滇池流域农田土壤氮磷流失分析研究

采用实地调查与田间模拟实验相结合的方法,研究了滇池流域沿湖15个乡镇农田地表径流氮、磷流失状况及其影响因素。结果表明,研究区农田地表径流氮、磷污染负荷很高,年均流失量差异较大,总氮为5.07~113.16 kg/hm2,总磷为0.15~10.14 kg/hm2。高强度的化肥施用是造成农田径流氮、磷流失量大的主要原因,同时也与土地利用方式、水肥管理方式及种植制度有关;不同坡度农田径流中氮、磷的输出量不同,从6°~12°氮、磷流失急剧增大,12°以后流失量增加减缓;无论在一次降雨中,还是在作物生长周期内,径流中氮、磷流失速率均表现出随时间参数增加而递减的趋势;施肥处理不同,氮、磷流失量存在一定差异,其中尿素与普钙配合施用可减少氮、磷流失,同时获得较高的白菜产量。     

三峡库区王家沟小流域不同坡度土壤氮素流失特征研究

采用野外径流小区观测方法,研究了三峡库区王家沟小流域旱坡地不同坡度土壤氮素的流失特征。结果表明:①旱坡地不同坡度小区土壤氮素流失量总体不大,单场降雨侵蚀泥沙氮素流失量最大值为189.06 mg/m2,而在地表径流中仅为28.12 mg/m2,侵蚀泥沙氮素流失量明显高于地表径流氮素流失量,最大差异达到16.8倍,差值随着坡度的增大有减少的趋势;坡度越大,地表径流氮素和侵蚀泥沙氮素的流失量也越大,呈现出小区17°>9°>4°的趋势;铵态氮流失量明显低于硝态氮流失量,4°、9°、17°小区地表径流硝态氮流失量较铵态氮流失量分别高出3.2、3.6、4.0倍,说明硝态氮较铵态氮更易于流失,且随着坡度的增大差异增大。②不同坡度小区地表径流量、侵蚀泥沙流失量与降雨量均存在显著的线性正相关(P<0.05),且随着坡度的增大地表径流量与降雨量的相关系数在增大,侵蚀泥沙流失量表现则相反,这可能与土壤母质、作物生长等情况有关。     

麦季农田流失养分植物拦截技术体系研究

本研究在农田排水沟渠末端增设农田生态塘,对麦季农田流失水体进行贮留,并通过在生态塘配置养分拦截植物进行养分富集研究,旨在为减轻我国农业面源污染提供技术支撑。小麦季农田设置农民习惯施肥(NN)和优化施肥(EN)2个施肥水平;生态塘种植水芹菜和黑麦草2种拦截植物。结果表明:试验年度麦季农田共发生8次地表径流,麦季农田总地表径流水量为1 119.0 m~3·hm~(-2)。NN处理农田地表径流水体总N、总P、总K流失量分别为4.5、0.5、4.0 kg·hm~(-2),采用优化施肥能够减少农田地表径流养分流失量,EN处理总N、总P、总K流失量分别为3.9、0.4、3.8 kg·hm~(-2)。本研究灌排单元农田面积为5.2 hm~2,小麦季其农田地表径流水体总N、总P、总K流失量分别为23.3、2.4、20.8 kg,生态塘中水芹菜和黑麦草拦截农田N、P、K流失量分别为18.0、1.9、22.0 kg,植物养分拦截量占本灌排单元农田地表径流水体养分流失的77.3%、79.2%、105.8%。经折算,生态塘与农田的面积比例以1∶43～50为宜。研究表明,在太湖地区小麦田排水沟渠末端设置生态塘,并配置水芹菜和黑麦草2种养分富集植物,可拦截麦田地表径流氮磷养分超75%,有效减轻农业面源污染。     

长江三角洲地区竹林经营中的氮磷流失负荷概算

通过分析长江三角洲地区竹林集约经营面积、竹林施肥情况及氮(N)、磷(P)流失率,对该区竹林经营中因施肥产生的N、P流失量进行了概算.结果表明,长江三角洲地区竹林中每年N、P流失量分别为3795～6067t、828～1104t.其中,浙江省竹林地的N、P流失量分别为3573～5713 t、779～1039 t,均占总流失量的94%.从单位面积上的流失量来看,浙江省竹林地N流失负荷(9.8～15.6kg/hm2)显著低于该省农田N流失负荷(57.4 kg,hm2),而P流失负荷(2.1～2.8 kg/hm2)稍高于农田(1.7 kg/hm2) .在部分高度集约经营地区,竹林地每年的N、P流失更高.这些竹林地主要位于水源上游或河湖两岸,流失的N、P进入水体后,将对水体造成污染,降低水质,加速下游水体的富营养化.     

