凤眼莲对污水中酚的净化能力的研究

凤跟莲(Eichhorniacrassipes),又称水凤信子,俗称水葫芦,有生长旺盛和吸收能力强的特性。凤眼莲能强烈吸收氮、磷等营养物质,并能吸收和富集水中的重金属离子,因此已开始被用于净化污水。我们于1981年和1982年研究了凤眼莲对酚的净化作用。一、凤眼莲对酚的吸收在试验凤眼莲净化酚的能力之前,我们研究了凤眼莲在纯酚溶液中对酚的吸收。试验用的凤眼莲植株是从培养在无酚或其它毒物污染的池塘中的凤眼莲群体中选取的。选择其根系白嫩者做试验材料。试验前,材料在Hoagland培养液中预培养两昼夜。     

凤眼莲生物质复合内包装材料的制备工艺

以凤眼莲为原料,解决凤眼莲大量繁殖却难以有效利用的问题,从而降低环境负荷,变废为宝。通过对凤眼莲的二次破碎,混合添加了安全环保的3种胶黏剂(骨胶、瓜尔胶、海藻酸钠)和1种防水剂(乳化石蜡),热压温度和压力分别在160℃和5 MPa的条件下,成功制备了可应用于内包装的环保型生物质包装材料,为了验证材料的力学性能和防水性能,并对材料进行了三点弯曲试验测试其弯曲强度和弹性模量,计算接触角测试了其防水性能。结果表明,添加助剂的生物质包装材料其强度和防水性能都有大幅提高。其中,添加瓜尔胶和海藻酸钠制备的生物质板材力学性能较好,平均破坏应力可达到32.54和44.05 MPa;平均弹性模量分别为3.69和4.77 GPa。未添加助剂的生物质复合包装材料不具有防水性能,其接触角不可测;添加防水剂乳化石蜡的材料均具有一定的表面防水性能,其接触角基本上都大于100°。因此可见,防水剂乳化石蜡的添加可以充分改善材料的防水性能,并且根据材料的力学性能和防水性能可知,乳化石蜡适合和本研究中3种胶黏剂的共同使用。利用凤眼莲制备的生物质复合包装材料是绿色环保材料,废弃后无污染,便于回收与利用,是可自然降解的环境友好型包装材料,在代塑、代木运输包装、食品和农林牧副产品的内包装等方面具有广泛的应用前景。符合绿色化学的宗旨和国家可持续发展的战略方针。     

不同pH值下底泥-水体-凤眼莲系统磷释放与迁移规律研究

实验以凤眼莲(Eichhirnia crasslpes)-水体-底泥系统为研究对象,探讨了p H值为6.0、7.5、9.0和10.5条件下,各系统内各组分(凤眼莲、水体、底泥)中总磷(TP)含量变化和释放的规律。实验结果表明:底泥TP的释放受p H值影响很大,即碱性条件下释放量最大,近中性的释放量最小;随p H值由低到高,种养凤眼莲各处理底泥TP的释放量较空白对照分别增加了7.40、6.73、7.33mg·kg-1和1.13 mg·kg-1。水体TP变化是底泥释放和凤眼莲吸收作用平衡后的外观表现,并不单独决定于某一因素,如p H值在6.0~9.0范围内,种养凤眼莲处理水质净化优于空白对照,其降低范围在0.03~0.27 mg·L-1之间;p H值为10.5时,种养凤眼莲处理水质净化劣于空白对照。在凤眼莲正常生长的前提下,其吸收吸附是系统可移动TP的主要去向,占系统可移动磷的73.12%~79.06%,但极端碱性条件下,凤眼莲死亡后腐烂产生的TP也是系统可移动TP的来源之一。     

