6种水生植物及其组合对模拟污水中磷的净化效果

[目的]针对河流湖泊水体污染严重现状,选择6种水生植物进行水质净化试验,为污染水体的水生植物治理提供选择依据。[方法]选择6种具观赏效果的水生植物菖蒲、美人蕉、大薸、凤眼莲、金鱼藻、穗花狐尾藻,采用静态水培的方法,研究6种水生植物及其组合对不同浓度模拟污水中总磷净化效果。[结果]单一水生植物试验中,凤眼莲在高(2 mg/L)、中浓度(0.5 mg/L)磷水体中总磷去除效果最好,去除率分别为95.9%,93.4%。金鱼藻在低浓度磷(0.1 mg/L)水体中总磷去除效果最好,去除率为91.1%。组合水生植物试验中,高浓度磷水体中金鱼藻+菖蒲+凤眼莲的水生植物组合对水体中总磷去除效果最好,去除率为96%。中浓度磷水体中穗花狐尾藻+菖蒲+凤眼莲水生植物组合总磷去除效果最好,去除率为98.8%。低浓度磷水体中穗花狐尾藻+菖蒲+大薸水生植物组合总磷去除效果最好,去除率为94.3%。[结论]选择的6种水生植物对总磷均有一定的去除效果,对水生植物的种植数量、面积、时间以及组合方式进行优化配置,可用于污染水体水质净化。     

泰州市园林水生植物的应用调查

对泰州市园林水生植物种类进行调查。结果表明:园林中水生植物包括挺水植物15种、浮叶植物3种、漂浮植物2种、沉水植物1种;对其应用频度的分析表明:应用频度最高的是挺水植物荷花;黄菖蒲、美人蕉、浮叶植物睡莲也有较高的应用频度。;漂浮植物和沉水植物的应用频度很低。     

沉水植物对再生水景观水体水质变化的影响和净化效果

为揭示沉水植物对以再生水作为水源的景观水体富营养化变化趋势的影响和对水体水质的维持和改善作用,对西安市一个再生水景观水体开展了不同区域和不同季节的水质监测试验,并采用室外玻璃缸装置研究伊乐藻和轮叶黑藻对再生水中氮、磷等营养盐的去除效果。结果表明:有沉水植物生长的区域氨氮、总氮浓度明显低于主湖区,且水质能够维持在低富营养化状态。伊乐藻和轮叶黑藻对再生水水质具有良好的改善作用,且伊乐藻优于轮叶黑藻。伊乐藻对再生水中CODCr、氮、磷的去除率分别为38.55%～57.54%,43.13%～51.81%和61.76%～77.45%,可使水体中叶绿素a含量维持在20μg/L左右,对藻类具有较好的抑制作用,可作为西北地区再生水景观水体水质修复的先锋植物。     

漂浮植物对富营养化景观水体的净化效果研究

利用软隔离小区试验研究了凤眼莲(Eichhornia crassipes)、黄花水龙(Jussiaen repens L.)、空心莲子草(Alternanthera philoxeroides(Mart.)Griseb.)、水鳖(Hydrocharis dubia(Bl.)Backer.)和四角菱(Trapaquadrispinosa Roxb.)5种不同漂浮植物对富营养化景观水体的净化效果,研究结果表明,经过100天植物处理,5种飘浮植物对水体中总氮的去除率为黄花水龙(63)%>凤眼莲(57%)>水鳖(46%)>四角菱(42%)>空心莲子草(34%),对总磷的去除率为凤眼莲(52%)>黄花水龙(50%)>水鳖(45%)>四角菱(31%)>空心莲子草(22%),其中凤眼莲、黄花水龙处理围区的水质净化效果最好,水体中总氮和总磷的去除率也最高,这与植物自身吸收同化污染水体中氮素、磷素的能力大小及植物根系微生物的作用都有关。凤眼莲、黄花水龙在提高水体透明度方面表现最佳,试验围区在处理40天后水质透明度即可达到1 m以上,而空心莲子草、水鳖和四角菱的试验围区则需要处理60天以后透明度才能达到1 m以上。5种漂浮植物对富营养化景观水体都有较好的净化效果,且易于成活,容易管理,可在今后的水质净化中推广应用。     

