Green-Ampt模型参数简化及与土壤物理参数的关系

简化模型表达形式从而减少参数个数,对于Green-Ampt入渗模型的实际应用具有重要的现实意义。该文通过推导湿润锋处平均基质吸力与Philip模型中土壤吸湿率关系基础上提出了简化的Green-Ampt入渗模型,基于新疆222兵团两块壤质土壤田块上土壤水分入渗试验资料,分析了Green-Ampt简化入渗模型参数与土壤物理参数之间的关系,建立了模型参数与土壤物理参数之间的定量经验转换函数。结果表明,入渗参数A(组合参数)与土壤初始含水率呈对数负相关,相关系数为0.77,A与土壤紧实度和黏粒含量均呈指数负相关,相关系数分别为0.70和0.74。饱和导水率Ks与土壤紧实度和黏粒呈指数负相关,相关系数分别为0.74和0.73。A和Ks与土壤初始含水率、土壤紧实度和黏粒含量呈高度和中度多元线性相关,相关系数分别为0.9和0.79。研究表明Green-Ampt简化入渗模型能够在一定精度下分析土壤入渗过程。     

用水平土柱和修正的Green-Ampt模型确定土壤的入渗性能

土壤入渗能力和降雨产流过程及地下水密切相关。土壤入渗过程决定了灌溉/降雨过程中水分进入土壤的过程,影响了化肥、农药及其他污染物随水分迁移过程以及坡面水文与土壤侵蚀过程等。该研究根据水流在水平土柱中运动的能量要求以及实际测量得到的土壤水分分布,对Green-Ampt模型中含水率分布呈活塞运动推进(即湿润锋内部土壤水分为恒定值)的假定进行了修正。采用更符合实际的呈线性分布的土壤水分分布模型,基于水量平衡和土壤水动力学原理,提出了对应的土壤入渗性能的计算模型。给出了利用修正模型估计土壤入渗性能的方法,计算模型以及计算过程。结果表明,利用修正模型估算得到的土壤入渗性能回归的入渗水量与实际供水量的相对误差为0.66%,说明该修正模型和计算方法具有很高的精度。该文提出的修正模型很好地描述了水分在土壤中的分布,较Green-Ampt入渗模型中的活塞模型更符合土壤水动力学中关于土壤水分运动的分析。将该修正模型与水平土柱试验结合,可以大大地提高土壤入渗性能计算的精度,为以后的土壤水分运动,地表产流计算以及土壤侵蚀等方面的研究提供非常有效的工具。     

用修正的Green-Ampt模型确定土壤入渗性能的速算方法

土壤入渗性能的确定对水文过程及其相关研究与应用具有重要的意义。该文在土壤入渗性能的水平土柱测量方法和Green-Ampt修正模型的基础上,推导出了Green-Ampt模型与修正模型之间的比例关系,进而提出了土壤入渗性能的速算模型。该计算模型在保证土壤入渗性能计算精度的前提下,计算过程较修正Green-Ampt模型有了很大的简化。将3种方法计算得到的土壤入渗率进行了比较,快速方法计算得到的土壤入渗性能与Green-Ampt修正模型计算得到的土壤入渗性能非常接近。在水量平衡原理的基础上得到3种方法计算结果误差分别为11.5%（Green-Ampt模型）,0.66%（修正模型）和2.68%（快速计算模型）。表明快速计算方法具有很高的精度。新方法大大简化了修正模型的计算步骤。该文提出的土壤入渗性能速算法与水平土柱试验相结合,可以方便地应用于室内土壤入渗性能的测量,为水文循环/地表产流等相关研究提供便捷的土壤入渗性能计算工具。     

基于图形特征的Green-Ampt入渗模型关键参数Sf和Ks的简化求解

Green—Ampt入渗模型应用广泛，是模拟坡面降雨入渗、产流过程常用的手段，湿润锋平均基质吸力S和表征导水率K是模型中的关键参数。对地表积水入渗过程中湿润区内平均含水率增量△θ（t）进行了定义，对烟台棕壤土积水入渗试验分析表明，在入渗过程中△θ（t）为一常量0．34。根据水量平衡原理得到了Greer-Ampt入渗模型中概化湿润锋磊和实际湿润锋Z^αf的定量关系，并通过对Green．Ampt入渗模型的分析，提出了利用i（t）～I（t）或i（t）-Z^αf之间图形特征关系来确定湿润锋平均基质吸力Sf，和表征导水率Ks的方法。同实测资料相比，利用基于i（t）-I（t）和i（t）-Z^αf图形关系所获Sf和Ks预测的累计入渗量和湿润锋精度较高，整体相对误差小于6％。     