高养分富集植物凤眼莲的农田利用研究

研究不同凤眼莲施用量条件下土壤养分变化以及小麦生长情况的结果表明:当凤眼莲施用量低于8.1kg·m-2,小麦出苗数不受影响;但当凤眼莲施用量超过8.1kg·m-2时,小麦出苗率显著降低。凤眼莲施用量为13.5kg·m-2时,尽管小麦出苗率显著降低,但由于具有较多的分蘖数和较高的每穗粒数,小麦最终产量与常规单施化肥处理间无显著差异。不同凤眼莲施用处理的土壤速效氮苗期差异显著,但分蘖期后处理间无显著差异;而速效磷和速效钾总体表现为随凤眼莲施用量增加而升高。此外,凤眼莲施用还可促进小麦茎秆对N、P、K的吸收和籽粒粗蛋白含量的增加。由此可见,凤眼莲是一种经济有效的农田有机肥料,其施用量以10.8～13.5kg·m-2为宜,施用后土壤N、P、K、有机质含量较高,且对产量影响不大,当季还可节约施用化学N141.75kg·hm-2、P36～45kg·hm-2,K可免施。     

凤眼莲对集约化甲鱼养殖污水的静态净化研究

通过凤眼莲静态净化养殖污水的试验研究，建立了凤眼莲静态净化养殖污水净水模型。凤眼莲对甲鱼污水中的氨态氮、亚硝氮和硝氮、COD、磷等的净化率分别为71．5％、88．1％、68．5％和90．7％。     

3种水生漂浮植物处理富营养化水体的研究

对紫萍、大和凤眼莲3种水生漂浮植物处理富营养化水体的研究结果表明,3种漂浮植物对去除富营养化水体中的全N和全P、增加水体中的溶解氧有明显效果,且能有效抑制藻类生长,处理效果大>凤眼莲>紫萍。大和凤眼莲均具有较强的环境适应能力,但大生长繁殖较易控制,且对富营养化水体治理效果佳和改善水质,有综合利用价值。     

海藻糖合成酶基因导入小麦研究初报

海藻糖主要存在于一些低等生物体内,它对许多处于逆境的低等生物维持生命、抵抗不良环境胁迫起着重要作用.高等生物虽然具有许多复杂的抗逆机制,但尚无象海藻糖那样具有多种功能且高效的抗逆产物.据此,人们开始尝试利用海藻糖来提高高等植物的抗逆能力.Oscar等将大肠杆菌中的ostA,ostB基因转入烟草及马铃薯,获得了良好的抗逆效果[1].陈红漫等在国内首次将酵母中海藻糖合成酶基因克隆并转入烟草,发现海藻糖对叶片中细胞器的膜结构具有较好的保护作用[2].可见,海藻糖在双子叶植物中具有较好的抗逆效果,但其在禾谷类作物中的作用还有待于进一步的研究.本试验旨在将海藻糖合成酶基因转入普通小麦,研究其在小麦中的作用,以期提高小麦的抗逆性.     

凤眼莲对不同程度富营养化水体氮磷的去除贡献研究

采用人工模拟方法,研究了凤眼莲在不同程度富营养化水体中对N、P的吸收和去除作用。结果表明,凤眼莲在总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)初始浓度分别为2.06～20.08mg·L-1和0.14～1.43mg·L-1的4种富营养化水体中均可正常生长,近1年的试验中,凤眼莲总生物量累计增加41.03～47.12kg·m-2,平均生物量增长率为0.096～0.262kg·m-2·d-1。凤眼莲地上部N和P平均含量分别为24.16～34.15mg·g-1和3.46～6.90mg·g-1;地下部N和P平均含量分别为11.76～18.45mg·g-1和6.02～8.50mg·g-1。凤眼莲在4种富营养化水体中的N和P吸收量累计分别为43.06～71.16g·m-2和8.68～16.63g·m-2,且随水体初始N、P浓度的升高而增加,并与自身生物量呈极显著正相关(P0.01)。在N、P负荷较低的水体(Ⅰ和Ⅱ)中,凤眼莲吸收对N、P的去除贡献均超过100%,表明凤眼莲吸收利用了底泥中部分N和P;而在N、P负荷较高的水体(Ⅲ和Ⅳ)中,凤眼莲吸收对N、P的去除贡献也均超过42.32%和83.79%。因此,本试验条件下凤眼莲吸收在水体N、P去除中起主要作用。     

