黄土区几种土壤培养过程中可溶性有机氮的变化及其与土壤矿化氮的关系

研究了黄土高原12种土壤(农地和林地)35 d好气培养过程中可溶性有机氮(SON)含量及其占可溶性全氮(TSN)的比例,以及SON与土壤矿化氮间的关系。结果表明,随着培养过程的进行,不同类型土壤SON的含量均呈明显增加;土壤SON占TSN的比例在培养的前3 d内明显下降,随后这一比例基本保持在24%左右。根据总可溶性氮确定的供试土壤氮素矿化势No平均为45.8 mg/kg,较由矿化的无机氮确定的土壤氮素矿化势No(平均36.5 mg/kg)高约1/4左右;培养过程中土壤SON含量与利用无机氮拟合得到的土壤氮素矿化势No间的相关性未达显著水平。研究表明,评价土壤氮素矿化特性时仅仅测定矿化的无机氮数量,可能会低估土壤氮素矿化潜力和氮素损失的数量和效应。     

土壤中可溶性有机氮含量及其影响因素研究

研究了农田和日光温室2个生态系统土壤中可溶性有机氮(SON)的含量及施肥和栽培模式对其含量的影响。结果表明,农田和日光温室土壤中SON的含量平均分别为39.19 mg kg-1和320.16 mg kg-1,分别占可溶性总氮(TSN)的80%和73%,说明SON是土壤氮素中不可忽视的氮素组分。不同栽培模式对土壤中SON的含量及其占TSN的比例的影响因生育时期的不同而异。覆草显著增加了小麦拔节期0~5 cm土层土壤中SON的含量,覆膜各土层SON含量均较常规模式有所提高;开花期覆草和覆膜模式土壤中TSN和SON含量较拔节期的显著下降。施用无机氮肥对土壤中SON的含量无显著影响。     

农田利用方式对土壤可溶性氮素含量及迁移的影响

分析农田利用方式对表层土壤可溶性氮素各组分的影响,揭示农田生态系统中可溶性氮素的迁移规律。测定5种利用类型下14种农田0~10 cm、10~20 cm层土壤可溶性无机氮(SIN)、可溶性有机氮(SON)含量,分析农田利用方式对可溶性氮素的影响;测定葱、红花继木、西瓜、油菜等4种农田0~10 cm、10~20 cm、20~30 cm、30~40 cm、40~50 cm、50~60 cm层土壤SIN、SON含量,探讨可溶性氮素在土壤剖面中的迁移规律。结果表明,0~10 cm层14种农田土壤SIN和SON含量分别为2.16~152.06 mg kg~(-1)、10.80~173.77 mg kg~(-1),SON占TSN的39.90%~83.95%,平均为64.65%;10~20 cm SIN和SON含量分别为1.51~75.58 mg kg~(-1)、6.08~65.01 mg kg~(-1),SON/TSN为43.01%~78.79%,平均为65.76%。可溶性氮素各组分的关系为SON>NH4+-N>NO3--N;农田利用方式对可溶性氮素的影响达到显著水平。葱地、红花继木地、西瓜地、油菜地等4种农田土壤SIN和SON平均含量表现为随土层加深而减小,但有在下层(40~60 cm)累积的趋势。0~60 cm各层土壤SON/TSN为26.35%~72.35%,平均约为58.51%;农田利用方式对可溶性氮素在土壤中的迁移有影响。因此,农田利用方式对表层土壤SIN、SON含量有显著影响,并对其在土壤剖面中的迁移有影响;土壤SIN、SON含量随土层加深而减少,但有在下层累积的趋势;SON是可溶性氮素的主要组分,其对环境的影响值得关注。     