Green—Ampt公式在层状土入渗模拟计算中的应用

通过对Green-Ampt入涌模型特点的进一步分析和总结,概述了目前对Green-Ampt入渗模式的发展情况,特别是沙层阻水,浑水入渗,间竭入渗和降雨入渗方面的应用进行分析,并对Green-Ampt公式在这些方面应用中参数确定方法进一步探讨,为在黄土区的应用提供指导。     

非均匀土壤剖面的Green-Ampt模型

给出了相应条件下的Green-Ampt模型,入渗量、入渗速率、湿润层深度以及入渗时间的具体表达式,并对1次实测灌水入渗过程进行了模拟,结果表明,Green-Ampt模型计算的入渗时土壤水分剖面与水流连续议程的计算结果存在较大差别,但这种差别经过再分布后逐渐消失。在作较长时段的土壤水分动态模拟时利用Green-Ampt模型模拟入渗过程是适用的,特别是在已知入渗总量而未知入渗强度过程的情况下具有优越性。     

四种入渗模型对斥水土壤入渗规律的适用性

土壤斥水性影响入渗,进而影响作物产量。国外学者进行了一定的研究,但在中国研究的还很少。该文基于实测资料探讨几种常规的入渗模型在斥水土壤中的适用性。采用室内土柱进行积水入渗试验,对比了不同积水高度和斥水度条件下的土壤入渗规律,并采用4种模型分析了土壤入渗率变化特征。结果表明,累积入渗量随入渗历时的变化可用幂函数描述,不斥水土壤累积入渗量明显大于斥水土壤;累积入渗量与湿润锋推进距离呈良好的线性关系;利用Green-Ampt模型、Philip模型、Kostiakov公式和指数公式对入渗率与入渗历时间的关系进行拟合,其中Kostiakov公式更接近于实测值,其他模型拟合效果因斥水程度等因素的不同而异。     

喀斯特小流域土壤饱和导水率垂直分布特征

土壤剖面饱和导水率(Saturated hydraulic conductivity,Ks)的垂直分布对土壤水文过程有极其重要的影响,但在地质背景特殊的喀斯特地区其研究还相对匮乏。通过测定典型喀斯特小流域内23个土壤剖面(0~10、10~20、20~30、30~50、50~70、70~100 cm)土壤Ks及土壤碎石含量(Rock fragment content,RC)、容重(Bulk density,BD)、毛管孔隙度(Capillary porosity,CP)、非毛管孔隙度(Non-capillary porosity,NCP)、土壤有机碳(Soil organic carbon,SOC)等土壤性质,并结合各样点的坡位(Slope position,SP)、坡度(Slope gradient,SG)、坡向(Slope aspect,SA)、裸岩率(Bare rock,BR)、土地利用类型(Land-use type,LU)等环境因素,应用偏相关分析和典范对应分析(CCA)的方法,研究了喀斯特小流域Ks的垂直分布特征及其主要影响因素。结果表明,Ks随土壤深度的增加而减小并可用对数函数模拟(R2=0.848)。20~100 cm各层Ks变幅较小且变异接近,因此在水文模型中可用20~30 cm土壤Ks代替深层。土壤性质中,RC与Ks的相关系数(0.484)最大。环境因素对Ks垂直分布的影响依次为SPSGSALUBR。由此可知,RC是影响Ks最重要的土壤性质,而SP则是影响Ks垂直分布最重要的环境因素。该结果有利于弄清喀斯特地区降雨入渗规律及其主要影响因素,为小流域植被恢复及水文模型的构建提供科学依据。     