巢湖流域麦稻轮作农田径流氮磷流失研究

采用田间径流池法,在巢湖流域麦稻轮作种植条件下,研究农田地表径流氮磷流失的特征。研究结果表明:麦稻轮作农田径流总氮流失量为45.27～101.38kg/hm2,总磷流失量为0.302～0.612kg/hm2。总氮的66%以上是在麦季流失的,总磷的89%以上是在稻季流失的。常规施肥条件下麦稻轮作农田氮肥流失率在6%左右,磷肥流失率在0.45%左右。水稻和小麦氮肥减施30%和磷肥减施50%能够减少氮磷的径流流失量,分别减少总氮径流流失量2.83kg/hm2,减少4.1%左右,减少总磷径流流失量0.055kg/hm2,减少10.7%以上。氮肥减施30%对第一年的作物产量没有造成较大减产,可以实现减量不减产的目标。     

施肥对农田氮磷污染物径流输出的影响研究

施肥不当是造成农田地表径流 N、P 污染的主要原因。本文采用实地调查与模拟实验相结合的方法,研究了不同肥料品种、不同施肥强度、不同施肥时间与方式对土壤地表径流 N、P 流失的影响。结果表明,农田径流 N、P 的流失量与肥料投入水平有一定的正相关性,施肥后土壤地表径流中总 P 浓度比未施肥前成倍增加。不同肥料品种以硝酸铵最易增加径流中 N 的含量;通过经济与环境协调分析,相对于其他处理而言,一定量的尿素与普钙配合施用可减少 N、P 流失,同时获得较高的白菜产量;就施肥方式而言,深施或穴施比表施可显著降低径流中 N、P 的流失量。     

模拟降雨条件下垄沟坡度对溶解态氮磷流失的影响

为揭示不同垄沟坡度对径流中溶解态氮、磷流失的影响,采用人工模拟降雨试验,设置4个垄沟坡度处理(0°,9°,18°和27°),研究了不同垄沟坡度对径流中速效磷(PO_4~(3-)—P)、硝态氮(NO_3~-—N)和铵态氮(NH_4~+—N)浓度和流失量的影响;并利用Inorganic—N/PO_4~(3-)—P、NO_3~-—N/PO_4~(3-)—P和NH_4~+—N/PO_4~(3-)—P 3种氮磷比,评价不同处理的富营养化风险。结果表明:(1)在降雨过程中,4个垄沟坡度处理径流中PO_4~(3-)—P、NO_3~-—N和NH_4~+—N浓度随时间均呈锯齿状变化;其流失量随时间变化均呈先增加后以锯齿状变化的趋势,且波动幅度大,最大值(16.60,1 020.73,48.35 mg)分别出现在垄沟坡度为0°,0°和9°处理。(2)4个垄沟坡度处理间相比较,径流中PO_4~(3-)—P和NH_4~+—N流失量均表现为0°9°27°18°,其浓度最大值(0.50,1.08 mg/L)和最小值(0.37,0.76 mg/L)均分别出现在垄沟坡度为9°和18°处理;而径流中NO_3~-—N浓度和流失量均在垄沟坡度0°处理时为最大值(30.68 mg/L和64.16 mg/m~2),18°处理时为最小值(21.78 mg/L和42.22 mg/m~2)。(3)Inorganic—N/PO_4~(3-)—P率和NH_4~+—N/PO_4~(3-)—P率表明4个垄沟坡度处理径流中均存在一定的富营养化风险。其中,垄沟坡度为0°处理的径流富营养化风险水平最高,27°处理的径流富营养化风险水平最低。研究结果可为横坡垄作的水土流失及养分流失评价、预测以及防治提供科学依据。     

河南省淮河流域不同土地利用类型氮磷流失的特征分析

为了解河南省淮河流域农业面源污染特征,根据河南省淮河流域的地形地貌、降雨量、土地利用类型等因素,选择区域内有代表性的土地类型和试验点位,建立径流小区,通过测试连续2年的氮磷流失,分析不同土地利用类型径流水中氮磷浓度差异、氮磷流失量差异,并分析氮磷流失量与径流量和径流泥沙量的相关性。结果表明:土地利用类型不同氮磷流失存在明显差异,5种土地类型中种植蔬菜的土地氮的流失量最大,达10.21kg/hm2,种植花卉的土地磷的流失量最大,达3.98kg/hm2;地表径流中氮流失以溶解态氮为主要形式,磷的流失以吸附态磷为主要形式;氮磷流失量与径流量和径流泥沙量存在明显相关性。     

