农机铸件表面硼化物梯度耐磨材料的显微组织

铸造表面合金化工艺制备的合金层存在着硬度高,机械加工困难及合金层与基体结合强度较低而易剥落的缺陷,该研究针对这些缺陷进行研究,采用梯度成分设计原则,制备出不同组分及含量的梯度合金粉剂层膏块,在HT200铸铁件表面制备出硼化物梯度耐磨材料,对该材料的形成过程、微观组织及显微硬度进行了研究,发现该合金层由过渡区→中间耐磨层→表面铸铁烧结层3部分组成,中间层的微观组织为硼化物,其基体上散布着高碳铬铁颗粒,且颗粒粒径影响其与梯度材料的熔合性,并在实际农机铸铁件犁锺上进行了现场应用,结果表明,与未处理零件相比,犁锺使用寿命提高2.5倍以上。     

基于温度场模拟的铸件表面硼化物梯度耐磨材料成形机制

利用ANSYS10.0,对铸件表面硼化物梯度耐磨材料成形过程中温度场进行了模拟验证,对梯度耐磨材料不同部位的成形机制进行了分析研究,结果表明,模拟结果与试验结果较为吻合,合金粉块不同部位温度变化将影响复合材料的质量,内层及中间层温度高,高温持续时间长,熔合质量好,而对于最外层,温度较低(<1 000℃),高温持续时间短,尖角处温降快,导致这些部位复合材料熔合质量较差、缺陷较多。进一步研究表明,砂型材料的导热率及合金粉块内低熔点的熔合剂过多均会影响复合材料的质量。     

水稻间歇干燥工艺的模拟分析

在稻谷颗粒内部水分扩散模拟和应力计算的基础上,编制了水稻间歇干燥工艺的模拟程序,并对模拟结果作了实验验证,然后利用模拟程序对水稻间歇干燥工艺的特点进行了分析,得出了间歇参数对水稻降水速度,内部水分梯度和内部应力的影响规律,为间歇干燥工艺的设计和参数选择提供了理论依据。     

果蔬保鲜温度梯度试验冷库的设计与效果分析

试验以创造研究果蔬保鲜最佳温度、冷害临界温度的试验条件为目的，设计研究温度梯度库的最佳结构、工艺和技术参数，明确梯度库的温度弹性效应和温度场效应。空库运行和装入实验果蔬后梯度库温差<±0.5℃。     

增湿加热稻谷干燥工艺的试验研究

研究了增湿加热的稻谷干燥工艺减少爆腰产生的机理。采用增湿的热空气干燥稻谷时,可以减少稻谷内部水分梯度,降低了内部应力。通过试验分析了稻谷干燥爆腰率增值与空气温、湿度关系,提出了合理的增湿加热干燥工艺参数。     

不同施肥处理对小白菜生长性状的影响

以小白菜为试验材料,利用室内盆栽试验,探索不同施肥处理及不同用量梯度处理对小白菜生长性状的影响。结果表明,不同的施肥种类对白菜的株高有显著影响;不同施肥种类及用量以及两者交互作用均对真叶数有显著影响。不同用肥处理中,株高表现最优的前三项为菌肥C梯度菌肥B梯度菌肥A梯度;真叶数最多的前三项为菌肥C梯度菌肥B梯度菌肥A梯度;产量最高的前三项为菌肥C梯度菌肥B梯度颗粒菌B梯度;根长最长的前三项为菌肥B梯度营养液C梯度水溶黄腐酸钾A梯度。综合各项指标,菌肥能有效提高小白菜株高、真叶数、产量及根长。     

基于玻璃化转变的稻谷爆腰产生机理分析

稻谷爆腰是造成碎米的主要原因之一,为此,人们一直在探讨产生稻谷爆腰的机理.介绍了一种新的稻谷爆腰机理--基于玻璃化转变的稻谷爆腰机理.根据该机理分析了稻谷干燥和缓苏过程中爆腰的产生原因.基于玻璃化转变的稻谷爆腰机理,干燥过程中,当稻谷颗粒由外表向里形成玻璃态时,颗粒内部形成玻璃态和橡胶态两个部分.由于玻璃态和橡胶态的弹性模量和膨胀系数有很大的差别,因此在一定水分梯度条件下,银纹(微裂纹)从两者交界处产生,并可能进一步扩展成爆腰.稻谷缓苏过程中,颗粒内部如果存在橡胶态区,则其不同含水率部分就会在不同水分梯度下分别进入玻璃态,如果此时水分梯度足够,就会引起各部分不均匀收缩和各不相同的应力、应变,这样使玻璃态层产生大量银纹,银纹持续生长即产生爆腰.最后,介绍了两种控制稻谷爆腰的干燥工艺--变温干燥工艺和高温干燥工艺.     