微咸水入渗条件下Philip模型与Green-Ampt模型参数的对比分析

近年来，国内外学者对土壤入渗特征进行了大量研究，提出了具有不同特点和用途的入渗模型。随着土壤水分运动理论的发展，模型的发展日益趋于简单化、数值化、理论化，各模型之间的关系越来越紧密，许多学者试图通过对土壤入渗模型中特征参数的对比分析，建立模型参数间的关系，从而为获取相关土壤入渗参数提供手段，便于土壤入渗模型的实际应用。描述土壤水分入渗过程的模型很多，其中Philip和Green-Ampt入渗模型具有明确的物理意义，应用较广泛。王全九等建立了Philip和Green-Ampt两个入渗模型参数间的理论关系，并用实验结果进行了合理性验证。在利用淡水入渗的情况下，发现利用Green-Ampt参数推求Philip公式的参数适用于计算短历时的累积入渗量，而利用Philip模型推求的Green．Ampt参数对于长短入渗时间的累积入渗量计算的精度都比较高。利用淡水入渗得出如上结论，那么当用微咸水入渗时，入渗过程中发生复杂的物理化学作用，所建立的参数关系是否仍然成立？入渗水的矿化度对计算精度的影响如何？都是值得探讨的问题，需要进一步分析研究。本文利用室内进行的垂直一维微咸水入渗实验资料，分别用Philip和Green-Ampt两个入渗模型处理实验资料，分析不同水质对入渗参数的影响，并应用王全九建立的理论关系式互推模型参数，验证该公式在微咸水入渗情况下的精度及分析水质对计算精度的影响。     

降雨非饱和入渗对土壤热量运移变化的影响

高温季节土壤表层温度非常高，土壤内部含水率较低，突发性降雨对于土壤温度动态变化和水热交换运移影响极大。为了揭示降雨非饱和入渗对土壤热量运移变化的影响，该研究建立了反映降雨入渗过程的土壤热量运移数学模型，编制了有限元数值计算程序，针对南京雨花台区典型土壤，开展了降雨非饱和入渗对土壤热量运移影响的数值计算与分析研究。结果表明：不考虑降雨入渗情况下，土壤温度变化与热量运移主要是表层土壤与环境之间的热交换作用引起，热量运移影响深度约0.2 m；降雨强度45 mm/h作用下，随降雨历时增加，雨水全部自由入渗到土壤内部，土壤内部基质吸力呈线性递减趋势，湿润锋面逐渐下移，土壤体积含水率快速增加；湿润锋过后的土壤体积含水率逐渐接近于饱和体积含水率，土壤入渗能力逐渐下降，直至趋于饱和入渗率；在降雨非饱和入渗影响下，入渗到土壤孔隙中的低温雨水与土壤颗粒发生热量交换，进而改变了原有土壤温度场分布，并随着降雨入渗深度的持续增加，降雨入渗过程对土壤热量运移的影响呈现逐渐减弱趋势。经过现场实测数据与模拟计算结果验证，随着降雨历时增加，土壤体积含水率实测值和数值计算值相对误差保持在±3.99%以内，均方根误差RMSE为0.01 cm3/cm3；土壤温度实测值和数值计算值的相关误差保持在±2.72%以内，均方根误差RMSE为0.55℃，模拟计算结果和现场实测数据均吻合较好，表明该模型对描述降雨非饱和入渗过程土壤热量运移规律的适应性较强，数值计算程序合理。研究成果可为农业水利工程与水土保持、土壤水文水资源的分布与利用、城市水资源控制与生态环境保护等领域提供重要参考。     

Diffusion of NH+4 and NO−3 mineralized from organic N in soil

The mineralization of native soil organic matter and the simultaneous diffusion of zero NH⁺₄ and NO^?₃ to a solution sink of zero N concentration was analysed experimentally and theoretically for a fine sandy loam soil. Experimentally, the NH₄ and NO₃ ions produced in an incubated unsaturated soil column were allowed to diffuse through a sintered glass plate into a stirred solution sink. The distribution of NH⁺₄ and NO^?₃ in the soil column was measured after various incubation times. The rate of ammonification was measured directly during incubation and the rate of nitrification modelled from nitrifier growth kinetics. A Freundlich equation was used to describe the equilibrium between soluble and exchangeable NH⁺₄ in the soil. Terms for the microbial transformation of N and the adsorption-desorption of NH⁺₄ were combined with diffusion equations which were solved numerically using finite difference methods. The model constructed was used to predict the NH⁺₄ and NO^?₃ con-centration distributions in the soil column, and good agreement was obtained between the experimental and predicted concentration profiles. The use of the model for predicting the diffusive flux of mineral N to the outer surfaces of soil peds, where it is vulnerable to leaching, was demonstrated.     