太湖水网地区原位模拟降雨条件下不同农田类型氮素流失特征研究

为探索太湖流域水网地区农田土壤氮素通过地表径流与耕层渗漏的流失特征及其影响因素,在浙江省嘉兴市、上海市的松江县和青浦县,选择稻田、种植年限短的菜地、种植年限长的菜地3种类型农田,采用原位模拟降雨,研究渗漏与地表径流方式下的农田氮素流失量、流失形态特征,以及土壤养分含量对氮素流失的影响。结果表明,3种农田在地表径流方式下农田总氮流失量差异不显著;渗漏方式下种植年限长的菜地和种植年限短的菜地总氮流失量差异也不显著。渗漏方式下总氮流失量显著高于地表径流方式。农田0—5、0—20 cm土壤硝态氮含量分别为31.24~72.9和33.21~71.1 mg/kg时,与渗漏液硝态氮、水溶性总氮、总氮的流失量、流失浓度呈极显著正相关。     

坡度对坡面土壤矿质氮素水蚀流失负荷的影响

坡度是影响坡面水土流失和土壤养分流失过程的重要因素。室内模拟降雨试验表明,当坡长一定时,不仅土壤侵蚀量存在一个“侵蚀临界坡度”,土壤矿质氮流失量随坡度变化也存在一个“养分流失临界坡度”。试验测定这2个临界坡度均在15°～20°之间。土壤矿质氮地表流失以随地表径流流失为主,约占总流失量的99%。坡面矿质氮总流失量的96%为硝态氮,硝态氮对径流中矿质氮总量的贡献率明显高于在侵蚀泥沙中的贡献率。采取一定的截流措施是控制坡面矿质氮流失的关键。     

Interrelationships between growth and nutrient uptake in alfalfa and corn

Nutrient requirements o£ plants during their various phases of growth are affected by several internal and external factors. The changes in rate of uptake by root with age are an important factor to meet the increasing plant demand for nutrients. Nutrient culture experiments were carried out under controlled greenhouse conditions with corn (Zea Mays L.) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) to investigate the relationship of stage of growth to changes in plant parameters and nutrient uptake properties. With advancement of age. both plant species increased their ambient growth medium pH towards neutrality. With increasing age in alfalfa there was very little change in observed S:R ratio and root growth rate. On the other hand in corn plants the S:R ratio increased and growth rate for root and shoot decreased with age. Alfalfa contained higher concentrations of N, K, Na, and Ca than corn; while ion concentrations in both crops decreased with plant age. At all stages of growth, alfalfa absorbed less nutrients than corn. The rates of nutrient influx, I_n in both the crops showed various degrees of correlation with age and rate of shoot growth. In corn. I_n for ions reached a maximum at 25 days growth; whereas, in alfalfa, I_n reached maximum at 30 days of growth. The differences in influx rates for different ions in the two species are probably due to the difference in development of shoot and root parameters and shoot demand for the ions.     

Phenols in rice soils

In a laboratory study on the distribution of phenols in rice soils, a humus-rich acid sulphate soil liberated more alkali-extractable phenols than an alluvial soil under both flooded and nonflooded conditions. Nonflooded conditions appeared to favour the release of phenols from the acid sulphate soil whereas in the alluvial soil no difference was apparent under the two water regimes. The addition of calcium carbonate to the acid sulphate soil further increased the production of phenols. Analysis of the solvent extract of the soils by thin-layer chromatography showed that both the soils contained vanillic acid and two unidentified phenols.     

