钾素营养对水稻根系生长和养分吸收的影响

本文研究了大田和盆栽试验中钾素营养对水稻根系形态、活力及其对养分吸收的影响。试验结果表明：（１）在氮磷肥的基础上施钾能促进稻根的生长；（２）土壤供钾潜力、钾肥种类和水稻品种的吸Ｋ特性均影响根系的生长；（３）在缺钾的酸性土壤上，吸钾强的品种，施钾的促根效应最为明显；（４）施钾能增加小于０．２ｍｍ的细根量，提高稻根的再生能力，影响Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ、Ｃａ、Ｍｇ等营养元素的吸收及其在地上和地下部分间的分配；（５     

紫花芒果NPK CaMg叶片诊断的DRIS标准初步研究

按诊断与推荐综合系统标准建立的常规方法，通过比较低产和高产组叶片Ｎ，Ｐ，Ｋ，Ｃａ，Ｍｇ养分含量以及两元素间的养分比和养分积，初步筛选出Ｎ／Ｐ，Ｎ／Ｋ，Ｎ／Ｃａ，Ｎ／Ｍｇ，Ｋ／Ｐ，ＣＰ，Ｐ／Ｍｇ，Ｋ／Ｃａ，Ｋ／Ｍｇ和Ｃａ／Ｍｇ作为ＤＲＩＳ参项，并初步提出紫花芒果ＤＲＩＳ诊断标准。     

CuCl2作为浸提剂评价堆肥对土壤大量元素可溶性的影响

本试验用具一定酸度、含可置换土壤中被吸附部分的取代离子和有一定络合能力的ＣｕＣｌ２溶液浸提土壤堆肥混合物以评价堆肥对土壤中大量元素ＴＯＣ、ＮＯ３＾－、Ｋ、Ｎａ、Ｃａ、Ｍｇ和Ｐ可溶性的影响。通过堆肥比例和时间因素的因子统计分析得出：土壤可溶ＴＯＣ、Ｋ、Ｎａ、Ｃａ和Ｍｇ随堆肥比例的增加而增加;土壤ｐＨ,可溶Ｋ和Ｃａ随培养时间而下降。可溶提ＴＯＣ、ＮＯ３＾－、Ｎａ的变化随时间无明显规律。堆肥的加入对可溶     

长期秸秆覆盖免耕对土壤某些理化性质及玉米产量的影响

免耕农作是一项重要的农业生态管理系统,长期秸秆覆盖免耕条件下土壤性质的变化及作物产量可以反映这一系统的可持续性,研究表明,长期（１９７０年－１９９４年）免耕与犁耕相比土壤容重并未增加,而表层（０－５ｃｍ）土壤有机Ｃ和有机Ｎ显著增加,并有随Ｎ肥施用量增加而增加的趋势,土壤ｐＨ随ＮＨ４ＮＯ３化肥施用量的增加而明业降低,免耕表层土壤的交换性Ｃａ,Ｍｇ,Ｋ和可提取Ｐ与犁耕比较明显的表聚现象,交换性Ｃａ,Ｍ     

木薯的营养特性及平衡施肥

采用田间小区试验和大田对比试验的方法,对木薯的营养规律、平衡施肥中的ＮＰＫ比例及最隹施肥量进行了多年的研究。结果表明：木薯生长从土壤中带走的Ｎ∶Ｐ∶Ｋ∶Ｃａ∶Ｍｇ比例为１∶０．１∶０．６５∶０．４１∶０．１９,块根中Ｎ∶Ｐ∶Ｋ∶Ｃａ∶Ｍｇ为１∶０．２∶１．９∶０．３∶０．２;在花岗岩砖红壤上木薯平衡施肥适宜的Ｎ∶Ｐ２Ｏ５∶Ｋ２Ｏ比例为２∶１∶３或２∶１∶２,最隹的施肥量为４５０ｋｇ／ｈｍ２。     

