省耕地土壤有效磷呈明显富集趋势,全省92.81%的耕地有效磷处于不同程度富集状态,有效磷平均富集量和年均富集率分别高达24.38 mg?kg-1和10.01%,并呈较明显的空间差异。地处南亚热带的厦门市耕地有效磷富集程度最大,中亚热带的南平市富集程度最小;有效磷富集程度较高的土类为紫色土、潮土、水稻土和赤红壤,较小的土类为滨海盐土和石灰土;富集程度较大的亚类包括淹育水稻土、灰潮土和漂洗水稻土,较小的亚类包括棕色石灰土和滨海盐土。研究区耕地土壤磷素富集及其空间差异主要受年均磷肥施用量、p H、年均气温和土壤黏粒含量显著影响,灰色关联系数0.722。根据研究区耕地土壤磷素富集程度及其空间差异制定磷肥优化管理措施是十分必要的。     

SULFUR APPLICATION EFFECTS ON SOIL PROPERTIES IN A CALCAREOUS SOIL AND ON SUGARCANE GROWTH AND YIELD

High pH soils limit availability of pH sensitive nutrients including phosphorus (P), even though abundant levels are present. Application of such nutrients to the soil is ineffective because they quickly get tied up in unavailable forms. Elemental sulfur (S) application in a narrow band to lower root zone pH and increase nutrient availability to the crop is a possible economically feasible solution. A four year field study was conducted in which S was applied to sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) at rates up to 1120 kg S ha^?1 each of the 1st three years in a band using different application methods. Sulfur application effects on soil pH were gradual, causing only a slight reduction in the application zone after one year; but was long lasting, resulting in continuing substantial declines in soil pH in an adjacent zone four years after the first S application. Soil available P, sulfate (SO₄)-S, and salinity levels increased with increasing S applied. Sugarcane plant growth, as indicated by leaf area index during the grand growth period responded to moderate S application levels. Sugarcane yields increased linearly in the plant crop, but showed quadratic responses to S applications in the 1st through 3rd ratoon crops. Initial soil available P levels prior to the first treatment application were at the critical level considered adequate for crop requirements, yet growth and yield increases in response to S application suggest that the critical available soil P levels for sugarcane may be higher than previously established. Sulfur application at rates beyond those necessary to produce maximum yields resulted in salinity problems which probably reduced yields. The ‘stool splitter’ application method, which slices the plant stool using a coulter and places the fertilizer directly in the middle of the furrow caused crop damage and stand loss which persisted for the remainder of the sugarcane crops. Based on the results of this study, a single application of elemental S at up to 1120 kg S ha^?1 directly below the seed cane at planting is recommend for sugarcane on a calcareous soil, with no additional applications in later crops.