Chemical and colloidal stability of sols in the Al2O3-Fe2O3-SiO2-H2O system: their role in podzolization

Concentrations of dialysable silica in equilibrium with Al₂O₃-SiO₂-H₂O sols at pH 4.5–5.0 confirm the formation of a poorly ordered non-dialysable proto-imogolite species with an Al : Si ratio near 2, close to that of imogolite. Sols with Al : Si>2 give nearly constant levels of free silica in solution in the range 2–6 μg/cm³, indicating equilibrium between proto-imogolite and aluminium hydroxide species. These findings indicate that imogolite-like precipitates in acid soils will buffer silica in solution to within this range during leaching episodes. Imogolite is more stable than a previous estimate suggested, and a revised value for its free energy of formation is proposed: ΔG⁰_f(298.15) = -2929.7 kJ/mol. In Fe₂O₃-SiO₂-H₂O sols, the Fe : Si ratio of the non-dialysable species varies smoothly from 11 to 3 as free silica in solution ranges from 4 to 35 μg/cm³. Such sols are much less colloidally stable than hydroxyaluminium silicate sols, but mixed Al₂O₃—Fe₂O₃—SiO₂—H₂O sols are almost as stable as iron-free sols up to a Fe : Al ratio of 1.5. Thus migration of Al and Fe as mixed hydroxide sols can account for the almost constant ratio of Al to Fe with depth in oxalate extracts from Bs horizons of podzols.     

Evidence that fungi can oxidize NH4+ to NO3− in a grassland soil

The contribution of bacteria and fungi to NH₄⁺ and organic N (N_org) oxidation was determined in a grassland soil (pH 6.3) by using the general bacterial inhibitor streptomycin or the fungal inhibitor cycloheximide in a laboratory incubation study at 20°C. Each inhibitor was applied at a rate of 3 mg g^?1 oven‐dry soil. The size and enrichment of the mineral N pools from differentially (NH₄¹⁵NO₃ and ¹⁵NH₄NO₃) and doubly labelled (¹⁵NH₄¹⁵NO₃) NH₄NO₃ were measured at 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours after N addition. Labelled N was applied to each treatment, to supply NH₄⁺‐N and NO₃^?‐N at 3.15 μmol N g^?1 oven‐dry soil. The N treatments were enriched to 60 atom % excess in ¹⁵N and acetate was added at 100 μmol C g^?1 oven‐dry soil, to provide a readily available carbon source. The oxidation rates of NH₄⁺ and N_org were analysed separately for each inhibitor treatment with a ¹⁵N tracing model. In the absence of inhibitors, the rates of NH₄⁺ oxidation and organic N oxidation were 0.0045 μmol N g^?1 hour^?1 and 0.0023 μmol N g^?1 hour^?1, respectively. Streptomycin had no effect on nitrification but cycloheximide inhibited the oxidation of NH₄⁺ by 89% and the oxidation of organic N by more than 30%. The current study provides evidence to suggest that nitrification in grassland soil is carried out by fungi and that they can simultaneously oxidize NH₄⁺ and organic N.     

Comparison of volatile generation in serine/threonine/glutamine-ribose/glucose/fructose model systems

Thermal generation of volatiles in nine model reactions was studied and compared. Each of the model systems contained one amino acid and one monosaccharide. The amino acid was serine, threonine, or glutamine, and the monosaccharide was ribose, glucose, or fructose. More unsubstituted pyrazine was generated in serine-sugar systems than threonine-sugar systems. The formation of several furfuryl-substituted pyrazines and pyrroles was observed in some of the studied systems. Total pyrazines were generated more in glutamine-containing systems than in serine- and threonine-containing systems, and the reverse was true for generation of furfuryl-substituted compounds. Acetylpyrazine was generated in serine/threonine/glutamine-glucose and serine/glutamine-fructose systems.     

Abundance of Frankia from Gymnostoma spp. in the rhizosphere of Alphitonia neocaledonica, a non-nodulated Rhamnaceae endemicto New Caledonia

The capacity of different soils of New Caledonia to induce nodulation in Gymnostoma poissonianum was studied. The soils were sampled under five Gymnostoma species, Alphitonia neocaledonica (a non-nodulated endemic Rhamnaceae) and Pinus caribea (an introduced species) growing in various ecological conditions. Using G. poissonianum as trap-host, we observed a higher abundance of Frankia from Gymnostoma spp. in the rhizosphere of A. neocaledonica as compared with bare soils and P. caribea rhizosphere. The nodulating capacity of A. neocaledonica rhizosphere was almost similar to that of the five Gymnostoma species (symbiotic host) studied in the same stations. In comparison, bare soils or rhizosphere of P. caribea had poor nodulating capacities. We isolated fourteen Frankia strains from nodules of G. poissonianum after baiting with the rhizospheric soils of five Gymnostoma and A. neocaledonica. Using the PCR/RFLP method, we confirmed the similarity with those already described. Frankia was abundant in the rhizosphere of A. neocaledonica in all the sites studied. One explanation could be a positive tropism of Frankia towards species belonging to families having nodulated species, which is the case of A. neocaledonica endemic in New Caledonia. We can suppose that the non-nodulated plants belonging to these families can excrete some chemical substances able to attract Frankia and to induce its proliferation.     