粤东龙眼立地土壤养分限制因素系统调查

用“土壤发状况系统研究法”对粤东８片龙眼园土壤进行大、中、微量营养元素含量测量、土壤吸附试验及盆栽诊断试验。结果表明,全部供试土壤均缺Ｎ和Ｐ,８８％土壤缺Ｋ和Ｍｇ和７５％土壤缺Ｃａ和Ｓ,６３％土壤缺Ｃｕ,５０％土壤缺Ｂ。在缺素土壤中 不配施这些元素,指示作物的干的产量分别下降Ｎ６０．３％,Ｐ６５．３％、Ｋ２９．５％,Ｃａ４６．２％,Ｍｇ３３．５％,Ｃｕ１９．３％,Ｓ１７．９％,Ｂ１５．５％,综合各     

山西省褐土施用钾肥对谷子养分吸收及产量形成的影响

本文选用具有代表性两种母质发育的褐土进行盆栽试验。结果表明,红土母质褐土施钾在拔节期谷子对Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ、Ｃａ、Ｍｇ、Ｆｅ、Ｍｎ、Ｃｕ和Ｚｎ的吸收均有促进作用,而在黄土母质褐土上谷子对Ｃａ、Ｍｇ和Ｍｎ的吸收都随施钾量增加而下降。施钾对谷子苗期生长发育有明显的促进作用,有助于谷子穗分化,增加千粒重,加速光合产物的运输,提高谷子产量。     

杂卤石在红壤上的肥效

杂卤石是一种盐类矿物，本文研究了它的粉末在酸性红壤中的可扩散性Ｋ，Ｃａ，Ｍｇ的含量及其对大麦生长和养分吸收的影响。结果表明，杂卤石中可扩散性Ｋ的数量与等当量水溶性Ｋ２ＳＯ４相当。每ｋｇ土壤施２杂卤石粉时，大麦的干物质重量较对照高出２．１－２．５倍，与等当量的硫酸钾，硫酸钙和硫酸镁相接近。     

人参(Panax ginseng)的氮过剩现象──人参氮毒原因初探

１９８５－１９９０年间，我们在长白县及公主岭进行的四次ＮＰＫ三要素试验中，发现氮肥抑制了人参生长发育，降低了产量（５％显著水准），而倍量氮肥，减产达１％显著水平。继续研究证明，人参硝酸还原酶活力（ＮＲＡ）甚低，追施氮肥使组织，ＮＯ３＾－积累，促进了呼吸作用，植株干物中Ｎ、Ｓｉ及Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ、Ｆｅ、Ｍｎ含量增加，Ｃａ、Ｍｇ、Ｋ、Ｎａ等阳离子减少，表现出氮毒征象。本文称氮过剩症，它是指氮素供应超过了由极     

土壤养分状况系统研究法在高产平衡施肥中的应用

应用土壤养分状况系统研究法对河南省主要土壤进行化学分析、吸附试验、盆栽试验和田间校验研究。结果表明：河南省作物高产的养分限制因子主要是Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ、Ｓ、Ｚｎ、Ｂ、Ｃｕ、Ｍｎ、Ｆｅ和Ｍｇ，在某些土壤上也限制作物生长。施用含这些元素的肥料对作物有明显增产效果。在一年两作高产平衡施肥时，应综合考虑Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ的适宜用量和比例，中、微量元素的配合，前茬施肥后效，以取得高产和较高的经济效益。     

酸性水稻土上水稻对硅、钾、钙、镁的吸收及其动力学研究

运用盆栽试验研究了南方稻区酸性水稻土上增施硅(Si)、钾(K)、钙(Ca)、镁(Mg)肥对水稻产量的影响及其水稻对Si、K、Ca、Mg的吸收。结果表明,在酸性水稻土上增施Si、K、Ca、Mg肥及其配合施用均具有显著的增产效益,能明显地提高水稻对该种元素吸收速率和总吸收量。施Si肥主要是增加了水稻后期对Si的吸收,使水稻成熟期能保持较高的Si含量;施用K肥使水稻在移栽后能较长时间内保持较高的K吸收速率;施Ca、Mg肥能使水稻保持较高的Ca吸收速率;K和Ca之间存在不同程度的交互作用。扩散方程、Elovich方程和多项式方程均能很好地描述水稻生长期内水稻对Si、K、Ca、Mg的吸收过程。可用扩散方程和Elovich方程的参数b值来评价水稻对Si、K、Ca、Mg吸收速率。     