秸秆和生物质炭添加对陇中黄土高原旱作农田土壤氮素矿化的影响

通过采集2014年设置于甘肃省定西市李家堡镇的不同碳源配施氮素田间定位试验土壤进行120天的室内培养试验,利用Stanford间歇淋洗培养法研究了无碳素和氮素添加(N0)、只施氮素(N100)、秸秆配施氮素(SN100)和生物质炭配施氮素(BN100) 4种施肥方式对陇中黄土高原旱作农田土壤氮素矿化的影响。结果表明:秸秆和生物质炭配施氮素提升了表层土壤氮素矿化量,分别比只施氮素显著提升16.5%和15.4%;土壤氮素矿化呈现先快速增加而后迅速下降,降速逐渐转为慢速直至稳定的趋势,硝化速率,氨化速率分别在7,15天时达到最大,45,30天时趋于稳定。秸秆和生物质炭配施氮素均可显著提升上层土壤氮素矿化速率,硝化速率和氨化速率则处于一种相对平衡的状态。土壤各有机氮组分在培养前后的变化量与土壤氮素矿化量之间的冗余分析结果表明,对土壤可矿化氮贡献最大的是氨基酸态氮,酸解未知氮次之;矿质态氮与未酸解氮呈负相关,与各酸解有机氮组分均呈正相关。此外,相比于不施氮,在施氮条件下添加秸秆和生物质炭增加了表层土壤各有机氮组分的变化量,说明添加秸秆和生物质炭可通过改变各有机氮组分占全氮的比例来增加易矿化氮的含量,从而促进有机氮组分的矿化,以提升土壤供氮潜力。     

不同施肥水稻土可溶性有机氮组分差异及影响因素

可溶性有机氮(Soluble Organic Nitrogen,SON)在研究土壤供氮能力方面至关重要,而目前关于水田生态系统SON组成及其影响因素尚不清楚。运用红外光谱和氨基酸自动分析仪研究了长期(33年)不同施肥处理对水稻土SON含量、组分的影响及其主控因子。结果表明:单施化肥、化肥+牛粪、化肥+稻草处理土壤SON较不施肥处理提高23.49%、58.70%和106.30%,游离氨基酸氮提高32.27%、84.42%和95.21%,可溶性蛋白氮提高20.83%、70.00%和95.83%;不同施肥处理土壤游离氨基酸组成均以中性氨基酸占优势;土壤可溶性氮官能团组成均具有酰胺类化合物的红外特征吸收峰;RDA结果表明,土壤SON含量和组成差异明显,CK和NPK处理主要受土壤容重影响,而NPKM和NPKS则主要受有机质、全氮、微生物量氮、蛋白酶和谷氨酰胺酶影响。因此,SON含量和组分变化与施肥处理密切相关,长期添加有机肥能够显著增加土壤SON及其组分的含量,提高土壤供氮潜力。     

冻融作用对农田黑土有机氮组分的调控效应

为深入了解非生长季农田土壤有机氮库组成及转化特征,采用Bremner氮素分级法研究了室内模拟冻融条件下(冻融温度、冻融频数、水分含量)农田黑土有机氮组分含量的变化行为。结果表明:冻融作用对农田黑土有机氮组分及其转化过程影响显著,氨态氮和氨基酸氮是土壤酸解有机氮的主要组分。随着冻结温度降低,土壤氨基酸氮含量显著增加,氨态氮和未知氮含量均显著降低,而氨基糖氮含量变化行为因融化温度而异。随着融化温度升高,土壤酸解有机氮组分无规律性变化。随着冻融频数增加,冻融土壤氨基酸氮含量显著降低,未知氮含量显著增加,氨态氮含量先增加后降低,而氨基糖氮含量则无显著性变化。随着水分含量增加,冻融土壤氨态氮和未知氮含量均显著增加,这与氨基酸氮的变化趋势正好相反,而氨基糖氮含量则无显著性变化。可见,较大的冻融温差、适宜的冻融频数和水分含量是影响土壤有机氮库转化的主要驱动因子。冻融作用能够提高土壤酸解有机氮中氨态氮和氨基酸氮的含量及其分配比例,增加土壤可矿化氮量,促进土壤氮素转化,有利于土壤有效氮的累积,为春季作物生长提供足够的氮素。     