Determination of kC and kNin situ for calibration of the chloroform fumigation-incubation method

¹⁴C-labelled glucose and ¹⁵N-labelled KNO₃ were added to soil and the microbial biomass during 42 days' incubation was estimated using the chloroform fumigation-incubation method (CFIM). By day 1, most of the glucose (1577 μgCg^?1 soil) was metabolized and 110 μg NO^?₃-Ng^?1 soil were immobilized. In situ values for the proportions of biomass C (k_C) and biomass N (k_N) mineralized during the 10 days after CHCl₃ fumigation were determined on the basis that the immobilized labelled C and N remaining in the soil at this time were present as living microbial cells and their associated metabolites. The tracer data indicated that biomass C could be calculated by applying a k_c value of 0.41 to the CO₂-C evolved from the fumigated sample without subtraction of an unfumigated “control”. Biomass N was estimated from the net NH₄^?-N accumulation during the fumigation-incubation. The problem of reimmobilization of NH⁺₄-N where organisms of wide C:N ratio occur was overcome by adjusting the value of k_N according to the ratio of CO₂-C evolved: net NH₄⁺-N accumulated during the fumigation-incubation (C_F:N_F).A C_F:N_F ratio of 6:1 resulted in a k_N of 0.30 whereas a ratio of 13:1 indicated a k_N of 0.20.     

TRANSFORMATION OF 15N-LABELLED AMMONIUM IN TWO SOILS DIFFERING IN NH+4-FIXING CAPACITY

Two soils differing in ammonium fixation capacity were incubated for 127 days with ¹⁵N-ammonium sulphate. In a gley soil with high NH⁺₄-fixing capacity caused by smectites with a charge up to 0.8 per formula unit, the major part of the added ammonium was first fixed by minerals and then released slowly during incubation. The proportion of labelled N in the nitrate fraction increased during the first weeks and then decreased permanently. In contrast, in a histosol with low NH⁺₄-fixing capacity, the exchangeable fraction contained most of the labelled NH⁺₄, this being highly available to microorganisms and therefore subject to nitrification. About 50% of the added ¹⁵NH₄ was lost from the histosol in 127 days, but only about 20 per cent was lost from the gley soil.     

Incorporation studies of NH+4 during incubation of organic residues by l5N-CPMAS-NMR-spectroscopy

This study focuses on the processes occurring during incorporation of inorganic nitrogen into humic substances. Therefore rye grass, wheat straw, beech saw dust, sulphonated lignin and organosolve lignin were incubated together with highly ¹⁵N-enriched ammonium sulphate in the laboratory for 600 days. Samples from the incubates were periodically analysed for weight loss, and carbon and nitrogen contents. The samples were also analysed by solid-state ¹³C- and ¹⁵N-CPMAS-NMR-spectroscopy to follow the turnover of the materials during incubation. Most of the detectable N-signals was assigned to amide - peptide structures. The remaining intensities could be ascribed to free and alkylated amino groups, and those on the low field side of the broad amide-peptide signal to indole, pyrrole and nucleotide derivatives. Abiotic reactions of ammonia with suitable precursors and the formation of pyridine, pyrazine or phenyloxazone derivatives were not observed. Signals from ammonia and nitrate occurred only at the end of the incubation.     

Cu/Pb/Zn/Cd在石英砂中的迁移实验及模拟

通过稳定流混合置换实验,研究了孔隙水流速和pH变化对Cu/Pb/Zn/Cd在石英砂中迁移行为的影响,获得了示踪剂Br-和Cu/Pb/Zn/Cd的穿透曲线(BTCs);并通过室内批量平衡实验获得吸附系数,进而计算出阻滞因子Rd。基于这些实验结果,借助CXTFIT2.1软件,用平衡CDE模型拟合了Br-的BTCs,得到了弥散系数D;在此基础上应用CDE非平衡模型拟合Cu/Pb/Zn/Cd在不同流速和pH条件下的BTCs,并预测了平行实验和不同埋深处Cu/Pb/Zn/Cd浓度的动态变化。结果表明,Cu/Pb/Zn/Cd的迁移能力随流速的增大而增强,而随pH的增大而降低;化学非平衡的两点模型能较好地模拟本文实验条件下Cu/Pb/Zn/Cd的迁移过程。