氮磷钾对大棚青椒产量的影响及最佳配比的研究(初报)

本试验采用二次通用旋转组合设计,通过计算机分析,建立了氮磷钾与大棚青椒早期产量及总产量的数学模型。初步揭示了在本试验条件下,氮磷钾对大棚青椒产量形成的影响规律及其边际效应,探讨了氮磷钾之间的交互作用。结果表明氮对青椒产量影响最大,钾最小,前期磷钾有显著的交互作用。讨论了最佳氮磷钾配比及适宜范围。     

The Prevalence and Distribution of Fusarium species in Norwegian Cereals: a Survey

In the period 1994–1996 a post-harvest survey was conducted in wheat, barley and oats to assess the occurrence and geographic distribution of Fusarium species in Norwegian cereals. The number of samples investigated was adjusted proportionally to the production of each cereal species within the regions. A total of 695 grain samples were analysed. The amount of Fusarium infection varied with cereal species and region of origin. The most frequently isolated Fusarium spp. from all samples were F. avenaceum, F. poae, F. tricinctum and F. culmorum. Other important toxigenic Fusarium spp. were F. graminearum, “powdery F. poae”, F. equiseti and F. sporotrichioides. A north-south gradient was valid for F. tricinctum, F. poae and in 1994 for “powdery F. poae”. In 1994 “powdery F. poae” was the most abundant potential producer of HT-2 and T-2 toxins in Norwegian cereals. Distribution of F. graminearum and F. culmorum demonstrated in this study, corresponded to previously reported DON-distribution, although DON seems to be produced by different species in different regions. Distribution of the isolated Fusarium species and comparison between cereals and locations are discussed.     

Variability of Fusarium spp. isolates,causal agents of the soybean sudden death syndrome

Soybean (Glycine max L.) is the most widely cultivated crop in the world and an important commodity. Besides its main role in human nutrition, this grain is also used in animal feed and production of biofuels, among other purposes. Due to these factors, soybean became important in the global economy and is the most exported agricultural product from Brazil. Fungal diseases are among the limiting factors on soybean production; sudden death syndrome, caused by Fusarium spp., has been responsible for severe losses on this crop in Brazil. Four species of Fusarium can be considered causal pathogens: F. brasiliense, F. crassistipitatum, F. tucumaniae, and F. virguliforme. The Fusarium spp. isolates characterized in this work were collected in different soybean-producing regions in Brazil. The genetic variability of these isolates was determined through the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique. Disease severity was evaluated on moderately resistant and susceptible soybean cultivars in greenhouse trials. RAPD analysis demonstrated a great genetic diversity among the isolates and a clear tendency to split into two main species groups, F. tucumaniae and F. brasiliense, both prevalent in Brazil. The disease severity experiments, in which soybean plants were artificially inoculated, have shown that all isolates caused significant damage to the seedling root system. In fact, the genetic diversity of isolates does not correlate with disease severity, and also does not correlate with geographic distribution.     

Combination of different marine algal extracts as biostimulant and biofungicide

This study investigates the efficiency of seaweed liquid fertilizer (SLF) prepared from combinations of different seaweeds (Sargassum polyphyllum, Turbinaria ornata, Gelidiopsis sp., Padina tetrastomatica, Gracilaria corticata) as a stimulant for the growth of Vigna radiata (Mung) as well as its antagonistic activity against fungal pathogens (Alternaria solani, Rhizoctonia solani., Sarocladium oryzae). 100% SLF was prepared, which was further diluted to 60%, 40%, and 20%. Seeds were soaked in four different concentrations of the SLF (20%, 40%, 60%, and 100%) for 12 hr and planted. After 60 d, the root and shoot length were increased by 14% and 16%, respectively, with SLF (100%). The carbohydrate and protein concentrations were also increased by 70% and 86%, respectively, at 100% SLF. The concentration of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids were found to be increased by 20%, 43%, and 28%, respectively, with 100% SLF. Further, the SLF (60% and 100%) successfully inhibited the growth of fungal pathogen A. solani but the other tested strains were found to be resistant. The present study indicates that 100% SLF concentration acts as both biostimulant and biofungicide for A. solani and thus, this SLF could be used as a potential alternative to the chemical fertilizers.     

镉胁迫下磷供应对芥菜生长和镉吸收的影响

采用土培和水培试验,研究了镉胁迫下磷供应对芥菜生长和镉吸收的影响。土培试验表明:施磷可以提高镉胁迫下小叶芥菜和雪里蕻种子的发芽率,提高小叶芥菜的生物量,而对雪里蕻生物量影响不大;施磷可以减少土壤中有效态镉含量,明显降低植株体内镉含量;植株体内的全磷含量随外加磷浓度的提高而显著增加。水培结果表明:镉胁迫下,磷供应对雪里蕻植株生物量影响不大;随着磷供应水平的增加,植株体内的全磷含量明显增加,但植株地上部镉、锌、钙、镁、锰等元素的含量明显降低。     