Effects of K-Mg ratio on growth and cation nutrition of Vitis vinifera L. cv. “Dattier de Beiruth” grafted on SO4 rootstock

The area of planting of Vitis vinifera L. cv. “Dattier de Beiruth” (DB) grafted on the SO4 (Selection OPPENHEIM 4) rootstock is significant and constantly growing in Northern Algeria. A hydroponic culture was carried out with DB to investigate the effects of potassium-magnesium (K-Mg) ratio on plant growth and mineral nutrition. Four nutrient solutions were tested on which the K-Mg ratio is variable (nutritive solution (NS)1 = 0.3 K: 3.8 Mg, NS2 = 2.1 K: 2 Mg, NS3 = 2.6 K: 1.5 Mg and NS4 = 3.8 K: 0.3 Mg). The results showed that DB was characterized by a high capacity for K uptake. No significant differences among the treatments were detected in the leaf concentrations of calcium (Ca), however Mg uptake was inhibited by increase of K: Mg in the nutrient solution. Results showed that DB is sensitive to the variation of the cation composition in the nutrient solution. Antagonism between K-Mg was apparent.     

DYNAMICS OF FABA BEAN GROWTH AND NUTRIENT UPTAKE AND THEIR CORRELATION WITH GRAIN YIELD

Growth parameters and nutrient uptake of faba bean with 12 different genotypes were studied at the end of four subsequent growth periods, viz. first vegetative (V1), second vegetative (V2), first reproductive (R1) and second reproductive (R2) periods for two years and correlated with final grain yield. All parameters including plant height, leaf number, leaf area index (LAI), above ground plant dry matter (DM) and root DM, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) uptake and concentration of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg showed different patterns with advancement of the growth period. All the mentioned parameters were fitted in either quadratic or linear equations. Significant correlations were found among nutrients, growth parameters and grain yield during different growth stages. On the basis of these experiments it was clear that nutrient uptake was directly related to biomass. In V2 and R1 biomass production was greatest resulting in high nutrient uptake. Among the growth parameters, biomass and LAI showed the highest significant correlation with grain yield. The findings especially models derived from two year data across twelve genotypes can be used for better fertilizer management of faba bean.     

镁、钾营养及其交互作用对水稻产量、产量构成因素和养分吸收的影响

在温室条件下,采用土壤盆栽方法研究了Mg,K营养及其交互作用对水稻(Oryza sativa L.)产量、产量构成因素和养分吸收的影响。结果表明,不同Mg,K施用量均显著地影响水稻籽粒产量及其构成因素,而且Mg,K营养之间存在显著的互作效应。适量施用Mg,K肥就能显著地增加水稻产量,中Mg高K施用量的产量最高,比不施肥增产28.4%。当土壤在低K施用量时,有利于水稻植株对Mg,N和P的吸收;但在高K施用量下,则抑制Mg,N和P的吸收。在低K和中K施用量时,低量Mg能促进N,P.K的吸收,而高Mg施用量则抑制P和K的吸收。水稻秸秆Mg含量随Mg施用量的增加而增加,但随着K施用量的增加而降低。本研究表明,Mg,K营养之间存在较强的拮抗效应,Mg,K肥的平衡施用对提高水稻产量具有重要意义。     

