陕南秦巴山区PP织物袋筑坎梯田田坎稳定性分析

采用理论计算方法,分析了陕南秦巴山区PP织物袋筑坎梯田田坎坎高、坎坡与稳定性之间的关系。结果表明:田坎坡度越大,适宜的坎高越低,反之则越高;当田坎坡度≥75°时,坎高应不高于1.6 m;当65°≤田坎坡度<75°时,坎高应不高于1.8 m;当田坎坡度<65°,适宜坎高应在2 m以下。     

梯田规划设计中田块规格标准分析

甘肃省截止 2 0 0 0年底已修梯田 15 4 6 5万hm2 。但存在梯田设计不科学的现象 ,缺乏统筹规划 ,合理设计。分析梯田田面宽度、长度、埂坎边坡等设计因素与需功量、农机具、灌溉及农作物产量等经济生产因素的关系 ,提出田面宽决定单位面积土方量 ;需功量与田面宽平方成正比 ;机械工效与田宽成反比。系统分析认为 :当地面坡度为 5°～ 10°时 ,适宜田宽为 2 0～ 30m ;坡度为 10°～ 2 5°时 ,适宜田宽为 10～ 2 0m ,这样不仅利于机械作业 ,发展农田水利 ,而且渠系建筑投资较小 ,水量损失较少。地埂边坡选用 1∶0 5～ 1∶0 7为宜 ,不仅满足边坡稳定 ,且利于地埂利用。     

基于水动力学的紫色土区植物篱控制面源污染的临界带间距确定

为了分析确定紫色土区植物篱控制面源污染合适的带间距,该研究基于坡面水流动力学,利用四川省遂宁市水土保持试验站多年观测资料,分析了紫色土区新银合欢植物篱带间距对10°、15°农耕地面源污染的控制机理。结果表明：紫色土区在天然降雨条件下,为保证植物篱带间距能有效地控制篱带间的土壤流失,坡面发生细沟侵蚀时的径流流速应不大于颗粒粒径<0.02 mm土粒的起动流速。通过对坡面细沟发育过程推导表明,紫色土区坡度为10°、15°的坡面布设植物篱时带间距最大分别应为13.73、9.00 m。当坡面开始产生细沟侵蚀时的径流流速与颗粒粒径<0.02 mm土粒的起动流速刚好处于临界状态时,10°、15°坡面产生细沟侵蚀的最小径流流速分别为0.183、0.190 m/s。坡面表土养分流失主要是通过土壤颗粒流失的,植物篱控制坡面土壤颗粒的流失对控制农业面源污染具有重要意义。     

基于DEM模型计算北京西部山区太阳直接辐射的空间分布

基于DEM模型,探讨了在受到自身地形遮挡和周围地形遮挡综合影响下北京西部山区太阳实际直接辐射分布的计算问题,并对研究区的太阳直接辐射分布进行了分析。分析结果认为,复杂地形条件下山区太阳直接辐射分布受多种地形因素共同影响。随着坡向由阴坡转为阳坡、坡度由小变大,太阳直接辐射量最大值逐渐增大,但在15°～20°坡度处,太阳直接辐射量开始下降。在1275～1475 m海拔间太阳直接辐射的平均值最小,之后随海拔的升高和降低,其平均值向两边均逐渐增大,海拔在1075 m以下,平均值差异不明显。研究区直接辐射量的最大值出现在坡度为10°～15°、坡向为-67.5°～67.5°的坡面上,低值区出现在坡度为35°～40°、坡向为112.5°～247.5°的坡面上。该试验采用的方法通用性较好,原则上适用于一切复杂地形太阳直接辐射计算。     