碳氮添加对雨养农田土壤全氮、有机碳及其组分的影响

为探明碳氮添加4年后,土壤全氮、有机碳及其组分(可溶性有机碳、微生物量碳、轻组和重组有机碳)的变化特征,依托布设于甘肃省定西市安定区李家堡镇的不同碳源配施氮素田间定位试验,涉及秸秆、生物质炭、氮素3个因素,秸秆设置为不施、施用秸秆2水平;生物质炭为不施和施用生物质炭2个水平;氮素设置为不施氮、施纯氮50 kg/hm^2、施纯氮100 kg/hm^2 3个水平,共9个处理。结果表明:不同处理下土壤全氮、有机碳及其组分的含量均随土层的加深而降低。添加生物质炭对土壤全氮、有机碳及其组分均具有不同程度的提升效应。添加秸秆对土壤全氮、有机碳和可溶性有机碳、微生物量碳、轻组有机碳均具有显著提升效应,仅在0-5 cm土层对重组有机碳有显著提高。添加氮素可显著提升土壤全氮、有机碳和可溶性有机碳、微生物量碳、轻组有机碳含量。较其他处理,添加生物质炭对土壤全氮、有机碳和重组有机碳的提升效应最高,添加秸秆对可溶性有机碳、微生物量碳、轻组有机碳的提升效果最优。从提升土壤质量的角度出发,推荐秸秆配施氮素模式,该模式下土壤碳素有效性高、易于被微生物利用,有利于作物生长。从提高土壤固碳角度考虑,推荐生物质炭配施氮素模式,该模式有利于碳的封存。     

肥力梯度红壤上不同形态氮库对玉米吸氮量的贡献

不同形态的土壤氮素是作物吸收氮素的主要来源,而土壤肥力不仅影响氮素的含量,也影响氮素的有效性,进而影响作物对氮素的吸收利用。明确不同肥力红壤中各形态氮素的变化及其对作物吸氮量的贡献,可为阐明氮素循环机制和沃土培肥提供理论依据。2019年5月在湖南祁阳红壤实验站选取低肥力、中肥力和高肥力红壤进行田间微区试验,设置不施氮（N0）和常规施氮（N1）两个处理。分析了2020年玉米（该试验的第三季作物）种植前和收获后土壤矿质氮（MN）、固定态铵（FN）、微生物生物量氮（MBN）和可溶性有机氮（SON）含量的变化及其与玉米地上部吸氮量的关系,并通过结构方程模型（SEM）建立了各形态氮库与吸氮量的关系模型。结果发现,N0条件下高肥力土壤的籽粒产量约为中肥力土壤的4.6倍,但在N1条件下,高肥力土壤的玉米产量和生物量与中肥力土壤无显著差异,但其吸氮量显著高于中肥力土壤。与种植前相比,N0条件下,收获后中肥力土壤FN含量显著提高了63%,低肥力和高肥力土壤分别增加了47%和11%。与其相反,土壤MN、MBN和SON含量均有所降低。土壤MN含量降低了0.4~4 mg?kg-1;MBN降低了18%~44%且土壤肥力间无显著差异;SON减少了55%~84%。N1条件下,土壤MN含量降低了约22~38 mg?kg-1; MBN降低了32%~72%;而SON的减少量在高肥力土壤中可达99 mg?kg-1,分别为中肥力土壤和低肥力土壤的2.0倍和9.3倍。相关分析结果表明,地上部吸氮量与MBN、SON和NH4+-N减少量存在显著正相关关系。结构方程模型结果进一步表明,SON和NH4+-N直接影响吸氮量,MBN通过影响SON和MN间接影响玉米地上部吸氮量。总体而言,SON和MBN可直接或间接影响玉米对氮素的吸收利用,是土壤中重要的氮素存在形态,应进一步加强对其形态转化的机制研究,可促进红壤培肥和氮素高效利用。     

宁夏灌区不同类型农田土壤氮素累积与迁移特征

在宁夏灌区选择设施菜田(n=4)和水旱轮作大田(n=4),通过田间多点取样观测和室内分析的方法,研究了2种类型农田土壤氮素累积与分布特点,以及其迁移对浅层地下水的影响。结果表明,设施菜田0~150 cm土壤剖面溶解性总氮(TSN)、硝态氮(NO3--N)和溶解性有机氮(SON)含量都显著高于大田,前者分别是后者的1.5~5.6、1.5~3.4倍和1.6~9.8倍。设施菜田土壤氮素主要累积在0~5 cm和5~20 cm土层,而大田主要在40~100 cm土体。设施菜田和大田土壤溶解性总氮占全氮比例分别在5.4%~11.5%和2.2%~4.9%之间,前者的淋失风险较高。设施菜田各形态氮素累积量表现为SONNO3--NNH4+-N,大田为NO3--NSONNH4+-N。设施菜田浅层地下水中TSN、NO3--N和SON含量也都显著高于大田,前者平均含量分别是后者的9.5、13.8倍和7.0倍。因此,硝态氮和溶解性有机氮都是2种类型农田氮素累积的主要形态,也是浅层地下水污染的重要来源。     