不同肥料/改良剂对冷泥田水稻生长、养分吸收及土壤性质的影响

【目的】西南地区冷泥田的水稻生长不良可归因于多种障碍因子,包括土壤物理、化学和生物因子。本文针对冷泥田影响水稻生长的土壤化学障碍因子,研究了不同肥料或改良剂对冷泥田水稻生长、养分吸收和土壤性质的影响,旨在为这类土壤的培肥、改良利用和水稻高产提供科学依据和实用技术。【方法】试验地点选在四川省东南地区冷泥田集中的泸县,试验历时2年。试验设无肥对照(CK)、全量化肥(NPK)、NPK+泥炭(NPK+Pe)、NPK+商品有机肥(NPK+COF)、NPK+鸡粪(NPK+CM)、NPK+硅肥(NPK+Si)、NPK+石灰(NPK+L)、NPK+硅钙肥(NPK+Si Ca),NPK+锌肥(NPK+Zn)9个处理。在水稻收获前采集代表性植株样,调查水稻农艺性状,分析水稻对氮、磷和钾的吸收量;水稻收获后采集土壤样品,测定不同处理的土壤p H、全氮、有效磷、速效钾、有机质、还原性物质总量、活性还原物质以及亚铁和亚锰含量。【结果】结果表明,在所有处理中,NPK+L和NPK+Si Ca处理可改善水稻的产量构成因子,稻谷产量比NPK处理显著提高15.40%和10.64%;而其他处理的增产效果则均不显著。NPK+L和NPK+Si Ca处理的土壤p H明显高于其他处理,土壤还原性物质总量和活性还原物质(含Fe2+和Mn2+)含量显著降低;NPK+L和NPK+Si Ca处理可增加土壤养分的有效性,促进水稻对氮、磷、钾养分的吸收,改善土壤的化学性质。同时,土壤分析结果表明,该试验土壤的有效钙和有效硅均缺乏,而NPK+L和NPK+Si Ca处理增加了土壤的有效钙和有效硅,对提高水稻产量有重要贡献。有机肥对土壤相关性质的影响与石灰和硅钙肥相反,特别是鸡粪。施用锌肥对水稻有一定的增产效果,但差异不显著。水稻收获后土壤中氮、磷、钾养分残留量与施肥量和水稻吸收携出量密切相关。【结论】对长期淹水地势低洼的酸性冷泥田来说,石灰和硅钙肥是比较理想的土壤改良剂,能同时起到改善土壤性质和提高作物产量的效果;而有机肥,特别是未腐熟的有机肥或有机物料,则不宜在冷泥田中施用或大量施用。     

不同施肥处理对水稻养分吸收和稻田土壤微生物生态特性的影响

在水稻长期定位肥料试验条件下研究了不同施肥处理对水稻养分吸收动态变化和土壤微生物生态特性的影响。该长期定位试验设有CK(不施肥对照)和PK、NK、NP、NPK五个肥料处理和常规稻、杂交稻品种对比处理。研究结果表明,水稻产量分别与水稻吸氮总量、吸磷总量和吸钾总量显著相关;在连续种植水稻条件下,水稻对所缺养分的吸收量呈逐年下降趋势,表明缺肥区土壤相应的有效养分库消耗很快。土壤微生物特性测定表明,不平衡施肥降低了土壤微生物量N,使微生物量C/N比增加。与缺肥区相比较,NPK配施处理促进了土壤微生物的功能多样性,同时增加了土壤微生物总量。可见,土壤中养分不足或供应不平衡,不仅影响水稻养分的吸收,而且对土壤微生物总量和群落多样性产生重要影响。     

Impact of organic and inorganic nutrition on soil–plant nutrient balance in arecanut (Areca catechu L.) on a laterite soil

The study assessed the impact of continuous application of vermicompost and chemical fertilizers nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK) on arecanut in India. Key parameters examined were biomass production, nutrient uptake, yield, soil fertility and net benefit. Pooled analysis of 8-year data revealed that nutrient application registered significantly higher yield (2585–3331 kg ha^?1) than no nutrition (1827 kg ha^?1). Yields in organic nutrition were around 85% of the yields obtained in inorganic NPK. The concentrations of leaf N and K were significantly higher with NPK than with vermicompost. Vermicompost significantly increased soil organic carbon and the availability of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn) and copper (Cu), but reduced exchangeable K in soil. The total uptake of K and Ca together contributed positively to 75% variability in total biomass production. Nutrient removal of iron (Fe), P, K and Cu positively influenced the yield with about 81% variability. Biomass partitioning and nutrient uptake pattern are important for fertilization program of arecanut.     