水生植物对金属矿山丁铵黑药污染的生长响应与植物修复

为了利用植物修复技术治理选矿有机药剂污染的土壤和水体,该文在添加不同浓度丁铵黑药的营养液中种植3种水生植物,探讨其对丁铵黑药污染的生长响应、修复效果及其动力学特征。结果表明,不同植物对丁铵黑药污染的耐受能力大小顺序为轮叶黑藻＞水葫芦＞水浮莲。当丁铵黑药污染质量浓度为10 mg/L时水浮莲显示轻度毒害症状,生长量显著低于空白对照（未加丁铵黑药）;污染质量浓度为50 mg/L时水浮莲和水葫芦均显示中度毒害症状,生长量均显著低于空白对照。各植物处理对丁铵黑药的去除率均显著高于对照组（无植物处理）,各植物处理之间也存在显著差异,大小顺序依次为水葫芦＞水浮莲＞轮叶黑藻。水葫芦能有效去除水溶液中的丁铵黑药,水培28 d可使质量浓度为10 mg/L的丁铵黑药去除率达78%,在丁铵黑药的去除过程中,水葫芦的吸收与降解占76.3%,微生物降解作用占7.8%,自然降解的贡献率占15.8%,可筛选水葫芦为丁铵黑药污染的高效修复植物。     

10种水生植物的氮磷吸收和水质净化能力比较研究

选取10种水生植物水罂粟、黄花水龙、大聚藻、香菇草、水芹、大薸、凤眼莲、美人蕉、黄菖蒲和鸢尾等为研究对象,于2009年2月中旬至6月中旬在室内静水条件下对其吸收氮、磷和净化水质的能力进行了比较研究。结果表明：（1）不同水生植物的净增生物量差异较大,变化范围为109.9-1 511.1 g.m-2,其中香菇草净增生物量最高,是黄花水龙（最低）的13.7倍;（2）不同水生植物的氮、磷含量差异较小,其氮、磷量变化范围分别为13.67~26.38 mg.g-1和1.16~3.50 mg.g-1;（3）不同水生植物的水质净化能力差异较大,10种水生植物的水质氮、磷去除率范围分别为36.3%~91.8%和23.2%~94.0%,10种水生植物的氮、磷吸收贡献率分别占水质氮、磷去除率的46.3%~77.0%和54.3%~92.7%。水体氮、磷去除率与水生植物净增生物量存在较高相关性,而与植株氮、磷含量不存在相关性,因而氮、磷吸收量而不是植株氮、磷含量应作为水生植物筛选的一个重要指标。     

不同水生植物净化污染水源水的试验研究

选择大薸、浮叶眼子菜、萍蓬草、香菇草、花叶芦竹、芦竹和常绿鸢尾共7种水生植物为供试植物,通过静态水培试验,考察各种水生植物对模拟污水中氨氮、硝态氮、总磷、铁和锰的去除率和去除能力,并对污染物的去除机理进行了分析,以期筛选出净化污水的优势植物。结果表明,水生植物对氨氮和硝态氮的去除率分别为21.18%～27.25%和32.65%～45.92%。水生植物对磷的去除率为10.57%～25.81%,其中香菇草和浮叶眼子菜尤为突出,去除率分别为25.81%和25.31%。水生植物可以促进水体中还原性物质Fe2＋、Mn2＋的氧化,降低水体中铁和锰的浓度。与铁相比,水生植物对锰去除的促进作用比较明显。两类水生植物对不同污染物的去除能力存在较大差异,浮水植物对污染物的去除能力明显强于挺水植物,为挺水植物的3.15～5.64倍。     

洪泽湖湿地主要植物群落的水质净化能力研究

通过建立围隔实验区的方法,以洪泽湖主要湿生植物群落芦苇、莲、菱、凤眼莲、苦草、金鱼藻为对象,研究了不同湿生植物群落对富营养化水体净化的能力。结果发现:研究区主要水生植物群落对富营养化水体总氮的去除能力从大到小依次为苦草(78.56%)、凤眼莲(66.26%)、金鱼藻(57.61%)、莲(50.18%)、菱(46.04%)、芦苇(37.39%),对总磷的去除能力从大到小依次为苦草(61.84%)、芦苇(46.55%)、菱(44.83%)、金鱼藻(45.00%)、莲(39.66%)、凤眼莲(25.17%),对CODMn的去除能力从大到小依次为金鱼藻(61.33%)、苦草(55.56%)、菱(52.44%)、莲(47.11%)、凤眼莲(27.77%)、芦苇(23.33%)。沉水植物苦草、金鱼藻对各种营养元素的净化效果都较好,产氧能力也较高;浮叶植物菱的净化效果比较稳定;挺水植物芦苇对总磷的净化效果稍好,而对其他各项净化能力均相对较弱。     

