精细水平畦灌灌水质量及效益评价

针对河套灌区宽畦田、大畦块导致的灌水效率低的问题,为探求变化环境下适宜畦田规格参数,通过不同畦宽下的精细水平畦灌灌水试验,分析了水流运动状态、灌水质量以及成本效益等变化情况。结果表明:(1)畦宽对土壤入渗水深以及灌水质量均有较大影响,畦宽为23m时水流推进时间延长,畦首入渗水深增大,有效水利用效率BWUF和灌水均匀度Du仅有59.78%~77.40%,84.61%~87.02%,灌水效果不佳;畦宽缩小到10~15m时,BWUF和Du分别增加11.96%~20.61%和2.49%~5.95%,灌水质量有显著提高;畦宽缩小到5m时,相对入畦单宽流量增大,大量灌溉水聚集在畦尾,使得畦尾入渗水深增加,畦首入渗不足,导致田面水流分布不均匀,灌水质量降低。(2)通过分析各处理成本构成以及产量效益情况,可以发现农业生产中花费最大的仍然是化肥、种子、地膜等其他费用,占到总种植成本Tc的70%以上;实施激光平地和缩宽等措施后田埂数量增加,导致机械成本较当地对照处理增加0.3~4.6倍,尽管水费略有减少,但Tc仍增加2.72%~9.98%。(3)在开展节水试验时,其节水效果和经济效益通常是矛盾的,节水效果好的方案往往经济效益较差,而节水效果较差的方案其经济效益反而会有所提高,建议在灌区推广节水新技术时按照1095~1665元/hm^2的补贴标准对农民发放节水补贴进而来增加农民积极性。(4)通过分析经济、节水效益不同权重组合下的综合效益函数,初步确定在进行方案优选时,若优先考虑节水可适当缩小畦宽,若优先考虑经济效益可适当放大畦宽,均可使其综合效益达到最大。研究结果可为灌区农业高效可持续发展提供理论依据。     

耕作及种植方式对土壤入渗参数和畦灌水流运动的影响

为探明耕作和种植方式对土壤入渗参数及畦灌水流运动的影响规律,试验设置了4个处理(深松+旋耕+等行距、深松+旋耕+三密一稀、旋耕+等行距、旋耕+三密一稀旋耕+三密一稀),每个处理中设3种不同畦田规格(畦长30、35、40 m,畦宽均为2 m),越冬和拔节期分别进行灌水,实测了入渗量、水深、水流推进时间等,基于采用Kostiakov入渗公式计算的土壤入渗参数和WinSRFR4.1软件优化法求解的入渗参数,研究不同处理下入渗参数变异对畦灌水流运动的影响。结果表明:1)田间试验实测值和基于WinSRFR4.1软件优化模拟值间入渗系数和入渗指数相对误差最大值分别为1.24%和1.57%,表明采用2种方法确定不同耕作和种植方式下土壤参数均可行;2)耕作和种植方式的不同会对土壤入渗参数产生较大影响,前者影响更大。3)越冬期和拔节期灌水时入渗系数变异系数最高分别为0.34和0.22,入渗指数变异系数最高分别为0.14和0.13。2次灌水期间相同处理入渗参数也发生了时间变异性,处理深松+旋耕+等行距和深松+旋耕+三密一稀的入渗系数和入渗指数均发生中等变异性,处理旋耕+等行距和旋耕+三密一稀发生弱变异性。4)在土壤入渗参数的变异性影响下,2次灌水过程中,不同处理水流运动时间均发生了变异性。5)基于土壤入渗参数变异性,确定了2次灌水不同耕作及种植方式冬小麦畦灌条件下土壤入渗系数和入渗指数。研究结果可为畦灌系统设计和管理评价提供理论依据和技术支撑。     

低定额畦灌技术参数研究

基于有限水资源的农田补充灌溉,以寻求不产生深层渗漏的节水型地面畦灌灌水定额为目标,在陕西省杨陵区中壤土玉米地,开展了畦田规格和灌水技术要素对灌水效率和灌水均匀度影响的田间试验.通过水流推进、消退过程、土壤水分变化的测定,利用地面灌溉水流运动曲线拟合对畦灌条件下的最佳灌水技术要素组合进行了分析.结果表明:畦田规格和灌水技术要素对灌水效率和灌水均匀度具有明显影响.对于试验田块,田面坡度为1.5‰时,入畦单宽流量控制在3～6 L/(m·s)范围内,畦宽2～3 m,畦长50 m左右,可达到较高灌水效率(Eα>80%)和灌水均匀度(DU>80%),并能将灌水定额控制在设计范围之内,实现畦田的小定额灌溉.     