The effect of NPK fertilizer with different nitrogen solubility on growth,nutrient uptake and use by chrysanthemum

The effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK) fertilizer with different nitrogen forms on N, P, K use, uptake and growth of potted chrysanthemum plants during three vegetation phases was observed in two - years experiment. In the experiment, NPK fertilizer with slow soluble nutrients with different nitrogen forms: ureaform, (IBDU) isobutyledenediurea and melamin, was used. At control treatment the identical fertilizer was applied but the nitrogen was in ammonia and urea forms as usually used in horticulture. The experiment clearly showed the positive effect of NPK fertilizer containing half nitrogen amount in ureaform, on growth and plant nutrient uptake. This effect of nitrogen ureaform was confirmed by both the highest uptake of N, P, K and the highest yield of biomass. The NPK fertilizer with half nitrogen content in ureaform ensured optimal nutrient release according chrysanthemum nutrient requirement.     

Effect of Effective Microorganism Application on Crop Growth,Yield, and Nutrition in Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek in Different Soil Amendment Systems

A pot experiment was conducted in heat-sterilized soil to evaluate the effect of effective microorganism (EM) application on growth, yield, and nutrient uptake in Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek var. NIAB Mung 98 in different soil amendment systems. Pot soil was amended with farmyard manure (FYM), Trifolium alexanrinum L. crop residues (TCR), and half (½NPK) and recommended dose (NPK) of chemical fertilizers. The EM application significantly enhanced shoot and root biomass in TCR-amended soil. However, grain yield was significantly enhanced in FYM, TCR, and NPK amendments by 24%, 15%, and 84%, respectively, as a result of EM application. Effect of EM application on nutrient uptake was variable with respect to soil amendment and plant growth stage. In general, EM application enhanced plant nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) nutrition in organic amendments while its effect was either negative or insignificant in chemical fertilizer amendments. Effects of EM application on plant nutrient uptake were more pronounced at maturity than at flowering stage.     

水旱轮作条件下不同类型土壤供钾能力及钾素动态变化研究

采用盆栽试验,研究了黑麦草-水稻轮作条件下不同类型土壤供钾能力及钾素动态变化,以期为土壤供钾机制研究及合理的钾素调控提供依据。结果表明：不施钾条件下（NP处理）,潮土上种植作物的生物量和吸钾量最高,黄褐土次之,红壤最低;施钾条件下（NPK处理）,3种土壤上种植作物的生物量无显著差异,作物吸钾量为黄褐土>潮土>红壤。整个轮作期,红壤、黄褐土和潮土NPK处理的作物生物量较NP处理分别增加55.6%、45.2%和23.2%,作物吸钾量分别增加368.8%、166.8%和74.5%。轮作前季（黑麦草季）,NP处理的3种土壤水溶性钾含量和交换性钾含量均降低,潮土非交换性钾含量明显降低,红壤和黄褐土非交换性钾含量在前期变化不大,中期有升高的趋势,后期显著降低;NPK处理的土壤钾含量均高于NP处理,且各种形态钾含量的变化趋势与NP处理基本相同。轮作后季（水稻季）,NP处理的3种土壤水溶性钾含量变化不大,交换性钾含量呈先降低后升高的趋势,非交换性钾含量呈先升高后降低的趋势;NPK处理的土壤交换性钾含量在水稻生长前期明显升高,中期下降,后期有略微上升,水溶性钾和非交换性钾含量有先升高后降低的变化趋势。综上所述,在不施钾条件下,轮作期内各土壤钾素消耗量较大,水溶性钾和交换性钾含量降低,并促进了非交换性钾的释放;施钾能提高土壤水溶性钾和交换性钾含量,并向非交换性钾方向转化,施钾对黑麦草和水稻有显著增产效果,可以有效地提高土壤供钾水平。