混合接种3种微生物对凤眼莲吸附铀的影响

为探究微生物对植物修复铀(U)污染效果的影响,获得更好的放射性重金属生物修复模式。采用大棚水培试验,研究不同U浓度(5、15、25 mg·L-1)下混合接种3种微生物(枯草芽孢杆菌、胶质芽胞杆菌和黑曲霉)对凤眼莲的生物量及其U富集特征的影响。结果表明,微生物能够促进凤眼莲根系生长,其中以接种枯草芽胞杆菌与黑曲霉效果最好,5 mg·L-1时,凤眼莲根系干重最高增加了75.8%;接种胶质芽胞杆菌与黑曲霉能增强凤眼莲在较高的U浓度下的抗胁迫能力;3种微生物均降低了凤眼莲的根系U富集浓度,但促进了茎叶富集浓度,其中同时接种3种微生物的组合对根系富集浓度的降低效果最小,接种胶质芽胞杆菌与黑曲霉的组合在25 mg·L-1时茎叶富集浓度达到最大,为3.097 mg·L-1;枯草芽孢杆菌、胶质芽胞杆菌和黑曲霉均提高了凤眼莲在15、25 mg·L-1下的转运能力,5 mg·L-1时转运系数最高达0.28。综上,接种枯草芽胞杆菌与黑曲霉整体修复效果最佳。本研究为水体中重金属的生物修复提供了理论参考。     

凤眼莲生态修复工程改善滇池水质及湖体氮磷收支平衡

为了研究凤眼莲(Eichhornia crassipes)对滇池草海水体水质改善及湖体氮、磷归趋的影响,于2011-2013年在滇池草海实施了规模化控养凤眼莲生态修复富营养化湖泊水体的试验性工程。生态工程实施期间,监测草海水体总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)浓度及分析湖体TN、TP收支平衡。结果显示,草海水体TN和TP浓度均值分别由工程实施前(2006-2010年)的14.48 mg/L和0.60 mg/L降低至工程实施期间(2011-2013年)的7.09和0.36 mg/L,分别下降了51.04%和40.00%;草海入湖水体TN和TP浓度均值由入湖河口经凤眼莲控养区至出湖口的沿程方向上分别下降了9.74和0.40 mg/L。草海湖体TN、TP收支平衡表明,经出湖口排出和水体库存的TN量占入湖TN量比例较小,凤眼莲的吸收作用是入湖TN量去除的重要途径之一,而大部分入湖TN量(40.31%~59.04%)极可能是通过微生物的硝化反硝化、沉积等作用去除;各种途径支出的TP量高于入湖TP量,其中凤眼莲吸收的TP量为入湖TP量的40.44%~116.56%。因此,规模化控养凤眼莲对草海水质改善发挥了较大作用,凤眼莲的吸收作用既是湖体TN去除的重要途径之一,又是TP去除的主要途径之一。     

Determination of kC and kNin situ for calibration of the chloroform fumigation-incubation method

¹⁴C-labelled glucose and ¹⁵N-labelled KNO₃ were added to soil and the microbial biomass during 42 days' incubation was estimated using the chloroform fumigation-incubation method (CFIM). By day 1, most of the glucose (1577 μgCg^?1 soil) was metabolized and 110 μg NO^?₃-Ng^?1 soil were immobilized. In situ values for the proportions of biomass C (k_C) and biomass N (k_N) mineralized during the 10 days after CHCl₃ fumigation were determined on the basis that the immobilized labelled C and N remaining in the soil at this time were present as living microbial cells and their associated metabolites. The tracer data indicated that biomass C could be calculated by applying a k_c value of 0.41 to the CO₂-C evolved from the fumigated sample without subtraction of an unfumigated “control”. Biomass N was estimated from the net NH₄^?-N accumulation during the fumigation-incubation. The problem of reimmobilization of NH⁺₄-N where organisms of wide C:N ratio occur was overcome by adjusting the value of k_N according to the ratio of CO₂-C evolved: net NH₄⁺-N accumulated during the fumigation-incubation (C_F:N_F).A C_F:N_F ratio of 6:1 resulted in a k_N of 0.30 whereas a ratio of 13:1 indicated a k_N of 0.20.     