基于GIS的高原植被空间格局与地形因子相关关系研究

以青海省境内黄河上游茨哈峡为例,运用GIS空间分析方法,对该地区的地形因子(高程、坡度和坡向)进行提取,并与植被类型图进行叠加,运用多样性指数、均匀度等植被指数分析该区植被空间分布格局与地形因子的关系,研究了植被指数随地形的变化趋势。结果表明,植被空间分布与地形因子关系密切,亚高山暗针叶林最优生长区间为海拔3290~3880 m,坡度25°~45°的阴坡;山地圆柏林则适宜生长在同样坡度,海拔3880~4470 m的阳坡;针阔混交林、高山落叶阔叶林最优生长区间分别为15°~25°,2700~3290 m的阴坡和2995~3290 m的(半)阴坡;高寒灌丛和高寒草原在各坡度和坡向分布范围都比较广。     

浅议坡耕地水土流失防治措施

低山区坡耕地水土流失日益加剧,已严重影响农村经济的发展。对20°~25°的荒坡或耕地,一律退耕还林还草还果,贯彻适地适树适草的原则,草灌先行,乔灌草结合,在水平沟内或台地之上,种植阔叶乔木与灌木混交林,在坡面上,优先种植灌木带和草带,两者相间混交,带宽1 m左右。对于条件较好的地段宜果栽果,并改修果树梯田;对15°~20°坡耕地必须进行坡改梯。对坡度较小的坡耕地采取修等高地埂和紫穗槐串带等方法。缓坡地以农业耕作措施为主,主要采取等高耕作,提高抗冲能力增加保水效果。对于凹地采取多种形式治理,如地埂、植物串带、小谷坊等。并建议合理控制过度开发利用,采取有力措施,封山育林,增加林草植被,缓解燃料缺失,控制乱砍滥伐现象的发生。增加投入渠道,加大宣传力度,加强监督与执法力度,有效遏制人为造成新的水土流失。     

土壤侵蚀临界坡度研究进展

坡度是影响土壤侵蚀的重要因素之一,在其它条件相同的情况下,坡度不同,土壤侵蚀量有较大差别。探讨土壤侵蚀临界坡度,对土壤侵蚀预报和水土流失治理具有重要意义。Renner研究土壤侵蚀临界坡度的结论是40.5°;Horton定为57°;曹文洪:41.4°或45°;陈法扬及林敬兰等:25°;郑粉莉:26.5°;阮伏水:27.6°;靳长兴:24°-29°……由于研究的边界条件不同,得出的结论各异,存在着应用上不确定性,可望在今后的研究中,从土壤侵蚀机理和过程入手,应用“3S”技术探求不同地区的土壤侵蚀临界坡度。为土壤侵蚀预报和水土流失治理提供科学依据。     

璧山县土壤侵蚀特征及影响因子研究

在ArcG IS平台下,利用璧山县2001年DEM图、土地利用现状图和土壤侵蚀等级图等数据源,对研究区土壤侵蚀在不同坡度、不同海拔和不同土地利用方式下的分布特征进行了研究。结果表明:6°—15°坡度是各级侵蚀发生最多的地带;200—400 m海拔梯度是各级侵蚀发生的主要地带;耕地是导致土壤侵蚀的主要土地利用方式。针对璧山县实际,提出了加强水土保持生态建设的建议。     

四川震区土地整理安全性评价及措施

四川汶川地震及引发的次生地质灾害造成四川全省22 701个村受灾,耕地损毁约129 500 hm2,建设用地损毁约114 500 hm2,灾后重建任务艰巨。土地整理是实施灾后重建的有效手段,而安全性评价是开展灾后土地整理和灾后土地利用的基础。该文对四川震区灾后重建土地整理安全性评价的因素进行了分析,选择距发震断裂带距离、岩土体类型、相对高差、地形坡度等作为土地整理安全性评价指标,根据发生灾害的危险程度,对影响因素进行危险程度分级。采取单因素评价叠加法将四川震区划分为土地整理高危险区、土地整理中危险区、土地整理一般危险区。高危险区主要位于龙门山地震活动断裂带200 m以内,相对高差500 m以上,地形坡度＞25°的中高山峡谷地区;中危险区主要位于地震断裂带200～500 m,相对高差200～500 m,地形坡度介于15°～25°的低山丘陵地区;低危险区主要位于地震断裂带500 m以外,相对高差低于200 m,地形坡度＜15°的浅丘平原地区。同时该文针对各区域土地损毁和利用特点提出了灾后重建土地整理措施。     