中国土壤氮素研究

概述了自20世纪30年代以来中国土壤氮素研究的某些进展。主要包括:土壤氮素的本性和氮素肥力,有机肥料氮,农田中化肥氮的去向和氮肥增产效果,农田中化肥氮的损失对环境的影响和农业生态系统的氮素平衡。土壤氮素研究的进展得益于相关学科的进展。并强调指出,对我国来说,在研究的指导思想上必须高度重视高产与环境保护的协调与统一。     

Soluble organic nitrogen in temperate forest soils

Very few studies have been related to soluble organic nitrogen (SON) in forest soils. However, this nitrogen pool could be a sensitive indicator to evaluate the soil nitrogen status. The current study was conducted in temperate forests of Thuringia, Germany, where soils had SON (extracted in 0.5 M K₂SO₄) varying from 0.3 to 2.2% of total N, which was about one-third of the soil microbial biomass N by CFE. SON in study soils were positively correlated to microbial biomass N and soil total N. Multiple regression analysis also showed that mineral N negatively affected SON pool. The dynamics of the SON was significantly affected by mineralization and immobilization. During the 2 months of aerobic incubation, the SON were significantly correlated with net N mineralization and microbial biomass N. SON extracted by two different salt solution (i.e. 1 M KCl and 0.5 M K₂SO₄₎ were highly correlated. In mineral soil, SON concentrations extracted by 1 M KCl and 0.5 M K₂SO₄ solutions were similar. In contrast, in organic soil layer the amount of KCl-extractable SON was about 1.2-1.4 times higher than the K₂SO₄-extractable SON. Further studies such as the differences of organic N form and pool size between SON and dissolved organic N (DON) are recommended.     

对间隙淋洗长期通气培养条件下黄土高原土壤供氮能力的评价

采用间隙淋洗长期通气培养法,通过对黄土高原物理化学性质差异较大的10种农田土样起始矿质氮、起始提取态总氮、起始可溶性有机氮,以及培养期间淋洗矿质氮、淋洗总氮、可溶性有机氮含量及其与作物吸氮量关系的研究,分析并评价黄土高原主要农田土壤氮素矿化能力以及包括和不包括培养淋洗可溶性有机氮对土壤供氮能力的影响。结果表明,供试土样起始可溶性有机氮平均为N 23.9 mg/kg,是起始提取态总氮的28.8%,土壤全氮的2.4%。在通气培养淋洗总氮中,可溶性有机氮所占比例不高,经过217 d通气培养,淋洗出的可溶性有机氮平均为N 28.8mg/kg,占淋洗总氮量的19.8%。相关分析表明,淋洗可溶性有机氮量与第1季作物吸氮量相关不显著,但与连续2季作物总吸氮量显著相关。淋洗矿质氮、淋洗总氮与两季作物总吸氮量的相关系数明显高于与第一季作物吸氮量的相关系数;与第一季作物吸氮量达显著相关水平,与连续两季作物吸氮量达极显著相关水平。总体上看,可溶性有机氮和土壤全氮、土壤微生物氮不能作为反映短期可矿化氮的指标;间隙淋洗通气培养淋洗液中淋洗矿质氮、淋洗总氮是评价可矿化氮的较好指标,不仅适宜于第一季作物,而且也适用于对连续两季作物土壤供氮能力的评价。     