Comparison of volatile generation in serine/threonine/glutamine-ribose/glucose/fructose model systems

Thermal generation of volatiles in nine model reactions was studied and compared. Each of the model systems contained one amino acid and one monosaccharide. The amino acid was serine, threonine, or glutamine, and the monosaccharide was ribose, glucose, or fructose. More unsubstituted pyrazine was generated in serine-sugar systems than threonine-sugar systems. The formation of several furfuryl-substituted pyrazines and pyrroles was observed in some of the studied systems. Total pyrazines were generated more in glutamine-containing systems than in serine- and threonine-containing systems, and the reverse was true for generation of furfuryl-substituted compounds. Acetylpyrazine was generated in serine/threonine/glutamine-glucose and serine/glutamine-fructose systems.     

Abundance of Frankia from Gymnostoma spp. in the rhizosphere of Alphitonia neocaledonica, a non-nodulated Rhamnaceae endemicto New Caledonia

The capacity of different soils of New Caledonia to induce nodulation in Gymnostoma poissonianum was studied. The soils were sampled under five Gymnostoma species, Alphitonia neocaledonica (a non-nodulated endemic Rhamnaceae) and Pinus caribea (an introduced species) growing in various ecological conditions. Using G. poissonianum as trap-host, we observed a higher abundance of Frankia from Gymnostoma spp. in the rhizosphere of A. neocaledonica as compared with bare soils and P. caribea rhizosphere. The nodulating capacity of A. neocaledonica rhizosphere was almost similar to that of the five Gymnostoma species (symbiotic host) studied in the same stations. In comparison, bare soils or rhizosphere of P. caribea had poor nodulating capacities. We isolated fourteen Frankia strains from nodules of G. poissonianum after baiting with the rhizospheric soils of five Gymnostoma and A. neocaledonica. Using the PCR/RFLP method, we confirmed the similarity with those already described. Frankia was abundant in the rhizosphere of A. neocaledonica in all the sites studied. One explanation could be a positive tropism of Frankia towards species belonging to families having nodulated species, which is the case of A. neocaledonica endemic in New Caledonia. We can suppose that the non-nodulated plants belonging to these families can excrete some chemical substances able to attract Frankia and to induce its proliferation.     

Incorporation studies of NH+4 during incubation of organic residues by l5N-CPMAS-NMR-spectroscopy

This study focuses on the processes occurring during incorporation of inorganic nitrogen into humic substances. Therefore rye grass, wheat straw, beech saw dust, sulphonated lignin and organosolve lignin were incubated together with highly ¹⁵N-enriched ammonium sulphate in the laboratory for 600 days. Samples from the incubates were periodically analysed for weight loss, and carbon and nitrogen contents. The samples were also analysed by solid-state ¹³C- and ¹⁵N-CPMAS-NMR-spectroscopy to follow the turnover of the materials during incubation. Most of the detectable N-signals was assigned to amide - peptide structures. The remaining intensities could be ascribed to free and alkylated amino groups, and those on the low field side of the broad amide-peptide signal to indole, pyrrole and nucleotide derivatives. Abiotic reactions of ammonia with suitable precursors and the formation of pyridine, pyrazine or phenyloxazone derivatives were not observed. Signals from ammonia and nitrate occurred only at the end of the incubation.     

Diffusion of NH+4 and NO−3 mineralized from organic N in soil

The mineralization of native soil organic matter and the simultaneous diffusion of zero NH⁺₄ and NO^?₃ to a solution sink of zero N concentration was analysed experimentally and theoretically for a fine sandy loam soil. Experimentally, the NH₄ and NO₃ ions produced in an incubated unsaturated soil column were allowed to diffuse through a sintered glass plate into a stirred solution sink. The distribution of NH⁺₄ and NO^?₃ in the soil column was measured after various incubation times. The rate of ammonification was measured directly during incubation and the rate of nitrification modelled from nitrifier growth kinetics. A Freundlich equation was used to describe the equilibrium between soluble and exchangeable NH⁺₄ in the soil. Terms for the microbial transformation of N and the adsorption-desorption of NH⁺₄ were combined with diffusion equations which were solved numerically using finite difference methods. The model constructed was used to predict the NH⁺₄ and NO^?₃ con-centration distributions in the soil column, and good agreement was obtained between the experimental and predicted concentration profiles. The use of the model for predicting the diffusive flux of mineral N to the outer surfaces of soil peds, where it is vulnerable to leaching, was demonstrated.     