Effects of cultivation of preceding plants on the development of Fusarium wilt of cucumber and daikon

The effects of the cultivation of preceding plants on the inhibition of Fusarium wilts, vessel diseases of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum (FOC) and yellows of daikon (Raphanus sativus var. longipinnatus) caused by F. oxysporum f. sp. raphani (FOR), were examined. When the cucumber or daikon plant was cultivated as a succeeding plant in the pots where the soils had been inoculated with a spore suspension of FOe or FOR and then various preceding plants had been cultivated, the percentage of disease of the succeeding plants was lower in some plots than in the control plot without preceding plants. Spinach (Spinacia oleracea, cv. Atlas) and burdock (Arctium lappa, cv. Takinogawa) inhibited significantly the vessel disease caused by FOe. Thrnip (Brassica rapa, Parental Line Nou No.1) and spinach (S. oleracea, cv. Try) suppressed the yellows caused by FOR. When the number of FOC or FOR was estimated by the recovery using Komada med.ium and by testing their pathogenicity to the host plant, cucumber or daikon, the numbers of both were not reduced in the plots even where these plants had been cultivated initially. The soil extract from the pots, where preceding plants had been cultivated, did not affect the conidia of FOC and FOR. In both FOC and FOR experiments, the cultivation of preceding plants increased the number of bacteria in soil. Additionally, in the FOR experiment, preceding plants, turnip and spinach, increased the number of F. oxysporum (FOX) except for FOR and decreased the proportion of FOR to FOX. It was suggested that these preceding plants might affect the pathogens of Fusarium wilt indirectly by the changes in the numbers and flora of soil microorganisms.     

Uptake Kinetics of Different Nitrogen Forms by Chinese Kale

In this paper, the uptake kinetics of various nitrogens (nitrate (NO₃^?), ammonium (NH₄⁺), urea, amino acid) by Chinese kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. Bailey) were studied under hydroponic condition. The results indicated that the uptake kinetics of organic and inorganic nitrogen (N) by Chinese kale conform to the Michaelis–Menten equation, and the maximum uptake rate (Vmax) and affinity index (1/Km) showed nitrate (NO₃^—N) > ammonium (NH₄⁺-N) > urea-N > Gly-N, with significant differences between treatments (p < 0.05). Adding different types of N to NO₃^? nutrient solution had little impact on its affinity, but significantly decreased the NO₃^? Vmax, which showed NO₃^–N > NO₃^? + NH₄⁺ > NO₃^? + urea > NO₃^? + Gly. Chinese kale preferred inorganic N to organic N, with NO₃^? preceding NH₄⁺. Adding organic and NH₄⁺ N to nutrient solution reduced the NO₃^? uptake capacity by the plant.     

刺梨及其近缘种质叶片主要活性物质含量及抗氧化性分析

为明确刺梨及其2个近缘种质无籽刺梨和无刺刺梨叶片中活性物质含量变化及其对抗氧化能力的贡献,本研究以刺梨、无籽刺梨和无刺刺梨为试验材料,测定其不同叶龄叶片(幼叶、成熟叶和老叶)中维生素C(Vc)、总三萜、总酚、总黄酮含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性变化,并用铁离子还原(FRAP)、2,2'-联氨-二(3-乙基-苯并噻唑-6-磺酸)二铵盐(ABTS)和1,1-二苯基-2-苦肼基(DPPH)3种体系分析其体外抗氧化能力,同时对5种抗氧化活性物质进行主成分分析。结果表明,3个材料的不同叶龄叶片中,总酚、总黄酮、Vc含量和SOD活性变化以及3种抗氧化活性均依次表现为成熟叶>幼叶>老叶,而总三萜含量均在老叶中为最高;3个试验材料成熟叶中,无刺刺梨的总酚含量及其对ABTS自由基的清除能力、刺梨的Vc含量及其对DPPH自由基的清除能力,以及无籽刺梨的SOD活性及其对FRAP抗氧化能力均高于其他2个材料,刺梨老叶中的总三萜含量显著高于其他2个材料。相关性分析表明,总酚、总黄酮、Vc与3种抗氧化方法测定结果呈显著正相关;主成分分析表明,成熟叶中具有抗氧化能力的5种活性物质对抗氧化能力贡献依次表现为总酚、Vc>总三萜、SOD>总黄酮,且3种主成分的累计贡献率达90%以上。本研究结果为了解和开发利用上述3个蔷薇属种质叶片功能成分提供了理论依据。