两种水生植物对重富营养化水体修复效果研究

为了探索重富营养化水体的植物修复方法,在人工模拟条件下选取了两种水生植物伊乐藻(Elodea nuttallii)和黄花水龙(Jussiaea stipulacea Ohwi),采用漂浮生长方式对富营养化水体中养分的去除效果进行研究。结果表明:沉水植物伊乐藻在水面漂浮条件下可起到净化水体的作用,对总氮、氨态氮、硝态氮、总磷、COD、叶绿素a的去除率分别为62.9%,90.83%,53.90%,71.21%,43.33%,50.05%;漂浮植物黄花水龙对上述污染物的去除效果分别为93.56%,97.38%,99.44%,97.74%,52.49%,58.34%。变异分析表明,两者对这些养分的去除达到了显著水平(P<0.05)。黄花水龙对上述污染物的去除效果明显好于漂浮培养条件下的伊乐藻,适合重富营养化水体中养分的去除,而伊乐藻则在水质维持方面发挥更大作用。     

白车轴草对冬季富营养化水体总磷净化效果研究

冬季是大多数水生植物处于衰亡的时期,植物资源匮乏,不利于植物对富营养化水体的周年净化,因此筛选适合于水生的旱生植物来修复富营养化水体是生态修复的发展方向。采用水盆浮板栽培技术,首次研究了白车轴草(Tri-folium repens Linn.)在冬季对成都犀池富营养化人工湖泊中主要元素磷的净化效果及动态过程,并与凤眼莲(Eichhorniacrassipes Solms.)的净化效果进行了对比。结果表明,浮板白车轴草在试验期间生长良好,对富营养化水体中总磷具有非常明显的净化效果,当投放量为1.25 g/L时,对总磷的去除率48 d内可达80%,并且重复性好,对总磷的去除过程拟合曲线符合三次方程。与凤眼莲相比较,白车轴草在冬季更易存活且对磷的净化效果更佳。     

Dairy Effluent Polishing by Aquatic Macrophytes

In dairy industry, primary and secondary treatmentmethods are quite common for effluent treatment. However,this type of treatment is not effective in filtering thenutrients from the dairy waste water. Nutrient removalcapacity of some important macrophytes i.e. Eichhorniacrassipes, Lemna minor and Azolla pinnata have beentested individually as well as in combinations undermicrocosm investigations. Percentage nitrogen removal valuesby E.crassipes, A.pinnata and L. minor were 71.8 ± 0.20, 62.5 ± 0.39 and 60.13 ± 0.48.Corresponding figures for phosphorus were 63.2 ± 0.98,58.8 ± 0.57 and 56.3 ± 0.51. Maximum removal wasobserved in combination studies, involving E. crassipesand L. minor (78.8 ± 0.18% nitrogen and69.4 ± 0.11% phosphorus). Analysis of variance revealedsignificant (p < 0.001) variation among different incubationperiods, both for nitrogen (F = 395985) and phosphorus (F =196767) removal by a combination of E. crassipes, andL. minor. E. crassipes and A. pinnata removed74.1 ± 0.11% of nitrogen and 68.7 ± 1.0% ofphosphorus, whereas, it was recorded 70.0 ± 0.25%nitrogen and 66.7 ± 0.95% phosphorus by combination ofL. minor and A. pinnata.     