Nitrogen biomarkers and their fate in soil

More than 90 % of the nitrogen (N) in soils can be organically bound, but the mechanisms and rates by which it is cycled have eluded researchers. The objective of this research was to contribute to a better understanding of the origin and transformation of soil organic N (SON) by using amino sugars and the enantiomers of amino acids as markers for microbial residues and/or aging processes. Studied samples presented here comprised (1) soil transects across different climates, (2) arable soils with different duration of cropping, and (3) radiocarbon‐dated soil profiles. The results suggested that increased microbial alteration of SON temporarily results in a sequestration of N in microbial residues, which are mineralized at later stages of SON decomposition. Microorganisms increasingly sequestered N within intact cell wall residues as frost periods shortened. At a mean annual temperature above 12–15 °C, these residues were mineralized, probably due to limitations in additional substrates. Breaking the grassland for cropping caused rapid SON losses. Microbial residues were decomposed in preference to total N, this effect being enhanced at higher temperatures. Hence, climate and cultivation interactively affected SON dynamics. Nevertheless, not all SON was available to soil microorganisms. In soil profiles, L‐aspartic acid and L‐lysine slowly converted into their D‐form, for lysine even at a similar rate in soils of different microbial activity. Formation of D‐aspartate with time was, therefore, induced by microorganisms while that of D‐lysine was not. The racemization of the two amino acids indicates that SON not available to microorganisms ages biotically and abiotically. In native soils, the latter is conserved for centuries, despite N deficiency frequently occurring in living terrestrial environments. Climate was not found to affect the fate of old protein constituents in surface soil. When native grassland was broken for cropping, however, old SON constituents had become available to microorganisms and were degraded.     

Distribution of nitrogen pools in the soil profile of undisturbed and reseeded grasslands

 This study evaluated the effect of cultivation and reseeding on the distribution and fate of soil mineral N (SMN), soluble organic N (SON) and potentially mineralisable N (PMN) in the soil profile of two long-term grasslands in the UK. Cultivation and reseeding significantly increased the total soluble N concentration (SMN plus SON) of the soil profile (0–90 cm), with over 50 mg SON kg^–1 observed. By contrast, the PMN pool was unaffected by cultivation and declined with increasing soil depth. The flush in SON and SMN observed in both soils disappeared within 1 year following cultivation. The fate of SON appeared to be dependent on soil type, with considerably more movement to deeper layers apparent in the profile of a silty clay loam (30% clay) than in a clay loam (49% clay). Mineralisation and/or immobilisation of SON in the topsoil probably accounted for the changes observed in the SON content of the clay loam. SON is an important N pool in grassland soils and cultivation has a significant impact on its release. Measurements of SON should therefore be included in studies of N cycling in agricultural cropping systems, so that full account may be taken of its potential as a source or sink of mobile N. Received: 17 February 1999     

Soil organic N - An under-rated player for C sequestration in soils?

The availability of Soil Organic Nitrogen (SON) determines soil fertility and biomass production to a great extent. SON also affects the amounts and turnover rates of the soil organic carbon (SOC) pools. Although there is increasing awareness of the impact of the nitrogen (N) cycle on the carbon (C) cycle, the extent of this interaction and the implications for soil organic matter (SOM) dynamics are still under debate. Therefore, present knowledge about the inter-relationships of the soil cycles of C and N as well as current ideas about SON stabilization are summarized in this paper in order to develop an advanced concept of the role of N on C sequestration. Modeling global C-cycling, it was already recognized that SON and SOC are closely coupled via biomass production and degradation. However, the narrow C/N ratio of mature soil organic matter (SOM) shows further that the impact of SON on the refractory SOM is beyond that of determining the size of the active cycling entities. It affects the quantity of the slow cycling pool and as a major contributor it also determines its chemical composition. Although the chemical nature of SON is still not very well understood, both improved classical wet chemical analyses and modern spectroscopic techniques provide increasing evidence that almost the entire organic N in fire-unaffected soils is bound in peptide-like compounds and to a lesser extent in amino sugars. This clearly points to the conclusion, that such compounds have greater importance for SOM formation than previously assumed. Based on published papers, I suggest that peptides even have a key function in the C-sequestration process. Although the mechanisms involved in their medium and long-term stabilization are far from understood, the immobilization of these biomolecules seems to determine the chemistry and functionality of the slow cycling SOM fraction and even the potential of a soil to act as a C sink. Pyrogenic organic N, which derives mostly from incomplete combustion of plant and litter peptides is another under-rated player in soil organic matter preservation. In fire-prone regions, its formation represents a major N stabilization mechanism, leading to the accumulation of heterocyclic aromatic N, the stability of which is still not elaborated. The concept of peptide-like compounds as a key in SOM-sequestration implies that for an improved evaluation of the potential of soils as C-sinks our research focus as to be directed to a better understanding of their chemistry and of the mechanisms which are responsible for their resistance against biochemical degradation in soils.     