坡度对坡面侵蚀产沙响应的研究

坡度是影响坡面土壤侵蚀的重要因素,在一定条件下,坡面土壤侵蚀随着坡度的增大而增加,但存在一个临界坡度,当超过这个坡度后,坡面土壤侵蚀量反而随着坡度的增大而减少。国内多数学者认为这个临界坡度介于25°~29°之间,这对我国25°以下坡耕地水土保持措施的配置以及超过25°坡耕地退耕还林还草计划的实施具有一定的理论指导意义。在坡面上不同坡度范围内配置合适的水土保持措施可以削弱坡度对坡面土壤侵蚀强度的影响,即在缓坡上实施保护性耕作措施,在25°以下坡耕地合理布设水平梯田及植物篱,25°以上的坡耕地实行退耕还林还草,可以有效地控制坡面土壤侵蚀的发生,促进坡耕地的可持续利用和改良。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Aircraft operations near concentrations of birds in Antarctica: The development of practical guidelines

Aircraft operations have the potential to disturb and to impact negatively on bird life. A gradient of increasing behavioural response is evident in birds when exposed to increasing aircraft stimulus. The most major disturbance is likely to lead to impacts on the health, breeding performance and survival of individual birds, and perhaps bird colonies. A process of revision to policies on aircraft operations contained in management plans for a number of specially protected areas in Antarctica by the United Kingdom, accompanied by consultations made within the scientific community through the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and with operational interests through the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programmes (COMNAP) resulted in new guidelines being adopted by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties in June 2004. The principal recommendations of the guidelines are that bird colonies should not be overflown below 2000 ft (∼610 m) above ground level and landings within 1/2 nautical mile (∼930 m) of bird colonies should be avoided wherever possible. These guidelines are less stringent and less specific than those that were recommended by the SCAR specialist group on birds, and represent a compromise to accommodate operational needs. While the adoption of clear and consistent guidelines for the operation of aircraft in Antarctica is welcome in that this provides practical advice that is likely to reduce incidences of close aircraft/bird encounters, there remains insufficient knowledge of the interactions between aircraft and birds in Antarctica, and the consequent impacts on individual birds and on bird populations. It is important, therefore, that the guidelines adopted are considered interim, and should be kept under scrutiny with revisions made as new and improved research results appear.     

The abundance of heterocystous blue-green algae in rice soils and inocula used for application in rice fields

Summary Algal populations were quantified (as colony-forming units [CFU] per square centimetre) in 102 samples of rice soils from the Philippines, India, Malaysia and Portugal, and in 22 samples of soil-based inocula from four countries. Heterocystous blue-green algae (BGA) were present in all samples. Nostoc was the dominant genus in most samples, followed by Anabaena and Calothrix. In soils, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 1.0 × 10² to 8.0 × 10⁶ CFU/cm² (median 6.4 × 10⁴) and comprised, on average, 9% of the total CFU of algae. Their abundance was positively correlated with the pH and the available P content of the soils. In soil-based inocula, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 4.6 × 10⁴ to 2.8 × 10⁷ CFU/g dw (dry weight), comprising only a moderate fraction (average 13%) of the total algae. In most soils, the density of indigenous N₂-fixing BGA was usually higher than that attained by applying recommended rates of soil-based inoculum. Whereas research on the practical utilization of BGA has been mostly directed towards inoculation with foreign strains, our results suggest that attention should also be given to agricultural practices that enhance the growth of indigenous strains already adapted to local environmental conditions.Maître de Recherches ORSTOM (France), Visiting Scientist at IRRI