湿地植物对农村生活污水中氮磷的净化作用

[目的] 探讨水生植物修复技术对农村生活污水的治理效果,为乡村生态综合治理提供思路借鉴和参考资料。[方法] 通过模拟室内控制试验的方法,选取不同生态型的6种湿地植物为研究对象,分析植株生物量、去除率、植物积累量、底泥吸附量等多项指标变化,研究不同水生植物及其组合对污水中氮磷的净化效果差异以及水生植物系统的脱氮除磷特征。[结果] 无论单一种植组或混合种植组,水生植物系统对污水中TN,NH₄⁺-N,TP均有较好的净化效果,平均去除率分别达到96.6%,93.2%和95.9%,显著高于对照组。单一种植的再力花长势最好,鸢尾地上和地下部分生物量的比值最大,混合种植的美人蕉以及单一种植的梭鱼草相对生长速率最低。挺水植物对氮素的吸收作用更好,苦草对磷的吸收效果更好。植物吸收氮、磷占系统总去除量的比例在6.9%~18.3%和4.1%~13.6%之间,底泥吸附氮、磷占总去除量的比例在14.0%~31.5%和26.3%~68.4%之间。微生物及其他植物的间接作用是植物系统脱氮除磷的主要影响因素。[结论] 再力花、鸢尾及苦草的镶嵌组合是在淮北平原区湿地植物种植的理想选择。对水生植物的组合方式、数量、时间等进行优化配置,能够有效用于农村生活污水的净化。     

凤眼莲对不同程度富营养化水体氮磷的去除贡献研究

采用人工模拟方法,研究了凤眼莲在不同程度富营养化水体中对N、P的吸收和去除作用。结果表明,凤眼莲在总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)初始浓度分别为2.06～20.08mg·L-1和0.14～1.43mg·L-1的4种富营养化水体中均可正常生长,近1年的试验中,凤眼莲总生物量累计增加41.03～47.12kg·m-2,平均生物量增长率为0.096～0.262kg·m-2·d-1。凤眼莲地上部N和P平均含量分别为24.16～34.15mg·g-1和3.46～6.90mg·g-1;地下部N和P平均含量分别为11.76～18.45mg·g-1和6.02～8.50mg·g-1。凤眼莲在4种富营养化水体中的N和P吸收量累计分别为43.06～71.16g·m-2和8.68～16.63g·m-2,且随水体初始N、P浓度的升高而增加,并与自身生物量呈极显著正相关(P0.01)。在N、P负荷较低的水体(Ⅰ和Ⅱ)中,凤眼莲吸收对N、P的去除贡献均超过100%,表明凤眼莲吸收利用了底泥中部分N和P;而在N、P负荷较高的水体(Ⅲ和Ⅳ)中,凤眼莲吸收对N、P的去除贡献也均超过42.32%和83.79%。因此,本试验条件下凤眼莲吸收在水体N、P去除中起主要作用。     

Fertilization Capacity of Aquatic Plants Used as Soil Amendments in the Coastal Sandy Area of Central Vietnam

In Central Vietnam, and more especially in Thua Thien Hue Province, aquatic plants are used empirically by some farmers as an external source of organic matter to improve fertility of sandy soils. The fertilization capacities of aquatic plant species [Najas indica (Willid.) Cham., Najas minor All., Vallisneria spiralis L. (Michx.) Torr., Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle, Potamogetum malaianus Miq., Myriophyllum spicatum L., Enteromorpha flexuosa (Wulfen) J. Agardh, Rhizoclonium kerneri Stockmayer, and Eichhornia crassipes (Mart) Solms] were assessed from a pot trial including soils amended with aquatic plants (5 g dry matter kg^?1 soil) and soils supplied with increasing rates of urea nitrogen (N) fertilizers. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) at a vegetative stage was used as a convenient bio‐extractor. The fertilization capacity of aquatic plant amendments was calculated from aboveground biomass and from N accumulated in shoots as compared to treatments receiving only inorganic N fertilizers. Najas indica (Willid.) Cham. and Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle showed the greatest fertilization capacity, equivalent to 170–180 mg urea‐N kg^?1 soil as estimated from biomass yield, whereas a lesser fertilization capacity, equivalent to less than 100 mg urea‐N kg^?1 soil, was observed for Myriophyllum spicatum L., Enteromorpha flexuosa (Wulfen) J. Agardh, Rhizoclonium kerneri Stockmayer, and Eichhornia crassipes (Mart) Solms. This study provides quantitative data on the fertilization capacity of aquatic plants found in the coastal area of central Vietnam, which can improve this empirical practice and alleviate local agro‐environmental constraints related to the lack of organic matter in farming systems.     