激光平地对灌水均匀度及春小麦生长的影响

在河套灌区以普通畦田为对照,研究激光平地对畦田灌水均匀度、土壤盐分及春小麦生长等的影响。结果表明,激光平地畦田较普通畦田的灌水量减少26.39%,水流推进速率提高37.90%,田面储水深度降低25.00%,水流消退速率降低8.13%,灌水效率提高6.03%,土壤盐分降低3.70%,春小麦产量提高10.52%。激光平地系统显著提高灌水均匀度,极显著提高盐分分布均匀度及春小麦生长均匀度,且越靠近畦尾土壤盐分降低的幅度越大,春小麦的增产幅度越大。河套灌区应积极开展激光平地。     

秸秆覆盖畦田灌溉水流特性及灌水质量分析

在陕西杨凌张家岗村覆盖玉米秸秆的冬小麦地进行了畦田规格和灌水技术要素对灌水效率和灌溉均匀度影响的田间试验,并SRFR406软件对秸秆覆盖畦灌的水流推进进行了数学模拟.结果表明,给出的地面灌溉模型及软件可较好的模拟秸秆覆盖畦田水流运动.畦田规格与技术要素的选择对灌水效率及灌水均匀度均有影响.在覆盖秸秆畦田以畦长小于50 m,畦宽2～3 m,单宽流量以6～8 L/(m·s),坡度以3‰～5‰为宜.为提高秸秆覆盖灌水效率,应加强耕作管理,消除反坡.     

入渗水水质对土壤导水特性影响的试验研究

为探究不同入渗水水质对土壤导水特性的影响,采用圆盘负压入渗法进行试验研究,选取两种水质(蒸馏水和自来水)对黄壤和红壤进行4个压力水头(0,-3,-6,-9cm)下的圆盘入渗试验。结果表明,随着入渗水电导率的增大,土壤入渗率、吸渗率及导水率均随之增大,且红壤在不同电导率的入渗水作用下土壤吸渗率的变化差异显著(P0.05)。在低水头压力下,两种水质入渗条件下测得的土壤导水率差异显著(P0.05);在高水头压力下,两种水质入渗下测得土壤导水率差异不显著,表明入渗水水质对土壤导水率的影响主要发生在低压力水头下即在细孔隙下的导水特性上。两种土壤的大孔隙与中等孔隙对水流贡献率随入渗水电导率的增大而增大,而小孔隙对水流贡献率随入渗水电导率的增大而减小,入渗水水质对红壤土不同级别孔隙水流贡献率的影响显著(P0.05)。研究分析相关参数的变化有利于探讨野外试验时入渗水水质对试验结果的影响,对于正确认识农田水文过程、开发利用劣质水资源、提高农业灌溉灌水质量和灌水效率等具有重要意义。     

畦田灌水质量评价及水分利用效率分析

畦田灌水质量是影响作物产量和水分利用效率的重要因素。针对现有评价灌水质量存在工作量较大的问题,根据田间实测资料,利用SIRMOD模型、SRFR模型和田间实测方法分别计算灌水效率和灌水均匀度,结果表明根据较少的观测资料利用SIRMOD模型或SRFR模型也可对畦田灌水质量进行评价。根据模拟结果初步得出了在一定条件下单宽流量、平整精度和田面坡度对灌水质量的影响规律,并对不同规格畦田小麦全生育期的平均灌水质量对产量和水分利用效率的影响进行了分析,得出畦长45 m,畦宽分别为5.0和7.5 m的畦田在获得较高产量的条件下,水分利用效率由现状的1.10 kg/m3分别提高到1.38 kg/m3和1.35 kg/m3,从田间试验角度论证了对灌区较大规格畦田进行缩块改造的必要性。     