Chemical and colloidal stability of sols in the Al2O3-Fe2O3-SiO2-H2O system: their role in podzolization

Concentrations of dialysable silica in equilibrium with Al₂O₃-SiO₂-H₂O sols at pH 4.5–5.0 confirm the formation of a poorly ordered non-dialysable proto-imogolite species with an Al : Si ratio near 2, close to that of imogolite. Sols with Al : Si>2 give nearly constant levels of free silica in solution in the range 2–6 μg/cm³, indicating equilibrium between proto-imogolite and aluminium hydroxide species. These findings indicate that imogolite-like precipitates in acid soils will buffer silica in solution to within this range during leaching episodes. Imogolite is more stable than a previous estimate suggested, and a revised value for its free energy of formation is proposed: ΔG⁰_f(298.15) = -2929.7 kJ/mol. In Fe₂O₃-SiO₂-H₂O sols, the Fe : Si ratio of the non-dialysable species varies smoothly from 11 to 3 as free silica in solution ranges from 4 to 35 μg/cm³. Such sols are much less colloidally stable than hydroxyaluminium silicate sols, but mixed Al₂O₃—Fe₂O₃—SiO₂—H₂O sols are almost as stable as iron-free sols up to a Fe : Al ratio of 1.5. Thus migration of Al and Fe as mixed hydroxide sols can account for the almost constant ratio of Al to Fe with depth in oxalate extracts from Bs horizons of podzols.     

不同铵硝比例对杭白菊次生代谢及抗病性的影响

【目的】 氮素形态与寄主营养和病害严重度的关系一直是人们关注的热点,氮素营养对植物次生代谢产物的影响也多有研究。斑枯病为杭白菊常见病害,黄酮和酚酸类物质是杭白菊主要的资源性化学成分。针对杭白菊生产中存在的问题,本文对不同铵硝比例处理下杭白菊的次生代谢及斑枯病发病情况进行调查和研究,以期为杭白菊生产过程中的氮素配施、 病害防治和次生代谢调控提供一定的技术借鉴。【方法】 采用盆栽试验,在总施氮水平相同的前提下,设置5个NH+4和NO-3比例,采用随机区组设计,管理措施一致,4次重复。采取对角线定点定株定期调查杭白菊斑枯病发病情况,采用描叶法和LI-3000C叶面积仪来确定植株病害状况,统计病情指数和病害发生率;测定苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、 木质素、 纤维素、 可溶性总糖、 可溶性蛋白、 超氧阴离子(O-2)、 丙二醛(MDA)等相关生理指标,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)等抗氧化酶;测定不同处理下杭白菊花中次生代谢产物绿原酸、 木犀草苷、 3,5-O-双咖啡酰基奎宁酸以及根、 茎、 叶等不同部位总黄酮含量。对相关生理指标与发病率和病情指数进行相关性分析。【结果】 当铵硝比为25:75时木质素、 纤维素、 可溶性总糖、 POD、 苯丙氨酸和O-2含量达到最大值,MDA含量和SOD活性相对较低;杭白菊根、 茎、 叶及花中总黄酮的含量在铵硝比为25:75和0:100时均表现出较高的含量,绿原酸、 3,5-O-双咖啡酰基奎宁酸两者的含量在铵硝比为25:75时达到最大值,分别为0.67%和1.84%。随着硝态氮比例的增加杭白菊斑枯病的发病率和病情指数均有所下降。相关性分析显示木质素、 可溶性总糖、 PAL活性、 POD活性、 超氧阴离子、 绿原酸、 3,5-O-双咖啡酰基奎宁酸、 花中总黄酮的含量与杭白菊斑枯病的发病率和病情指数呈负相关,且达到极显著水平;SOD活性、 MDA含量与杭白菊斑枯病的发病率和病情指数呈正相关,且均达到显著水平。【结论】 杭白菊斑枯病的发病率和病情指数与相关生理指标和次生代谢密切相关,不同铵硝比例对药用菊花次生代谢产物及斑枯病的发生有一定的影响,当铵硝比为25:75时菊花斑枯病的发病率最低。     