Accumulation of metals in macrophytes from water reservoirs of a power supply plant, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil

Aquatic macrophytes are well known accumulators for heavy metals, the reason why they are used as bioindicators for water quality and in phytoremediaton strategies. This study reports on the elemental concentrations in four free-floating aquatic macrophytes (S. auriculata; P. stratiotes; E. crassipes and E. azurea) growing in two water reservoirs (Santana e Vigário, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil) of an electric power plant that receive input from the polluted Paraíba do Sul River. Filtered water samples and water suspended solids from these environments were also analysed. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was used as the principal method, allowing the determination of up to 41 elements, including the rare-earth elements (REEs) and other trace metals not assayed before in these macrophytes. The results show that all elements studied are accumulated by the macrophytes with concentration ratios (CR = [plant]: [water]) varying from about 1,000 to 200,000, based on the dry weight of the plant species. With a few exceptions, highest accumulations were observed in E. crassipes in which CRs increase in the sequence: Cu < Mo < Cr < Pb < Tl < Fe < La < Zn < Ce< Mn. Surprisingly high CRs (e.g. Ce: 74,000) and corresponding mass concentrations were observed for the rare-earth elements (e.g. ∑REE: 112 mg kg^?1), also measured in the water suspended particle fraction. The results show that this fraction acts as an effective sink for trace metals in the aquatic system studied and seems to play also an important role in the transfer of metals from water to the plant species.     

水体苯胺、N和P生物修复研究

利用水培试验研究了6种常见适于水栽植物和EM菌在处理含苯胺、N、P废水的效果。结果表明对水体苯胺修复效率为50.7%～97.3%。植物对苯胺、N、P的修复能力因植物不同而异。植物修复苯胺的能力排序为蕹菜〉水葫芦〉水浮莲〉美人蕉〉水花生〉香蒲,而植物修复N的能力排序为水花生〉水葫芦〉蕹菜〉香蒲〉美人蕉〉水浮莲。美人蕉和蕹菜对P修复能力高于其他植物。抗生素抑菌试验表明,水体中原有微生物在苯胺修复中起了显著作用。EM菌的加入增加对水体N的去除能力。EM菌对水体P修复无直接作用,EM菌促进水浮莲和水葫芦吸收P。     

Sorption and Desorption Processes of Selenium (VI) Using Non-Living Biomasses of Aquatic Weeds in Horizontal Flow

The sorption and desorption processes of Se(VI) onto non-living Eichhornia crassipes (E. crassipes) and Lemna minor (L. minor) were evaluated. Different pH values of the initial Se solution (20???g?L^?1) were tested at static conditions. At dynamic conditions of horizontal flow, biomass-packed columns (BPC) were estimated as prepared (pH 4) and unprepared (pH 6?C7) and at different flow rates. The desorption process was tested using HCl (0.1?M) as the eluent. The maximum Se uptake took place at a pH of 4 for both biomasses. The lowest flow rate improves major Se removal due to the increase in contact time. The Se was desorbed from the biomass with elution efficiencies of 5 and 18?% for E. crassipes and L. minor, respectively. Nevertheless, more time was needed to increase these efficiencies and reach desaturation times. The breakthrough curves showed that unprepared E. crassipes and L. minor BPC at horizontal flow, with a flow rate of 6 and 4?mL?min^?1 respectively, had a biomass removal capacity of 0.135 and 0.743???g?g^?1 correspondingly. The system of E. crassipes is more efficient, suggesting an ion exchange sorption mechanism. This demonstrates that non-living E. crassipes and L. minor have the capacity to remove Se from very dilute solutions.     

3种水生漂浮植物处理富营养化水体的研究

对紫萍、大和凤眼莲3种水生漂浮植物处理富营养化水体的研究结果表明,3种漂浮植物对去除富营养化水体中的全N和全P、增加水体中的溶解氧有明显效果,且能有效抑制藻类生长,处理效果大>凤眼莲>紫萍。大和凤眼莲均具有较强的环境适应能力,但大生长繁殖较易控制,且对富营养化水体治理效果佳和改善水质,有综合利用价值。