基于土壤入渗变异性的畦灌单宽流量优化

农田土壤入渗变异性给畦灌系统的设计和管理带来了困难.为进一步提高畦灌灌水质量,该研究利用已有考虑土壤变异条件下的畦灌灌水质量计算模型,采用数值模拟与理论分析相结合的方法,扩展了模型的使用范围,并结合畦灌试验资料对其进行了验证;在此基础上分析了土壤入渗变异性对畦灌灌水质量的影响,提出了考虑农田土壤入渗变异条件下入畦单宽流量的确定方法.结果表明,文中扩展后的模型可用于计算异质土壤和均质土壤情景模式下的畦灌灌水质量指标,其计算值与田间实测值和WinSRFR软件模拟值一致性较好,相对误差均值分别为10％;土壤入渗变异对畦灌灌水质量的影响显著,贡献度高达56.71％～95.68％,其对灌水均匀度的影响最为敏感,其次为灌水效率和储水效率;基于均质土壤入渗条件下优化的入畦单宽流量,可用于异质土壤畦灌灌水流量设计,两者符合1∶1的线性关系.研究结果可为考虑农田土壤变异性的畦灌系统设计和管理提供理论依据和技术支撑.     

畦田自然要素时空变异性及其对灌水质量的影响

土壤入渗参数、田面糙率、坡度等自然要素是畦灌方案设计的基础参数,其变异性是导致灌水质量远低于预期的重要原因。为揭示畦田自然要素时空变异特征及其对灌水质量的影响,该研究在11组畦田上开展了4 a畦灌观测试验,通过实测数据全面研究了灌前自然要素的畦内空间变异性、畦间空间变异性和年际时间变异性,并结合WinSRFR地面灌溉模型,模拟分析了自然要素时空变异性对畦灌水流运动过程及灌水质量的影响。结果表明：对畦灌灌水质量影响最大的3个自然要素依次是入渗系数、入渗指数和糙率,三者空间变异系数平均值分别为11.00%、4.05%和7.94%,时间变异系数平均值是分别为26.87%、7.73%和21.86%。畦田自然要素变差导致灌水质量整体下降,自然要素的时间变异性对灌水质量的影响大于其空间变异性的影响。入渗参数和糙率的变异性对畦田后半段的水流消退过程影响较大,忽视其年际时间变异性会加大畦尾积水风险。该研究结果可为畦灌方案设计提供指导,为精细地面灌溉发展提供科学依据。     

考虑灌溉参数空间变异的区域畦灌模拟与验证

精确评估区域畦田灌水质量有助于提高农田灌水管理水平,而具有空间变异性的灌溉参数如何有效表征是影响区域畦田灌水质量精确模拟评价的关键因素。为此,该研究的目的在于借助Monte-Carlo抽样,建立考虑畦灌参数空间变异性的区域畦灌模拟方法。采用Monte-Carlo抽样将具有空间变异性的区域灌溉参数(如入畦单宽流量、土壤砂粒含量、黏粒含量、土壤容重等)离散表征为若干个灌溉参数样本,依次输入田块尺度畦灌地表水流-土壤水动力学耦合模型,以模拟评价区域畦灌过程。基于3次区域畦灌试验的实测数据和1个对比的确定性畦灌模拟方法,验证建立的模型的模拟效果。结果表明,所建模拟方法与确定性模拟方法模拟计算的灌水效率和灌水均匀具一定差异,所建模型的模拟值与实测值间的灌溉定额和田间水利用系数相对误差分别为9.95%~12.23%和8.39%~10.21%,而基于现有模型的相对误差则分别为14.15%~16.78%和13.87%~15.88%,畦田平均土壤含水率实测值与所建模型模拟值的累积分布趋势表现出良好的一致性。上述指标表明所建模拟方法有效缩小了区域灌溉参数空间均化处理所带来的模拟误差范围较大等问题,为区域畦田灌溉优化设计和管理提供了技术支撑。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.