Rhizobium inoculation of Calopogonium caeruleum

The shade-tolerant cover legume Calopogonium caeruleum is promiscuous in its nodulating habits. In sand culture, symbiotic effectiveness of the strains tested was variable; 6 strains of rhizobia markedly improved shoot yields and 20 increased shoot N content. In pot experiments using cultivated and non-cultivated soils, inoculation gave no significant increase in shoot yields. When grown under rubber in plantation conditions at four localities, shoot dry matter yields, N content and nodulation also were not different from uninoculated plants when sampled for up to 2 yr after planting. This occurred despite the low numbers (< 10 g^?1 soil) of native rhizobia at some sites and an appreciable establishment (> 70% recovery in nodules) by the inoculant strains.     

Blocking the release of potassium from clay interlayers by small concentrations of NH4+ and Cs+

To understand the process and the kinetics of potassium release from the clay interlayer in natural and arable soils in more detail, I tested the hypotheses that large, monovalent cations, especially NH₄⁺ and Cs⁺, can reduce the release rates of K⁺ which is exchanged by Ca²⁺, even if these monovalent cations are present in concentrations of only a few μm . Percolation experiments were carried out with different illitic soil materials, some containing vermiculite, with 5 m m CaCl₂ at pH 5.8 and 20°C, in some cases for over 7000 h. NH₄⁺ and Cs⁺ both caused a large decrease in the rate at which K⁺ was released, Cs⁺ especially. Suppression began at 5 μm NH₄⁺ Blocking by 20 μm NH₄⁺ was easily reversible: the release rates readily increased when NH₄⁺ was omitted from the exchange solution. Blocking by 2 μm Cs⁺ was equal to approximately 90% of that at 10 μm Cs^+. Larger concentrations of Cs⁺ than 10 μm did not further reduce release but rather caused a slight increase, probably because of enhanced exchange of K⁺ by Cs⁺ without exfoliation of the interlayer space. Blocking by Cs⁺ was not reversible within > 7000 h of percolation by 5 m m CaCl₂. The blocking effect was reproduced in several different soil materials using 10 μm Cs⁺ but was most pronounced in vermiculite-rich samples. As NH₄⁺ is present in most arable soils, at least in concentrations of a few μm , I conclude that the observed effects are of significance in the K dynamics processes in soils, for example near the roots of plants. Further, very small concentrations of Cs⁺ in exchange solutions containing a large background of Ca²⁺ appear to be useful for suppressing K⁺ release from the interlayer in laboratory studies, probably without significantly altering the exchange at outer mineral surfaces.     

The H+/M2+ exchange stoichiometry of calcium and zinc adsorption by ferrihydrite

The specific adsorption of Ca²⁺ and Zn²⁺ by ferrihydrite results in the net release of H⁺. The rate and H⁺/M²⁺ exchange stoichiometry of this reaction were monitored with a pH-stat. A rapid reaction of less than 6 min was followed by a slower reaction which continued at a diminishing rate for at least 2 days. Adsorption of Ca²⁺ at pH 7.8 and Zn²⁺ at pH 5.4 resulted in the net release of 0.92 and 1.70 mol H⁺/mol M²⁺ adsorbed, respectively. For Zn²⁺ adsorption, this stoichiometry was shown to be independent of pH. These estimates agree well with independent estimates based on the pH dependence of adsorption. The difference between the Ca²⁺ and Zn²⁺ stoichiometries was related to the differing acidity of the –OH₂ ligands attached to the adsorbed ions.