基于CFD数值模拟的豆腐干软罐头杀菌工艺优化

针对豆腐干软罐头恒温热杀菌工艺中存在的因杀菌过度而品质不佳问题,开展了杀菌工艺优化。首先利用CFD软件数值模拟杀菌过程获取节点温度历史,筛选出杀菌值3 min且蒸煮值能够有效减小的梯度升温方法,再利用试验对该方法进行验证,通过比较实际杀菌过程的杀菌值、蒸煮值及具体品质指标,同时,结合工业生产的需要,最终确定一种升温模式作为优化杀菌工艺。研究最终得到一种即能满足安全指标且品质劣化程度显著降低的豆腐干软罐头梯度升温杀菌工艺:第一阶段升温到100℃恒温20 min;第二阶段继续升温到120℃保温杀菌15 min。该工艺杀菌值为3.739 23 min,表面蒸煮值和体积平均蒸煮值分别比原有的恒温杀菌工艺(30 min/116℃)降低10.1%和8.69%(P0.01);杀菌后豆腐干亮度值、红度值和黄度值分别比原有工艺提升3.75%、27.4%和43.4%,含水率提升1.58%,剪切力降低30.1%,表面硬度降低78.9%同时表面凝聚性提高551%;该杀菌工艺温度峰值能够满足工业化生产需求。研究结果为固体软罐头食品的变温杀菌工艺优化提供参考。     

6DZ1000型带式榨汁机的设计与试验

文章介绍了６ＤＺ１０００型带式榨汁机榨汁工艺的特点,分析确定了影响其工作性能的主要参数,提出压榨级数、网带速度、带张力、榨辊半径及压榨力等主要设计参数的确定和计算方法,通过试验找出压榨力梯度分布规律。     

增湿加热稻保干燥工艺的试验研究

研究了增湿加热的稻谷干燥工艺减少爆腰产生的机理，采用增湿的热空气干燥稻谷时，可以减少稻谷内部水分梯度，降低了内部应力。通过试验分析了稻谷干燥爆腰率增值与空气温、湿度关系，提出了合理的增湿加热干燥工艺参数。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Aircraft operations near concentrations of birds in Antarctica: The development of practical guidelines

Aircraft operations have the potential to disturb and to impact negatively on bird life. A gradient of increasing behavioural response is evident in birds when exposed to increasing aircraft stimulus. The most major disturbance is likely to lead to impacts on the health, breeding performance and survival of individual birds, and perhaps bird colonies. A process of revision to policies on aircraft operations contained in management plans for a number of specially protected areas in Antarctica by the United Kingdom, accompanied by consultations made within the scientific community through the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and with operational interests through the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programmes (COMNAP) resulted in new guidelines being adopted by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties in June 2004. The principal recommendations of the guidelines are that bird colonies should not be overflown below 2000 ft (∼610 m) above ground level and landings within 1/2 nautical mile (∼930 m) of bird colonies should be avoided wherever possible. These guidelines are less stringent and less specific than those that were recommended by the SCAR specialist group on birds, and represent a compromise to accommodate operational needs. While the adoption of clear and consistent guidelines for the operation of aircraft in Antarctica is welcome in that this provides practical advice that is likely to reduce incidences of close aircraft/bird encounters, there remains insufficient knowledge of the interactions between aircraft and birds in Antarctica, and the consequent impacts on individual birds and on bird populations. It is important, therefore, that the guidelines adopted are considered interim, and should be kept under scrutiny with revisions made as new and improved research results appear.     

The abundance of heterocystous blue-green algae in rice soils and inocula used for application in rice fields

Summary Algal populations were quantified (as colony-forming units [CFU] per square centimetre) in 102 samples of rice soils from the Philippines, India, Malaysia and Portugal, and in 22 samples of soil-based inocula from four countries. Heterocystous blue-green algae (BGA) were present in all samples. Nostoc was the dominant genus in most samples, followed by Anabaena and Calothrix. In soils, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 1.0 × 10² to 8.0 × 10⁶ CFU/cm² (median 6.4 × 10⁴) and comprised, on average, 9% of the total CFU of algae. Their abundance was positively correlated with the pH and the available P content of the soils. In soil-based inocula, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 4.6 × 10⁴ to 2.8 × 10⁷ CFU/g dw (dry weight), comprising only a moderate fraction (average 13%) of the total algae. In most soils, the density of indigenous N₂-fixing BGA was usually higher than that attained by applying recommended rates of soil-based inoculum. Whereas research on the practical utilization of BGA has been mostly directed towards inoculation with foreign strains, our results suggest that attention should also be given to agricultural practices that enhance the growth of indigenous strains already adapted to local environmental conditions.Maître de Recherches ORSTOM (France), Visiting Scientist at IRRI