不同类型水稻土可溶性有机氮及其组分的剖面分布

为揭示可溶性有机氮(soluble organic nitrogen，SON)在土壤剖面的分布状况，选取中亚热带地区发育于相同母质的黄泥田、灰黄泥田和灰泥田3种不同类型水稻土为对象，研究不同类型水稻土剖面中SON含量、组分及主控因子。结果表明，不同类型水稻土SON、游离氨基酸氮(FAA-N)、酰胺氮(AN-N)和可溶性蛋白氮(SP-N)含量具有明显的剖面分异，均表现为0 ~ 20 cm土层＞20 ~ 40 cm土层＞40 ~ 60 cm土层。不同类型水稻土SON及各组分含量差异主要表现在0 ~ 20 cm土层，均表现为灰泥田>灰黄泥田>黄泥田，灰泥田SON、FAA-N、AN-N和SP-N含量分别高于灰黄泥田50.5%、41.7%、44.8% 和2.1%，高于黄泥田196.5%、200.9%、180.4% 和76.5%。0 ~ 20 cm土层3种不同类型水稻土FAA-N和AN-N分别占SON的54.4% ~ 58.7% 和45.5% ~ 48.1%，而底层(40 ~ 60 cm)FAA-N和AN-N分别占SON的33.1% ~ 55.7% 和50.3% ~ 52.8%，说明FAA-N和AN-N具有向下累积的趋势，且在土壤剖面中对SON的贡献大于SP-N。中性氨基酸尤其是肌氨酸是底层FAA-N的主要组分。灰色关联分析表明有机质、蛋白酶、脲酶和总孔隙度与不同类型水稻土SON及组分垂直分布密切相关，对SON、FAA-N、AN-N和SP-N含量变化的总贡献度分别为95.2%、92.1%、98.3% 和90.9%。因此，SON及组分在土壤剖面中的垂直分布与土壤类型和土层深度密切相关，且受土壤有机质、酶活和总孔隙度的影响。     

Soluble organic nitrogen in agricultural soils

 The existence of soluble organic forms of N in rain and drainage waters has been known for many years, but these have not been generally regarded as significant pools of N in agricultural soils. We review the size and function of both soluble organic N extracted from soils (SON) and dissolved organic N present in soil solution and drainage waters (DON) in arable agricultural soils. SON is of the same order of magnitude as mineral N and of equal size in many cases; 20–30 kg SON-N ha^–1 is present in a wide range of arable agricultural soils from England. Its dynamics are affected by mineralisation, immobilisation, leaching and plant uptake in the same way as those of mineral N, but its pool size is more constant than that of mineral N. DON can be sampled from soil solution using suction cups and collected in drainage waters. Significant amounts of DON are leached, but this comprises only about one-tenth of the SON extracted from the same soil. Leached DON may take with it nutrients, chelated or complexed metals and pesticides. SON/DON is clearly an important pool in N transformations and plant uptake, but there are still many gaps in our understanding. Received: 10 June 1999     

黄土区不同类型土壤微生物量碳、氮和可溶性有机碳、氮的含量及其关系

研究了黄土高原南部地区不同土壤类型及不同利用方式下土壤微生物摄碳、氮和可溶性有机碳、氮的含量。结果表明：不同土地利用方式下，土壤微生物量碳、氮和可溶性有机碳、氮含量均为林地〉农田，其中林地枯枝落叶层〉林地O～20cm土层。农田土壤微生物量碳、氮的含量均为红油土〉黑垆土〉淋溶褐土；农田土壤中可溶性有机碳含量为淋溶褐土〉红油土〉黑垆土，而可溶性有机氮含量则为黑垆土〉红油土〉淋溶褐土。方差分析表明，不同土壤类型土壤微生物量氮含量之间的差异达显著水平，而不同土壤类型间土壤微生物量碳、可溶性有机碳、氯含量之间的差异未达显著水平。土壤微生物量碳、氮占土壤有机碳和全氮的比例明显高于可溶性有机碳、氮占土壤有机碳和全氮的比例。相关分析发现，土壤微生物量碳与可溶性有机碳之间以及土壤微生物量氮与可溶性有机氮之间的相关性达显著或极显著水平，说明土壤微生物量碳、氮和土壤可溶性有机碳、氮之间有密切联系。